Combustion and Flame

Article	Citations
Insight into biomass pyrolysis mechanism based on cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin: Evolution of volatiles and kinetics, elucidation of reaction pathways, and characterization of gas, biochar and	212
Combustion chemistry of ammonia/hydrogen mixtures: Jet-stirred reactor measurements and comprehensive kinetic modeling	156
Experimental study and kinetic analysis of the laminar burning velocity of NH3/syngas/air, NH3/CO/air and NH3/H2/air premixed flames at elevated pressures	146
Experimental and numerical analysis of the autoignition behavior of NH3 and NH3/H2 mixtures at high pressure	138
Understanding the antagonistic effect of methanol as a component in surrogate fuel models: A case study of methanol/n-heptane mixtures	133
Enhancement of ammonia combustion with partial fuel cracking strategy: Laminar flame propagation and kinetic modeling investigation of NH3/H2/N2/air mixtures up to 10 atm	133
Experimental and kinetic study on the laminar burning velocities of NH3 mixing with CH3OH and C2H5OH in premixed flames	107
Ignition delay times of NH3 /DME blends at high pressure and low DME fraction: RCM experiments and simulations	106
Ammonia/Methane combustion: Stability and NOx emissions	100
Autoignition studies of NH3/CH4 mixtures at high pressure	98
The effect of ammonia addition on the low-temperature autoignition of n-heptane: An experimental and modeling study	91
The temperature dependence of the laminar burning velocity and superadiabatic flame temperature phenomenon for NH3/air flames	89
Performance analysis of a rotating detonation combustor based on stagnation pressure measurements	89
Exploration on laminar flame propagation of ammonia and syngas mixtures up to 10 atm	83
Investigation into the thermal behavior and FTIR micro-characteristics of re-oxidation coal	82
Agglomeration and combustion characteristics of solid composite propellants containing aluminum-based alloys	82
Plasma assisted ammonia combustion: Simultaneous NOx reduction and flame enhancement	82
Effects of adding cyclohexane, n-hexane, ethanol, and 2,5-dimethylfuran to fuel on soot formation in laminar coflow n-heptane/iso-octane diffusion flame	82
Analysis of the ignition induced by shock wave focusing equipped with conical and hemispherical reflectors	78
The combustion and pyrolysis process of flame-retardant polystyrene/cobalt-based metal organic frameworks (MOF) nanocomposite	76
Measurement of the laminar burning velocity and kinetics study of the importance of the hydrogen recovery mechanism of ammonia/hydrogen/air premixed flames	73
Flame acceleration and deflagration-to-detonation transition in hydrogen-air mixture in a channel with an array of obstacles of different shapes	72
A comprehensive kinetic model for dimethyl ether and dimethoxymethane oxidation and NO interaction utilizing experimental laminar flame speed measurements at elevated pressure and temperature	67
Soot formation in laminar flames of ethylene/ammonia	66
Chemistry reduction using machine learning trained from non-premixed micro-mixing modeling: Application to DNS of a syngas turbulent oxy-flame with side-wall effects	65

A hierarchical single-pulse shock tube pyrolysis study of C2–C6 1-alkenes	65
An experimental and kinetic modeling study on the laminar burning velocity of NH3+N2O+air flames	59
Experimental and kinetic study on laminar flame speeds of ammonia/dimethyl ether/air under high temperature and elevated pressure	57
Combustion mode and wave multiplicity in rotating detonative combustion with separate reactant injection	56
Enhancing combustion performance of nano-Al/PVDF composites with β-PVDF	56
Comprehensive mechanism of initial stage for lignin pyrolysis	55
Optical diagnostics on the pre-chamber jet and main chamber ignition in the active pre-chamber combustion (PCC)	55
A chemical kinetic perspective on the low-temperature oxidation of propane/propene mixtures through experiments and kinetic analyses	54
Applying heat flux method to laminar burning velocity measurements of NH3/CH4/air at elevated pressures and kinetic modeling study	54
An evolutionary, data-driven approach for mechanism optimization: theory and application to ammonia combustion	54
Machine learning assisted modeling of mixing timescale for LES/PDF of high-Karlovitz turbulent premixed combustion	54
Control the combustion behavior of solid propellants by using core-shell Al-based composites	53
An experimental and modeling study of ammonia pyrolysis	52
A multiscale model of wood pyrolysis in fire to study the roles of chemistry and heat transfer at the mesoscale	52
Investigation on the ignition delay prediction model of multi-component surrogates based on back propagation (BP) neural network	51
Autoignition and preliminary heat release of gasoline surrogates and their blends with ethanol at engine-relevant conditions: Experiments and comprehensive kinetic modeling	51
Large-eddy simulation of dual-fuel spray ignition at different ambient temperatures	50
Burn time and combustion regime of laser-ignited single iron particle	50
Effect of hydrogen enrichment on the dynamics of a lean technically premixed elevated pressure flame	49
Temperature and phase transitions of laser-ignited single iron particle	49
Scaling and prediction of transfer functions in lean premixed H2/CH4-flames	49
Propagation of premixed flames in the presence of Darrieus–Landau and thermal diffusive instabilities	49
Laminar flame speeds of methane/air mixtures at engine conditions: Performance of different kinetic models and power-law correlations	48
The gas-phase formation of tin dioxide nanoparticles in single droplet combustion and flame spray pyrolysis	48
Revealing soot maturity based on multi-wavelength absorption/emission measurements in laminar axisymmetric coflow ethylene diffusion flames	47
A comprehensive experimental and kinetic modeling study of 1- and 2-pentene	47
Comprehensive study of the low-temperature oxidation chemistry by synchrotron photoionization mass spectrometry and gas chromatography	47
Laminar burning velocity, Markstein length, and cellular instability of spherically propagating NH3/H2/Air premixed flames at moderate pressures	46
Chemiluminescence signature of premixed ammonia-methane-air flames	45
Synergistic interactions of thermodiffusive instabilities and turbulence in lean hydrogen flames	45
Autoignition behavior of gasoline/ethanol blends at engine-relevant conditions	45
Experimental study of the effect of ullage height on flame characteristics of pool fires	44
Impact of shock-tube facility-dependent effects on incident- and reflected-shock conditions over a wide range of pressures and Mach numbers	44
Enhanced burning rates in hydrogen-enriched turbulent premixed flames by diffusion of molecular and atomic hydrogen	44
Alcohol-thermal synthesis of approximately core-shell structured Al@CuO nanothermite with improved heat-release and combustion characteristics	44
A novel interaction mechanism in lignin pyrolysis: Phenolics-assisted hydrogen transfer for the decomposition of the β-O-4 linkage	44
Effect of inlet and outlet boundary conditions on rotating detonation combustion	43
Modifying the ignition, combustion and agglomeration characteristics of composite propellants via Al-Mg alloy additives	42
Experimental and kinetic modeling study on NH3/syngas/air and NH3/bio-syngas/air premixed laminar flames at elevated temperature	41
The effect of oxygen content on the turbulent flame speed of ammonia/oxygen/nitrogen expanding flames under elevated pressures	41
Updated effect of carbon monoxide on the interaction between NO and char bound nitrogen: A combined thermodynamic and kinetic study	41
Experimental investigation of the ignition process in a separated dual-swirl spray flame	41
Theoretical kinetics predictions for NH2 + HO2	41
Small aromatic hydrocarbons control the onset of soot nucleation	40
Impact of lubricating base oil on diesel soot oxidation reactivity	40
On-the-fly artificial neural network for chemical kinetics in direct numerical simulations of premixed combustion	40
New extended eddy dissipation concept model for flameless combustion in furnaces	40
PAH formation from jet stirred reactor pyrolysis of gasoline surrogates	40
Study of effects of ammonia addition on soot formation characteristics in n-heptane co-flow laminar diffusion flames	39
Combustion of 3D printed 90 wt% loading reinforced nanothermite	39

An experimental and modeling study on auto-ignition kinetics of ammonia/methanol mixtures at intermediate temperature and high pressure	39
Nanosecond pulsed plasma assisted combustion of ammonia-air mixtures: Effects on ignition delays and NO<	38
An experimental and modeling study of ammonia oxidation in a jet stirred reactor	38
Flame stabilization and local combustion modes in a cavity-based scramjet using different fuel injection schemes	38
On the effects of reactant stratification and wall curvature in non-premixed rotating detonation combustors	37
An experimental and kinetic modeling study of ammonia/n-heptane blends	37
Green bipropellant development – A study on the hypergolicity of imidazole thiocyanate ionic liquids with hydrogen peroxide in an automated drop test setup	37
Effects of ammonia addition on soot formation in ethylene laminar premixed flames	36
Combustion and agglomeration characteristics of aluminized propellants containing Al/CuO/PVDF metastable intermolecular composites: A highly adjustable functional catalyst	36
The effect of ammonia co-firing on NO heterogeneous reduction in the high-temperature reduction zone of coal air-staging combustion: Experimental and quantum chemistry study	36
Curvature effects on NO formation in wrinkled laminar ammonia/hydrogen/nitrogen-air premixed flames	36
On transition to self-similar acceleration of spherically expanding flames with cellular instabilities	36
Effects of NH3 addition on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and soot formation in C2H4 co-flow diffusion flames	36
Laser ignition and combustion characteristics of micro- and nano-sized boron under different atmospheres and pressures	35
Analysis of combustion modes in a cavity based scramjet	35
Fundamental insights on ignition and combustion of natural gas in an active fueled pre-chamber spark-ignition system	35
Suppression of combustion mode transitions in a hydrogen-fueled scramjet combustor by a multi-channel gliding arc plasma	35
Experimental and kinetic modeling study of NO formation in premixed CH4+O2+N2 flames	35
Effects of liquid fuel/wall interaction on thermoacoustic instabilities in swirling spray flames	35
Oxidation, ignition and combustion behaviors of differently prepared boron-magnesium composites	35
Formation of stabilized oblique detonation waves in a combustor	34
Intrinsic instabilities in premixed hydrogen flames: parametric variation of pressure, equivalence ratio, and temperature. Part 2 – Non‐linear regime and flame speed enhancement	34
Effect of metal dust fuel at a low concentration on explosive/air explosion characteristics	34
Physicochemical properties and oxidation reactivity of exhaust soot from a modern diesel engine: Effect of oxyfuel type	34
Influences of liquid fuel atomization and flow rate fluctuations on spray combustion instabilities in a backward-facing step combustor	34
Soot formation in turbulent flames of ethylene/hydrogen/ammonia	34
Effect of boron content in B·BiF3 and B·Bi composites on their ignition and combustion	33
A quantitative analysis of the ignition characteristics of fine iron particles	33
Autonomous kinetic modeling of biomass pyrolysis using chemical reaction neural networks	33
Prechamber ignition: An exploratory 2-D DNS study of the effects of initial temperature and main chamber composition	33
Numerical study on rotating detonation stability in two-phase kerosene-air mixture	32
The influence of iso-butene kinetics on the reactivity of di-isobutylene and iso-octane	32
The effect of hydrogen addition on the amplitude and harmonic response of azimuthal instabilities in a pressurized annular combustor	32
On the effect of pressure on soot nanostructure: A Raman spectroscopy investigation	32
The effect of H2O on the oxy-fuel combustion of a bituminous coal char particle in a fluidized bed: Experiment and modeling	32
The origin of CEMA and its relation to CSP	32
Direct Numerical Simulation of hydrogen combustion at auto-ignitive conditions: Ignition, stability and turbulent reaction-front velocity	32
Experimental and kinetic modeling study of the laminar burning velocity of NH3/DME/air premixed flames	31
Tailoring the reactivity of printable Al/PVDF filament	31
Combustion behavior of AP/HTPB/Al composite propellant containing hydroborate iron compound	31
Application of machine learning for filtered density function closure in MILD combustion	31
Bismuth fluoride-coated boron powders as enhanced fuels	31
Connecting agglomeration and burn rate in a thermite reaction: Role of oxidizer morphology	31
The combustion behavior of boron particles by using molecular perovskite energetic materials as high-energy oxidants	31
A comprehensive experimental and modeling study of the ignition delay time characteristics of ternary and quaternary blends of methane, ethane, ethylene, and propane over a wide range of temperature,	31
New coordination complexes-based gas-generating energetic composites	31
Adaptive mesh based combustion simulations of direct fuel injection effects in a supersonic cavity flame-holder	31
Effect of metal additives on neutralization and characteristics of AP/HTPB solid propellants	30
Direct numerical simulation of a spatially developing n-dodecane jet flame under Spray A thermochemical conditions: Flame structure and stabilisation mechanism	30
Graphite fluoride as a new oxidizer to construct nano-Al based reactive material and its combustion performance	30
Pulsating detonative combustion in n-heptane/air mixtures under off-stoichiometric conditions	30
Lean blow-out prediction in an industrial gas turbine combustor through a LES-based CFD analysis	30
Low order modelling of thermoacoustic instabilities and intermittency: Flame response delay and nonlinearity	30
Study on catalytic pyrolysis mechanism of seaweed polysaccharide monomer	30
Combustion dynamics of lean fully-premixed hydrogen-air flames in a mesoscale multinozzle array	30
Ignition-delay measurement for drop test with hypergolic propellants: Reactive fuels and hydrogen peroxide	29
Effect of nitric oxide and exhaust gases on gasoline surrogate autoignition: iso-octane experiments and modeling	29
Experimental study on combustion and flame spread characteristics in horizontal arrays of discrete fuels	29
Investigating regularities of gas hydrate ignition on a heated surface: Experiments and modelling	29
Blow-off mechanism of a holder-stabilized laminar premixed flame in a preheated mesoscale combustor	29
Soot formation characteristics in laminar coflow flames with application to oxy-combustion	29
Analysis of the final stage of flame acceleration and the onset of detonation in a cylindrical tube using high-speed stereoscopic imaging	29
Study on the combustion performance of nano/micro-sized aluminum powders regulated by polydopamine interface	29
Raman spectroscopy for quantitative measurements of temperature and major species in high-pressure non-premixed NH3/H2/N2 counterflow flames	29
Experimental determination of ignition and combustion characteristics of insensitive gun propellants based on RDX and nitrocellulose	28
Evolution of N2O production at lean combustion condition in NH3/H2/air premixed swirling flames	28
Impact of spray-wall interaction on the in-cylinder spatial unburned hydrocarbon distribution of a gasoline partially premixed combustion engine	28
Boosting diesel soot catalytic combustion via enhancement of solid(catalyst)-solid(soot) contact by tailoring micrometer scaled sheet-type agglomerations of CeO2-ZrO2 catalyst	28
Combustion of fluoropolymer coated Al and Al–Mg alloy powders	28
Impact of MWCNT/Al on the combustion behavior of hydroxyl ammonium nitrate (HAN)-based electrically controlled solid propellant	28
Puffing/micro-explosion in composite fuel/water droplets heated in flames	28
Effect of the stagnation plate on PAHs, soot and OH distributions in partially premixed laminar flames fueled with a blend of n-heptane and toluene	28
Machine learning tabulation of thermochemistry in turbulent combustion: An approach based on hybrid flamelet/random data and multiple multilayer perceptrons	28
Numerical simulation on response characteristics of coal ignition under the disturbance of fluctuating heat	28
Exploring the fuel structure dependence of laminar burning velocity: A machine learning based group contribution approach	28
Flow and performance analysis of a natural gas-air rotating detonation engine with high-speed velocimetry	28
Autoignition behavior of methanol/diesel mixtures: Experiments and kinetic modeling	27
Experimental and density functional theory study of the influence mechanism of oxygen on NO heterogeneous reduction in deep air-staged combustion	27
Estimation of burning characteristics of AP/HTPB composite solid propellant using a sandwich model	27
Investigation of PAH and soot formation in a dimethyl ether (DME) laminar coflow diffusion flame	27

Impact of wall heat transfer in Large Eddy Simulation of flame dynamics in a swirled combustion chamber	27
A study of the spray ignition characteristics of hydro-processed renewable diesel, petroleum diesel, and biodiesel using a constant volume combustion chamber	27
Energy output characteristics and safety design of Al-AlH3 composite dust for energetic material additive	27
A machine learning methodology for improving the accuracy of laminar flame simulations with reduced chemical kinetics mechanisms	27
Application of 3D energetic metal-organic frameworks containing Cu as the combustion catalyst to composite solid propellant	27
Plasma assisted combustion of methane-air mixtures: Validation and reduction	27
Effect of oxygen on the burning rate of wood	26
Combustion regime identification from machine learning trained by Raman/Rayleigh line measurements	26
An experimental and detailed kinetic modeling study of the pyrolysis and oxidation of allene and propyne over a wide range of conditions	26
Ba–Al-decorated iron ore as bifunctional oxygen carrier and HCl sorbent for chemical looping combustion of syngas	26
Experimental investigation of combustion dynamics and NOx/CO emissions from densely distributed lean-premixed multinozzle CH4/C3H8/H2/air flames	26
Volumetric laser absorption imaging of temperature, CO and CO2 in	26
The explosion characteristics of diethyl ether-Al mixtures under different ambient conditions	26
Modeling of the effects of non-equilibrium excitation and electrode geometry on H2/air ignition in a nanosecond plasma discharge	26
An experimental and kinetic modeling study on NH3/air, NH3/H2/air, NH3/CO/air, and NH3/CH4/air premixed laminar flames at elevated temperature	26
Femtosecond/picosecond rotational coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering thermometry in the exhaust of a rotating detonation combustor	25
Overall mechanism of JP-10 pyrolysis unraveled by large-scale reactive molecular dynamics simulation	25
An experimental and kinetic modeling study of NOx sensitization on methane autoignition and oxidation	25
Large eddy simulation of the unstable flame structure and gas-to-liquid thermal feedback in a medium-scale methanol pool fire	25
Heat losses in a smouldering system: The key role of non-uniform air flux	25
Large Eddy Simulation of medium-scale methanol pool fires - effects of pool boundary conditions	25
Efficient lean combustion in a novel porous medium burner with the integrated of pellets and ceramic foam: Experimental study of flame propagation and stability	25
Oxidation of di-n-butyl ether: Experimental characterization of low-temperature products in JSR and RCM	25
Combustion and agglomeration characteristics of boron particles in boron-containing fuel-rich propellant	25
Speciation measurements in shock tubes for validation of complex chemical kinetics mechanisms: Application to 2-Methyl-2-Butene oxidation	25
Experimental investigation and modeling of boundary layer flashback for non-swirling premixed hydrogen/ammonia/air flames	25
Ignition criteria and the effect of boundary layers on wedge-stabilized oblique detonation waves	25
Photoflash and laser ignition of full density nano-aluminum PVDF films	25
Fabrication of high electrostatic safety metastable Al/CuO nanocomposites doped with nitro-functionalized graphene with fast initiation ability and tunable reaction performance	24
Role of dimethyl ether in incipient soot formation in premixed ethylene flames	24
CFD modeling of biomass combustion and gasification in fluidized bed reactors using a distribution kernel method	24
Automatically generated model for light alkene combustion	24
Direct numerical simulations and models for hot burnt gases jet ignition	24
Influence of the chemical modeling on the quenching limits of gaseous detonation waves confined by an inert layer	24
Hydrogen migration as a potential driving force in the thermal decomposition of dimethoxymethane: New insights from pyrolysis imaging photoelectron photoion coincidence spectroscopy and computations	24
An empirical characteristic scaling model for freely-propagating lean premixed hydrogen flames	24
Ignition and combustion behavior of single micron-sized iron particle in hot gas flow	24
A shock-tube study of the N2O + M ⇄ N2 + O + M (M = Ar) rate constant using N2O laser absorption near 4.6 µm	24
On the radical behavior of large polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soot formation and oxidation	24
Study of pore-scale coke combustion in porous media using lattice Boltzmann method	24
Microgravity combustion of polyethylene droplet in drop tower	24
An experimental and numerical study of soot formation of laminar coflow H2/C2H4 diffusion flames in O2CO2 atmosphere	24
Effect of sidewall on the flame extension characteristics beneath a ceiling induced by carriage fire in a channel	24
Data-assisted combustion simulations with dynamic submodel assignment using random forests	24
Experimental study and numerical validation of oxy-ammonia combustion at elevated temperatures and pressures	24
On the mechanisms of flame kernel extinction or survival during aeronautical ignition sequences: Experimental and numerical analysis	24
New insight into NH3-H2 mutual inhibiting effects and dynamic regimes at low-intermediate temperatures	24
Smoldering propagation and blow-off on consolidated fuel under external airflow	24
Study on the effects of narrow-throat pre-chamber geometry on the pre-chamber jet velocity using dual formaldehyde PLIF imaging	24
Tuning the reactivity and energy release rate of I2O5 based ternary thermite systems	24
HȮ2 + HȮ2: High level theory and the role of singlet channels	24
Ammonia oxidation regimes and transitional behaviors in a Jet Stirred Flow Reactor	23
Experimental observation of the heat transfer mechanisms that drive propagation in additively manufactured energetic materials	23
Laser pulse initiation of RDX-Al and PETN-Al composites explosion	23
A priori DNS study of applicability of flamelet concept to predicting mean concentrations of species in turbulent premixed flames at various Karlovitz numbers	23
Formation of multiple detonation waves in rotating detonation engines with inhomogeneous methane/oxygen mixtures under different equivalence ratios	23
Experimental evaluation of HTPB/paraffin fuel blends for hybrid rocket applications	23
Drag force for a burning particle	23
An experimental and kinetic modeling study of phenylacetylene decomposition and the reactions with acetylene/ethylene under shock tube pyrolysis conditions	23
Quantification of the size, 3D location and velocity of burning iron particles in premixed methane flames using high-speed digital in-line holography	23
First aromatic ring formation by the radical-chain reaction of vinylacetylene and propargyl	23
Burning rate modulation for composite propellants by interfacial control of Al@AP with precise catalysis of CuO	23
Learning-based prediction of wildfire spread with real-time rate of spread measurement	23
A physics-based approach to modeling real-fuel combustion chemistry – VI. Predictive kinetic models of gasoline fuels	23
Ignition dynamics of a pulse detonation igniter in a supersonic cavity flameholder	23
Molecular-growth pathways in premixed flames of benzene and toluene doped with propyne	23
A detailed study on the micro-explosion of burning iron particles in hot oxidizing environments	23
The structural evolution and fragmentation of coal-derived soot and carbon black during high-temperature air oxidation	22
Experimental characterization of n-heptane low-temperature oxidation products including keto-hydroperoxides and highly oxygenated organic molecules (HOMs)	22
Effect of low-concentration RDX dust on solid–liquid mixed fuel characteristics	22
Measurement and scaling of turbulent burning velocity of ammonia/methane/air propagating spherical flames at elevated pressure	22
Exploring pyrolysis and oxidation chemistry of o-xylene at various pressures with special concerns on PAH formation	22
Ignition delay time and speciation of dibutyl ether at high pressures	22
A data-based hybrid model for complex fuel chemistry acceleration at high temperatures	22
A DFT study of the mechanism of H transfer during steam gasification	22
Experimental and numerical investigation of weak, self-sustained conditions in engineered smouldering combustion	22
Shock tube/laser absorption measurements of the pyrolysis of JP-10 fuel	22
Effects of radiation reabsorption on laminar NH3/H2/air flames	22
Effect of spark location and laminar flame speed on the ignition transient of a premixed annular combustor	22
Exploring the internal structure of soot particles using nanoindentation: A reactive molecular dynamics study	22
Reactivity and kinetics of furfural residue air gasification based on-line gas releasing behaviors in a bubbling fluidized bed	22
Modeling soot formation in laminar coflow ethylene inverse diffusion flames	22
The impact of cyclic fuels on the formation and structure of soot	22
Interaction of NH3 and NO under combustion conditions. Experimental flow reactor study and kinetic modeling simulation	22
An experimental and modeling study of ethylene–air combustion over a wide temperature range	22
Evaluation of reaction kinetics models for meso-scale simulations of hotspot initiation and growth in HMX	22
Deflagration-to-detonation transition in hot HMX and HMX-based polymer-bonded explosives	22
Modeling the self-propagation reaction in heterogeneous and dense media: Application to Al/CuO thermite	22
An experimental study of formation of stabilized oblique detonation waves in a combustor	22
Role of N2O and equivalence ratio on NOx formation of methane/nitrous oxide premixed flames	21
Flame structure and burning velocity of ammonia/air turbulent premixed flames at high Karlovitz number conditions	21
Ignition and combustion of boron particles coated by modified materials with various action mechanisms	21
A functional-group-based approach to modeling real-fuel combustion chemistry – I: Prediction of stoichiometric parameters for lumped pyrolysis reactions	21
Shock tube and modeling study of ignition delay times of propane under O2/CO2/Ar atmosphere	21
Study on oxidation and pyrolysis of carbonate esters using a micro flow reactor with a controlled temperature profile. Part I: Reactivities of dimethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate and diethyl ca	21