OOIR: Observatory of International Research

Papers

(The TQCC of Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine is 5. The table below lists those papers that are above that threshold based on CrossRef citation counts [max. 250 papers]. The publications cover those that have been published in the past four years, i.e., from 2020-05-01 to 2024-05-01.)

Article	Citations
The 2019 Genitourinary Pathology Society (GUPS) White Paper on Contemporary Grading of Prostate Cancer	137
Predicting Disease Severity and Outcome in COVID-19 Patients: A Review of Multiple Biomarkers	129
Placental Tissue Destruction and Insufficiency From COVID-19 Causes Stillbirth and Neonatal Death From Hypoxic-Ischemic Injury	125
Chronic Histiocytic Intervillositis With Trophoblast Necrosis Is a Risk Factor Associated With Placental Infection From Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and Intrauterine Maternal-Fetal Severe Acute	121
Defining Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Placentitis	95
Leveraging Technology for Remote Learning in the Era of COVID-19 and Social Distancing	76
Validating Whole Slide Imaging Systems for Diagnostic Purposes in Pathology	70
Collection and Handling of Thoracic Small Biopsy and Cytology Specimens for Ancillary Studies: Guideline From the College of American Pathologists in Collaboration With the American College of Chest P	67
Point-of-Care Testing for Sexually Transmitted Infections: A Review of Recent Developments	66
Confirming Vertical Fetal Infection With Coronavirus Disease 2019: Neonatal and Pathology Criteria for Early Onset and Transplacental Transmission of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Fr	58
A Comprehensive Appraisal of Laboratory Biochemistry Tests as Major Predictors of COVID-19 Severity	57
HER2 Testing in Endometrial Serous Carcinoma: Time for Standardized Pathology Practice to Meet the Clinical Demand	51
Coagulation Dysfunction	47
COVID-19 in a Hispanic Woman	45
Mismatch Repair and Microsatellite Instability Testing for Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy: Guideline From the College of American Pathologists in Collaboration With the Association for Molecular	44
Histologic and Immunohistochemical Evaluation of 65 Placentas From Women With Polymerase Chain Reaction–Proven Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Infection	43
A Postmortem Portrait of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic: A Large Multi-institutional Autopsy Survey Study	41
Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis	40
Digital Pathology Initiatives and Experience of a Large Academic Institution During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic	40
Testicular Changes Associated With Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)	39
Adrenal Vascular Changes in COVID-19 Autopsies	37
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning for Pathology	36
Hofbauer Cells and COVID-19 in Pregnancy	36
Autopsy Histopathologic Cardiac Findings in 2 Adolescents Following the Second COVID-19 Vaccine Dose	36
Evaluation of a Surrogate Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay–Based Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) cPass Neutralization Antibody Detection Assay and Correlation With Immuno	35

The Spectrum of Histopathologic Findings in Lungs of Patients With Fatal Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Infection	34
Effects of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection on Pregnant Women and Their Infants	31
The Science of Health Care Worker Burnout: Assessing and Improving Health Care Worker Well-Being	30
Chordoma	30
Fetal Deaths in Ireland Due to SARS-CoV-2 Placentitis Caused by SARS-CoV-2 Alpha	30
Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 Testing in Breast Cancer	30
Pan-TRK Immunohistochemistry: An Example-Based Practical Approach to Efficiently Identify Patients With NTRK Fusion Cancer	29
Comparative Clinical Evaluation of the Roche Elecsys and Abbott Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Serology Assays for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)	28
Postmortem Swabs in the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Pandemic: Report on 12 Complete Clinical Autopsy Cases	28
Molecular Biomarker Testing for the Diagnosis of Diffuse Gliomas	27
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Pandemic	27
Comparison of In Situ Hybridization, Immunohistochemistry, and Reverse Transcription–Droplet Digital Polymerase Chain Reaction for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Testing	26
Transition From a Standard to a Hybrid On-Site and Remote Anatomic Pathology Training Model During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic	25
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor–Induced Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Inflammation Shows Morphologic Similarities to, but Is Immunologically Distinct From, Helicobacter pylori Gastritis and Celiac D	24
Microscopic Characteristics of Late Intraocular Lens Opacifications	24
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Infecting Pregnant Women and the Fetus, Intrauterine Transmission, and Placental Pathology During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) P	23
Current Status of Clinical Application of Point-of-Care Testing	23
Clinical Validation of Artificial Intelligence–Augmented Pathology Diagnosis Demonstrates Significant Gains in Diagnostic Accuracy in Prostate Cancer Detection	20
Lab-on-a-Chip Zika Detection With Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification–Based Assay for Point-of-Care Settings	19
Laboratory Detection and Initial Diagnosis of Monoclonal Gammopathies	19
SMARCA4/BRG1-Deficient Sinonasal Carcinoma	18
Variability in the Laboratory Measurement of Cytokines	18
The Benefits and Challenges of Point-of-Care Testing in Rural and Remote Primary Care Settings in Australia	18
Consensus Definition of Fetal Growth Restriction in Intrauterine Fetal Death: A Delphi Procedure	17
E-Cigarette or Vaping Product Use-Associated Lung Injury: A Review for Pathologists	17
Continuing Undergraduate Pathology Medical Education in the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Global Pandemic: The Johns Hopkins Virtual Surgical Pathology Clinical Elective	16
Recent Advances in Digestive Tract Tumors: Updates From the 5th Edition of the World Health Organization “Blue Book”	16
Targeted Next-Generation Sequencing Identifies Molecular and Genetic Events in Dedifferentiated Chondrosarcoma	15
Commercial Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Molecular Assays: Superior Analytical Sensitivity of cobas SARS-CoV-2 Relative to NxTAG CoV Extended Panel and ID NOW COVID-19 T	15
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Second- and Third-Generation Antiepileptic Drugs	14
Molecular Classification of Breast Cancer: Relevance and Challenges	14
Risk of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Transmission During Autopsy	14
Utility of Immunohistochemistry for MUC4 and GATA3 to Aid in the Distinction of Pleural Sarcomatoid Mesothelioma From Pulmonary Sarcomatoid Carcinoma	14
Diagnostic Strategies for Endemic Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)	14
Anti–Receptor-Binding Domain Immunoglobulin G Antibody as a Predictor of Seropositivity for Anti–SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibody	14
A Novel “Google Classroom”-Based Pathology Education Tool for Trainees During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Impactful Learning While Social Distancing	14
Medical Education in Pathology: General Concepts and Strategies for Implementation	14
Histopathologic Assessment of Suspected Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Where We Are and Where We Need to Go	14
Concordance in Breast Cancer Grading by Artificial Intelligence on Whole Slide Images Compares With a Multi-Institutional Cohort of Breast Pathologists	13
Histopathologic Features of Chilblainlike Lesions Developing in the Setting of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic	13
Gastrointestinal Tract Lymphomas	13
Geospatial Spread of Antimicrobial Resistance, Bacterial and Fungal Threats to Coronavirus Infectious Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Survival, and Point-of-Care Solutions	12
The Impact of Increasing Disease Prevalence, False Omissions, and Diagnostic Uncertainty on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Test Performance	12
A Deep Learning Convolutional Neural Network Can Differentiate Between Helicobacter Pylori Gastritis and Autoimmune Gastritis With Results Comparable to Gastrointestinal Pathologists	12
#PathTwitter: A Positive Platform Where Medical Students Can Engage the Pathology Community	12
Elevated von Willebrand Factor Antigen Is an Early Predictor of Mortality and Prolonged Length of Stay for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Inpatients	12
Interobserver Reliability for Identifying Specific Patterns of Placental Injury as Defined by the Amsterdam Classification	12
Late Complications of COVID-19	12
Histopathologic and Machine Deep Learning Criteria to Predict Lymphoma Transformation in Bone Marrow Biopsies	12
The Differential Diagnosis of Medullary-Based Renal Masses	11

A Digital Pathology Solution to Resolve the Tissue Floater Conundrum	11
Experience With False-Positive Test Results on the TaqPath Real-Time Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Testing Platform	11
Benefits and Risks of Direct-to-Consumer Testing	11
Pan-Cancer Biomarkers: Changing the Landscape of Molecular Testing	11
Interobserver Variation of PD-L1 SP142 Immunohistochemistry Interpretation in Breast Carcinoma: A Study of 79 Cases Using Whole Slide Imaging	11
Laboratory and Clinical Implications of Incidental and Secondary Germline Findings During Tumor Testing	11
Persistent Cholestatic Injury and Secondary Sclerosing Cholangitis in COVID-19 Patients	11
CIC-NUTM1 Sarcomas Affecting the Spine	11
Pathology of Granulomatous Pulmonary Diseases	11
Total and Exchangeable Copper Assay Using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry and Establishment of a Pediatric Reference Interval	10
Point-of-Care Drug of Abuse Testing in the Opioid Epidemic	10
Laboratory Workup of Lymphoma in Adults: Guideline From the American Society for Clinical Pathology and the College of American Pathologists	10
Improved Performance in Measurement of Serum Cystatin C by Laboratories Participating in the College of American Pathologists 2019 CYS Survey	10
Point-of-Care Testing for the Emergency Department Patient: Quantity and Quality of the Available Evidence	10
Pathology Education Powered by Virtual and Digital Transformation: Now and the Future	10
An Integrative Morphologic and Molecular Approach for Diagnosis and Subclassification of Rhabdomyosarcoma	10
Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Breast Pathology	10
Histologic Findings in Gynecologic Tissue From Transmasculine Individuals Undergoing Gender-Affirming Surgery	10
Rapid Validation of Telepathology by an Academic Neuropathology Practice During the COVID-19 Pandemic	10
A Combination of MTAP and p16 Immunohistochemistry Can Substitute forCDKN2AFluorescence In Situ Hybridization in Diagnosis and Prognosis of Pleural Mesotheliomas	10
Third-Generation Sequencing as a New Comprehensive Technology for Identifying Rare α- and β-Globin Gene Variants in Thalassemia Alleles in the Chinese Population	10
Salivary Gland-type Tumors of the Lung	10
Discordance in Diagnosis of Melanocytic Lesions and Its Impact on Clinical Management	10
From Glass-Time to Screen-Time: A Pathology Resident's Experience With Digital Sign-Out During the Coronavirus 2019 Pandemic	10
Enterochromaffin-like Cell Hyperplasia–Associated Gastric Neuroendocrine Tumors May Arise in the Setting of Proton Pump Inhibitor Use	10
Highlighted Prospects of an IgM/IgG Antibodies Test in Identifying Individuals With Asymptomatic Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Infection	10
Updating Normal Organ Weights Using a Large Current Sample Database	9
Cytologic Assessment of Cystic/Intraductal Lesions of the Pancreatobiliary Tract	9
Diagnostic Utility of a Custom 34-Gene Anchored Multiplex PCR-Based Next-Generation Sequencing Fusion Panel for the Diagnosis of Bone and Soft Tissue Neoplasms With Identification of Novel USP6	9
Microscope? No, Thanks: User Experience With Complete Digital Pathology for Routine Diagnosis	9
Design and Construction of a Biosafety Level 3 Autopsy Laboratory	9
Intravascular Large B-Cell Lymphoma	9
Mpox Virus in Pregnancy, the Placenta, and Newborn	9
A Consortium for Analytic Standardization in Immunohistochemistry	9
Exploring the College of American Pathologists Electronic Cancer Checklists: What They Are and What They Can Do for You	9
Smart Glasses as a Surgical Pathology Grossing Tool	9
Gastrointestinal Pathology in Samples From Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)–Positive Patients	9
A Review of Mucinous Cystic and Intraductal Neoplasms of the Pancreatobiliary Tract	9
Detection and Quantification of Myocardial Fibrosis Using Stain-Free Infrared Spectroscopic Imaging	9
Use of Machine Learning–Based Software for the Screening of Thyroid Cytopathology Whole Slide Images	8
Urinary Biomarkers Can Predict Weaning From Acute Dialysis Therapy in Critically Ill Patients	8
Conjunctival Melanocytic Lesions	8
Spindle Cell Lesions of the Breast: A Diagnostic Algorithm	8
Histopathologic Correlates of Nonmass Enhancement Detected by Breast Magnetic Resonance Imaging	8
Remote Fingerstick Blood Collection for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Antibody Testing	8
Comparison of Symptoms and Antibody Response Following Administration of Moderna or Pfizer SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines	8
Point-of-Care Testing in Rural and Remote Settings to Improve Access and Improve Outcomes: A Snapshot of the New Zealand Experience	8
A Comparison of the Clinical, Viral, Pathologic, and Immunologic Features of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), and Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) Diseases	8
Enhancing Military Burn- and Trauma-Related Acute Kidney Injury Prediction Through an Automated Machine Learning Platform and Point-of-Care Testing	8
Rosai-Dorfman Disease of Bone and Soft Tissue	8
Communicating Certainty in Pathology Reports	8
Reporting Subclonal Immunohistochemical Staining of Mismatch Repair Proteins in Endometrial Carcinoma in the Times of Ever-Changing Guidelines	8
Prognostic Significance of Subungual Anatomic Site in Acral Lentiginous Melanoma	8
Mucocele-like Lesion of the Breast Diagnosed on Core Biopsy	8
Immunophenotypic Characterization of Germ Cell Tumor–Derived Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors: Evidence for Frequent Neuronal and/or Glial Differentiation	8
The Effect of Direct Oral Anticoagulants on Antithrombin Activity Testing Is Abolished by DOAC-Stop in Venous Thromboembolism Patients	8
A Timely Update of Immunohistochemistry and Molecular Classification in the Diagnosis and Risk Assessment of Endometrial Carcinomas	7
Strategies to Enhance Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion in Pathology Training Programs: A Comprehensive Review of the Literature	7
Neoplastic Progression in Intraductal Papillary Neoplasm of the Bile Duct	7
Initial Evaluation of Rapid, Direct-to-Digital Prostate Biopsy Pathology	7
Features That Aid Identification of Autoimmune Gastritis in a Background of Active Helicobacter pylori Infection	7
Designing and Interpreting Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Diagnostics: Mathematics, Visual Logistics, and Low Prevalence	7
Histologic and Cost-Benefit Analysis of Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy Specimens Performed for Morbid Obesity	7
Pathologic Diagnosis of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease	7
HER2 Immunohistochemistry in Invasive Micropapillary Breast Carcinoma: Complete Assessment of an Incomplete Pattern	7
Clinicopathologic Characteristics and Outcome Descriptors of Metaplastic Breast Carcinoma	7
#TwitterHomework During Pathology Electives: Transforming Pathology Pedagogy	7
Detection of Corynebacterium kroppenstedtii in Granulomatous Lobular Mastitis Using Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction and Sanger Sequencing on Formalin-Fixed, Paraffin-Embedded Tissues	7
Breast Sentinel Lymph Node Frozen Section Practice: An Enterprise Audit as a Guide for Moving Forward	7
Cystic Granulosa Cell Tumors of the Ovary: An Analysis of 80 Cases of an Often Diagnostically Challenging Entity	7
Neoplastic Cellularity Assessment in Molecular Testing	7
Sustained Quality and Service Delivery in an Expanding Point-of-Care Testing Network in Remote Australian Primary Health Care	7
CD20-Negative Nodular Lymphocyte-Predominant Hodgkin Lymphoma: A 20-Year Consecutive Case Series From a Tertiary Cancer Center	7
The Clinical Significance of Perineural Invasion by Prostate Cancer on Needle Core Biopsy: Involvement of Single Versus Multiple Sextant Sites	7
Point-of-Care Testing Practices, Failure Modes, and Risk-Mitigation Strategies in Emergency Medical Services Programs in the Canadian Province of Alberta	7
Breast Fine-Needle Aspiration Practice in 2019: Results of a College of American Pathologists National Survey	7
Pediatric Thromboelastograph 6s and Laboratory Coagulation Reference Values	7
Performance Characteristics of Mutational Signature Analysis in Targeted Panel Sequencing	7
Assessment of Clonotypic Rearrangements and Minimal Residual Disease in Lymphoid Malignancies	7
Interlaboratory Analytical Validation of a Next-Generation Sequencing Strategy for Clonotypic Assessment and Minimal Residual Disease Monitoring in Multiple Myeloma	7

Triple-Positive Breast Carcinoma: Histopathologic Features and Response to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy	7
Changes in Test Volumes During Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Laboratory Stewardship Opportunity	7
High-Grade Appendiceal Mucinous Neoplasm: Clinicopathologic Findings in 35 Cases	6
Improving Renal Tumor Biopsy Prognostication With BAP1 Analyses	6
The Percentage of [−2]Pro–Prostate-Specific Antigen and the Prostate Health Index Outperform Prostate-Specific Antigen and the Percentage of Free Prostate-Specific Antigen in the Detection of Clinical	6
Back-to-Back Comparison of Third-Generation Sequencing and Next-Generation Sequencing in Carrier Screening of Thalassemia	6
Primary Amyloidosis of the Genitourinary Tract	6
Standardized Method for Defining a 1-mm2 Region of Interest for Calculation of Mitotic Rate on Melanoma Whole Slide Images	6
Interlaboratory Agreement of Anti–Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Serologic Assays in the Expedited College of American Pathologists Proficiency Testing Program	6
Reevaluation of Salivary Lymphadenoma: A Subgroup Identified as Warthin-like Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma Following Molecular Investigation for MAML2 Rearrangement	6
Immunohistochemistry Should Be Regulated as an Assay	6
Coronavirus Disease 2019 Autopsies and Personal Protective Equipment	6
HNF-1β is a More Sensitive and Specific Marker Than C-Reactive Protein for Identifying Biliary Differentiation in Primary Hepatic Carcinomas	6
CD8 T-Cell–Predominant Lymphocytic Esophagitis is One of the Major Patterns of Lymphocytic Inflammation in Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease	6
Factors Impacting Clinically Relevant RNA Fusion Assays Using Next-Generation Sequencing	6
Liver Pathologic Changes After Direct-Acting Antiviral Agent Therapy and Sustained Virologic Response in the Setting of Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection	6
SATB2 Expression in Human Tumors: A Tissue Microarray Study on More Than 15 000 Tumors	6
Clinical Significance of Positive Results of the BioFire Cerebrospinal Fluid FilmArray Meningitis/Encephalitis Panel at a Tertiary Medical Center in the United States	6
Tumoral Intraductal Neoplasms of the Bile Ducts Comprise Morphologically and Genetically Distinct Entities	5
Results From 16 Years of Quality Surveillance of Urine Albumin to Creatinine Ratio Testing for a National Indigenous Point-of-Care Testing Program	5
β-Catenin and Periodic Acid–Schiff Distinguish Granular Cell Nevus From Deep Penetrating Nevus	5
Nondestructive 3D Pathology Image Atlas of Barrett Esophagus With Open-Top Light-Sheet Microscopy	5
Assessment of Pathology Domain-Specific Knowledge of ChatGPT and Comparison to Human Performance	5
New Kids on the Block	5
The Role of T-box Transcription Factor in a Pituitary Adenoma Diagnostic Algorithm	5
Prostatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Controlled for Tumor Grade, Stage, and Margin Status Does Not Independently Influence the Likelihood of Biochemical Recurrence in Localized Prostate Cancer After Radica	5
A Hybrid Human–Machine Learning Approach for Screening Prostate Biopsies Can Improve Clinical Efficiency Without Compromising Diagnostic Accuracy	5
Artificial Intelligence–Assisted Classification of Gliomas Using Whole Slide Images	5
Mounting a Regional Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic: Another Reason to “Keep” Your Lab	5
Histologic Findings in Surgical Pathology Specimens From Individuals Taking Masculinizing Hormone Therapy for the Purpose of Gender Transition	5
Data Set for Reporting Carcinoma of the Stomach in Gastrectomy	5
Home Antigen Test Recall Affects Millions: Beware False Positives, but Also Uncertainty and Potential False Negatives	5
Morphologic Features of Fibrotic Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis in Transbronchial Cryobiopsies Versus Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Biopsies: An In Silico Study	5
Clinical, Operative, and Economic Outcomes of the Point-of-Care Blood Gases in the Nephrology Department of a Third-Level Hospital	5
Interobserver Variability in Assessment of Depth of Submucosal Invasion for Colonic Endoscopic Resections Among Subspecialized Gastrointestinal Pathologists	5
Nonmucinous Cystic Lesions of the Pancreas	5
Morphologic Spectrum of Lymphadenopathy in Drug Reaction With Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms Syndrome	5
Creation and Benefits of the “COVID Autopsy Listserve”	5
Measuring the Efficacy of Pathology Career Recruitment Strategies in US Medical Students	5
Understanding Factors Associated With Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase Testing Delays in Patients With Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer in a Large Real-World Oncology Database	5
Paraffin Immunofluorescence Increases Light-Chain Detection in Extra-Renal Light Chain Amyloidosis and Other Light-Chain–Associated Diseases	5
Molecular Characterization of Testicular Mesothelioma and the Role of Asbestos as a Causative Factor	5
Cardiac Metastasis From Solid Cancers: A 35-Year Single-Center Autopsy Study	5
Overcoming the Interobserver Variability in Lung Adenocarcinoma Subtyping: A Clustering Approach to Establish a Ground Truth for Downstream Applications	5
The Spectrum of Mucinous Lesions of the Breast	5
The Clinical Impact of pT3a Lesions in Patients With pT3b Prostate Cancer Undergoing Radical Prostatectomy	5
Application of a Fully Automated Dried Blood Spot Method for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Immunosuppressants: Another Step Toward Implementation of Dried Blood Spot Analysis	5
Pathologist Concordance for Ovarian Carcinoma Subtype Classification and Identification of Relevant Histologic Features Using Microscope and Whole Slide Imaging	5
Small Round Cell Tumors of Soft Tissue and Bone	5