Earth-Science Reviews

Article	Citations
A review of new detrital zircon U-Pb ages from the Mogok area of Myanmar: Implications for the stratigraphy and early tectonic evolution of the Mogok Metamorphic Belt (MMB)	375
Plate tectonic modelling and the energy transition	284
Tectonic imprints in Permian paleomagnetic data of Morocco	277
Comment on the paper by Barreca et al.: “The Strait of Messina: Seismotectonics and the source of the 1908 earthquake” [Earth-Science Reviews 218, 2021, 103685]	258
Grain size from source to sink – modern and ancient fining rates	242
Cycles of ∼32.5 My and ∼26.2 My in correlated episodes of continental flood basalts (CFBs), hyper-thermal climate pulses, anoxic oceans, and mass extinctions over the last 260 My: Connections between	242
Nitrogen cycling during the Mesoproterozoic as informed by the 1400 million year old Xiamaling Formation	237
Lower Palaeozoic-Paleogene geological development of a deep-water rift (Güzelsu Corridor) along the northern continental margin of the Southern Neotethys in the Eastern Mediterranean region: Evidence	180
Remote sensing algorithms for particulate inorganic carbon (PIC) and the global cycle of PIC	173
Lithospheric weakspots, not hotspots: New England-Quebec and Shenandoah anorogenic magmatism in the context of global plate tectonics, intraplate stress and LIPs	158
Magnetostratigraphic dating of earliest hominin sites in Europe	153
A systematic review of predictor screening methods for downscaling of numerical climate models	139
CO2 sequestration in geological formations: Insights into mineral reactions and reservoir dynamics	135
Fringed Patagonian tableland: One of Earth's largest and oldest landslide terrains	131
Research status and prospects of CO2 geological sequestration technology from onshore to offshore: A review	128
Mechanics of methane bubbles in consolidated aquatic muds	127
Paleoproterozoic accretion and assembly of the Western Block of North China: A new model	123
Sardinia and the Alpine cycle: A tectono-sedimentary history at the Western Tethys edge	118
Multi-train roll waves, antidunes and bars in inclined flumes	115
Geotectonic settings of Variscan explosive volcanism in the light of Famennian tuffites provenance from southern Poland	112
Geologic, geomorphic, tectonic, and paleoclimatic controls on the distribution and preservation of Chicxulub distal ejecta: A global perspective	106
Moraine-dammed glacial lakes and threat of glacial debris flows in South-East Kazakhstan	105
Review of sediment connectivity: Conceptual connotations, characterization indicators, and their relationships with soil erosion and sediment yield	104
Long-period astronomical forcing of climatic and biological evolution during the late Paleozoic icehouse-to-greenhouse transition	103
The Samail subduction zone dilemma: Geochronology of high-pressure rocks from the Saih Hatat window, Oman, reveals juxtaposition of two subduction zones with contrasting thermal histories	103

Early–middle Permian ecosystems of equatorial Pangaea: Integrated multi-stratigraphic and palaeontological review of the Permian of Mallorca (Balearic Islands, western Mediterranean)	102
Nickel: Geochemistry, biochemistry and its role in chemical and biological evolutions	101
Contrasting characteristics, changes, and linkages of permafrost between the Arctic and the Third Pole	100
Valley incision chronologies from alluvium-filled cave systems	98
New Maps of Global Geological Provinces and Tectonic Plates	97
A review of Paleozoic phytoplankton biodiversity: Driver for major evolutionary events?	97
Thermally driven organic-inorganic interactions in sedimentary basins: A review from source rocks to reservoirs	95
Representing the role of soil moisture on erosion resistance in sediment models: Challenges and opportunities	92
Bayesian back analysis of unsaturated hydraulic parameters for rainfall-induced slope failure: A review	91
The DC and AC global electric circuits and climate	90
Planetary albedo and reflected shortwave flux: Basic characteristics, mechanisms of change and future projections	89
Neoarchean SSZ and MOR ultra-/high-pressure ophiolitic mélanges of the Eastern Hebei Complex, North China Craton: Dynamics of an Archean paleo-subduction zone	88
Tectonic influence on the characteristics of contourite systems	87
Antarctic mineral resources: Looking to the future of the Environmental Protocol	87
The supercontinent cycle seen from a hafnium isotope perspective in the Mongolian Accretionary Collage	86
Evolution mechanisms, impacts, and variations of the vortices originated from the Tibetan Plateau	85
Incorporating cross-scale insights into colloid-facilitated radionuclide transport in fractured rocks: A critical review	83
Detecting the impact of climate change on alpine mass movements in observational records from the European Alps	78
Secular variability of the thermal regimes of continental flood basalts in large igneous provinces since the Late Paleozoic: Implications for the supercontinent cycle	78
Clay minerals on Mars: An up-to-date review with future perspectives	76
Evolution of the Zagros sector of Neo-Tethys: Tectonic and magmatic events that shaped its rifting, seafloor spreading and subduction history	75
The End-Devonian Hangenberg Event and its aftermath in South China: Stratigraphic and sedimentary records from shallow to deep water facies	75
The Egéré Paleo-Mesoproterozoic rifted passive margin of the LATEA metacraton (Central Hoggar, Tuareg Shield, Algeria) subducted and exhumed during the Pan-African orogeny: U-Pb zircon ages, P-T-t pat	70
Early paleozoic tectonics and paleogeography of the Eastern Arctic and Siberia: Review of paleomagnetic and geologic data for the De Long Islands	70
Triassic terrestrial tetrapod faunas of the Central European Basin, their stratigraphical distribution, and their palaeoenvironments	70
Influence of continental rifting on sedimentation and its provenance and geodynamic implications: An example from late Paleoproterozoic Chandil Formation, eastern India	70
Source-to-sink reconstruction of early Paleozoic Western Gondwana mega-scale alluvial systems	70
Dynamics of Tethyan marine de‑oxygenation and relationship to S-N-P cycles during the Permian-Triassic boundary crisis	69
Comment on “Early Archean biogeochemical iron cycling and nutrient availability: New insights from a 3.5 Ga land-sea transition” by Clark M. Johnson, Xin-Yuan Zheng, Tara Djokic, Martin J. Van Kranend	68
A continental review of Australia's Cenozoic megafans and associated large accretionary fluvial systems	67
Quantitative paleogeographical reconstructions and basin evolution of South China during the Ordovician	67
What water color parameters could be mapped using MODIS land reflectance products: A global evaluation over coastal and inland waters	67
Research progress and current application of weak turbulence and turbulence intermittency in stable boundary layers	66
Multistage plate subduction controls intraplate volcanism and cratonic lithospheric thinning in Northeast Asia	66
Subduction initiation as recorded in the Izu-Bonin-Mariana forearc	65
Long-term orbital forcing on Lower Jurassic black shale sedimentation: Basque-Cantabrian evidence	64
Sulfuric acid caves of the world: A review	64
Antarctica ice sheet basal melting enhanced by high mantle heat	61
Neoarchean lavas of the Ventersdorp Large Igneous Province, South Africa: Sr-Nd-Hf isotopic and trace element evidence for a long-lived plume beneath a stationary African continent	61
Editorial Board	61
Relation between sediment distribution and halokinetic geometries along salt structures: a review and new insights from field studies	60
Global-scale constraints on the origins of aerosol iron using stable iron isotopes: A review	60
The Tertiary structuration of the Western Subalpine foreland deciphered by calcite-filled faults and veins	60
Flat slab rollback as a trigger for large-scale skarn iron mineralization in the North China Craton	59
Sediment-transport rates from decadal to millennial timescales across the Indo-Gangetic Plain: Impacts of tectonics, climatic processes, and vegetation cover	59
Massive Jurassic slab break-off revealed by a multidisciplinary reappraisal of the Chon Aike silicic large igneous province	59
Cenozoic tectonic evolution of offshore Chinese Basins and its response to geodynamic processes of the East Asian Continental Margin	58
The Devonian System in northwestern Gondwana: Focus on Colombia	58
The uncertain role of rising atmospheric CO2 on global plant transpiration	57
Diversification to extinction: oceanic and climatic context of the Ordovician	57

Formation mechanism and geophysical properties of fracture-filling gas hydrate in the host sediments: A comprehensive review	57
Metallogeny of Late Paleozoic lode gold mineralization of western Tien Shan: From orogenic shortening to intracontinental strike-slip shearing	57
Production and significance of Reactive Oxygen Species in the subsurface	57
The geomorphology of monoclinal scarps associated with interstratal-dissolution fronts in evaporite formations, illustrated with the Upper Jurassic Arab and Hith formations in Ar Riyadh and Central Sa	57
Asian summer monsoon variability, global teleconnections, and dynamics during the last 1,000 years	56
Advancing disaster risk communications	55
Quantification and uncertainty of global upland soil methane sinks: Processes, controls, model limitations, and improvements	55
Nature of the northern Indian plate margin during the assembly of supercontinent Columbia: was it a part of a double subduction?	55
The Triassic–Jurassic transition – A review of environmental change at the dawn of modern life	54
Editorial Board	53
Ultramafic-hosted volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits: an overlooked sub-class of VMS deposit forming in complex tectonic environments	53
Editorial Board	53
Effects of plant types on terrestrial leaf wax long-chain n-alkane biomarkers: Implications and paleoapplications	53
Rejection of Holliday et al.'s alleged refutation of the Younger Dryas impact hypothesis	53
WITHDRAWN: Fast-eroding Taiwan and transfer of orogenic sediment to forearc basins and trenches in the Philippine and South China seas	52
Systematic literature review on seismic diffraction imaging	52
Effects of weathering and fluvial transport on detrital trace metals	52
The southeast Brazilian rifted continental margin is not a single, continuous upwarp: Variations in morphology and denudation patterns along the continental drainage divide	51
Are geological description practices and classification schemes fit for future use? Breccias as an example	51
Landform-regolith patterns of Northwestern Africa: Deciphering Cenozoic surface dynamics of the tropical cratonic geosystem	51
Establishing consistent equations of state for solid noble gases: Implication for partitioning behaviors of noble gases in the lower mantle	51
How many oceans closed during the Brasiliano Cycle in northeastern Brazil? Implications for the amalgamation of western Gondwana	50
Thrust and nappe tectonics in orogenic settings – A historical review	50
Climate change hotspots and implications for the global subsea telecommunications network	50
Spatial and temporal control of Archean tectonomagmatic regimes	50
West European Variscan Belt dismantling and early fragmentation of Pangea: The key role of the Paleotethys subduction	50
Transcurrent tectonic system and deep seismogenic mechanism in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau: A view from gravity and magnetic anomalies	50
The Archean crust-mantle interaction in the Jiaoliao microblock, North China Craton: Constraints on the Neoarchean subduction regime	50
Massive carbon storage in the upper mantle via diapirism of subducted continental sediments	49
Paleogeography of the Gondwana passive margin fragments involved in the Variscan and Alpine collisions: Perspectives from metavolcanic-sedimentary basement of the Western Carpathians	49
Continental growth in eastern Central Asian Orogenic Belt: Evidence from Middle Permian–Middle Jurassic magmatism	49
Corrigendum to “ Atmospheric aging effects on aerosol ice nucleation” [Earth-Science Reviews, 269 (2025), 105176]	49
Vestiges of early Earth’s deep subduction and CHONSP cycle recorded in Archean ophiolitic podiform chromitites	49
How benthic animals responded to the Paleozoic plant terrestrialization: Evidence from trace fossils and their ecosystem engineering reconstruction	48
The origins and transformation of carbonate mud during early marine burial diagenesis and the fate of aragonite: A stratigraphic sedimentological perspective	48
Reply to Comment by Birger Rasmussen and Janet R. Muhling on “Early Archean biogeochemical iron cycling and nutrient availability: New insights from a 3.5 Ga land-sea transition” by Johnson et al.	47
The 79 CE eruption of Vesuvius: A lesson from the past and the need of a multidisciplinary approach for developments in volcanology	47
The postulation of intermittent land bridges as an explanation for reiterated colonization events of Madagascar by African vertebrates: An in-depth review and novel insights in honour of the late Judi	47
Evolution of the Archean felsic crust of Singhbhum Craton, India: A reassessment	47
Multi-stage differential exhumation of the West Junggar and adjacent regions, NW China, revealed by regional low-temperature thermochronology	47
Provenance and sediment dispersal in the Po-Adriatic source-to-sink system unraveled by bulk-sediment geochemistry and its linkage to catchment geology	46
Geochemical constraints on the nature of Late Archean basaltic-andesitic magmatism in the North China Craton	46
Stromatoporoids and extinctions: A review	46
Thallium in environmental compartments affected by acid mine drainage (AMD) from the Iberian Pyrite Belt (IPB): From rocks to the ocean	46
Glendonites throughout the Phanerozoic	45
Growth of a subduction orogen: Deformation styles and exhumation patterns in the Dinarides-Albanides-Hellenides	45
Links of high velocity anomalies in the mantle to the Proto-South China Sea slabs: Tomography-based review and perspective	45
Machine learning applications in tight porous media: Challenges, advances, and future directions	44
Why are readily soluble phytoliths more resilient?	44
Evolution of the East African Rift System from trap-scale to plate-scale rifting	44
Reassessing metamorphic core complexes in the North American Cordillera	44
Vulnerability of buildings to landslides: The state of the art and future needs	44
The Meso-Tethys Ocean: The nature, extension and spatial-temporal evolution	43
Shale oil migration across multiple scales: A review of characterization methods and different patterns	43
Desert ecosystems in China: Past, present, and future	43
The Palaeoproterozoic Hotazel BIF-Mn Formation as an archive of Earth's earliest oxygenation	43
Global tectonics and oxygenation events drove the Earth-scale phosphorus cycle	42
Progress towards an improved Precambrian seawater 87Sr/86Sr curve	42
Geological evolution of the North China Craton in the first billion years of Earth's history	42
Revisiting the geodynamical history of the so-called uplifted atolls, north-west Tuamotu, French Polynesia, central South Pacific	41
Impact of the Jenkyns Event (early Toarcian) on dinosaurs: Comparison with the Triassic/Jurassic transition	41
Paleoclimatic significance of water isotopes in speleothem fluid inclusions	41
Red sea evaporites: Formation, creep and dissolution	41
The Caribbean mangroves: An Eocene innovation with no Cretaceous precursors	41
Reorganization of antecedent rivers in response to the evolving landscape at the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau	41
Post-rift faulting controlled by different geodynamics in the Pearl River Mouth Basin, northern South China Sea margin	40
Thaw-induced impacts on land and water in discontinuous permafrost: A review of the Taiga Plains and Taiga Shield, northwestern Canada	40
The trace-fossil record of the Late Paleozoic Ice Age	40
A persistent non-uniformitarian paleomagnetic field in the Devonian?	40
Evidence of a large igneous province at ca. 347–330 Ma along the northern Gondwana margin linked to the assembly of Pangea: Insights from U–Pb zircon geochronology and geochemistry of the South-Wester	40
Automated classification and mapping for alluvial geomorphic units: Current approaches and future directions	40
Editorial Board	39
Tethyan tectonics: Introduction to special article collection	39
Editorial Board	39
Editorial Board	39
Unveiling the history and nature of paleostorms in the Holocene	39
Editorial Board	39
Trace elements in soils of the Antarctic ice-free areas: Insights on natural geochemical values, anthropogenic impact and possible remobilisation upon permafrost thaw	39
Gone with the tides? Reassessing possible eolian strata in the Paleoarchean Moodies Group in the context of the Archean eolian record	39
Comment on Green, P., I. Duddy, I., and P. Japsen, P., 2022. Episodic kilometre-scale burial and exhumation and the importance of missing section. Earth-Science Reviews 234 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.e	38

A chemical framework for the preservation of fossil vertebrate cells and soft tissues	38
Temporal changes in subduction- to collision-related magmatism in the Neotethyan orogen: The Southeast Iran example	38
A guide to recognising slow-moving subaqueous landslides in seismic and bathymetry datasets	38
Re-Os isotope system in organic-rich samples for dating and tracing: Methodology, principle, and application	38
Recent advancements in characterizing permeability and porosity distributions in bioturbated flow media	37
Late Paleozoic–Mesozoic tectonic evolution of the northeastern Asian continental margin revealed by sedimentary formations and fossil accretionary complexes	37
Formation and evolution of Archean continental crust: A thermodynamic – geochemical perspective of granitoids from the Tarim Craton, NW China	37
First-principles investigation of equilibrium magnesium isotope fractionation among mantle minerals: Review and new data	37
Recent advances made by reaction experiments on melting of heavily metasomatized hydrous mantle	37
Cenozoic exhumation of the Tianshan as constrained by regional low-temperature thermochronology	36
Reconciling the Cretaceous breakup and demise of the Phoenix Plate with East Gondwana orogenesis in New Zealand	36
Dynamics of gravity currents under external and internal stratification in geophysical systems	36
Early land plant evolution facilitated marine animal dispersal: Insights from the Late Ordovician–Early Devonian microconchids	36
Transport and deposition of immiscible sulfide liquid during lateral magma flow	36
Refining the earthquake history of south-central Alaska through lake records	36
Stable zinc isotopes as tracers in environmental geochemistry	36
500 million years of foraminiferal calcification	36
Connecting soils to life in conservation planning, nutrient cycling, and planetary science	35
Geology from aeromagnetic data	35
Minerals: A missing role for enhanced biochar carbon sequestration from the thermal conversion of biomass to the application in soil	35
R, you correct? The Curious Case of Arnoldus (1977). Response to “Comment on ‘Towards improved USLE-based soil erosion modelling in India: A review of prevalent pitfalls and implementation of exemplar	35
A review on deformation structures of different terranes in the Precambrian Aravalli-Delhi Mobile Belt (ADMB), NW India: Tectonic implications and global correlation	35
Application of artificial intelligence in geotechnical engineering: A state-of-the-art review	35
Sedimentary pyrite proxy for atmospheric oxygen: evaluation of strengths and limitations	35
Interplay between early rifting, later folding, and sedimentary filling of a long-lived Tethys remnant: The Levant Basin	35
A global apparent polar wander path for the last 320 Ma calculated from site-level paleomagnetic data	35
Early plate tectonics and evolution of continental crust in the North China craton: Editorial preface	35
Soil Taxonomy adapted to buried paleosols: First approximation	34
Gaseous hydrocarbons cracking in shale: Mechanism, impact and resource significance	34
Pedogenic ferromanganese nodules and their impacts on nutrient cycles and heavy metal sequestration	34
Relative continent - mid-ocean ridge elevation: A reference case for isostasy in geodynamics	34
The tectonic significance of peri-Gondwanan Late Neoproterozoic-Early Palaeozoic felsic peraluminous magmatism	34
Reply to the discussion paper by R. Martin on Kroeck et al. “A review of Paleozoic phytoplankton biodiversity: Driver for major evolutionary events?”	34
Editorial Board	34
Magmatic complexes of the Tekturmas Fold-and-Thrust Belt, Central Kazakhstan: An overview and new implications for the early Paleozoic evolution of the Paleo-Asian Ocean	33
Elusive Permian – Triassic Western Paleotethyan paleogeography: Towards the Early Cimmerian pre-Vardar configuration (Dinarides-Carpathian Balkan Belt)	33
Mesoarchean terrestrial sedimentation in a continental rift setting and its provenance implications: An example from the Bisrampur Formation, Singhbhum craton, India	33
The Altaids: A review of twenty-five years of knowledge accumulation	33
An oxygen isotope perspective on the break-up of the Rodinia supercontinent	33
The evolution of the fracture systems under progressive sinistral shear in the Bundelkhand Craton, Central India: A review and new insights	33
The precursor of apatite: Octacalcium phosphate (OCP) in the earth and environmental sciences - A review	33
Unlocking information about fine magnetic particle assemblages from first-order reversal curve diagrams: Recent advances	33
The rise and fall of the Malvinoxhosan (Malvinokaffric) bioregion in South Africa: Evidence for Early-Middle Devonian biocrises at the South Pole	33
Mineralogy, geochemistry and occurrences of fougerite in a modern hydrothermal system and its implications for the origin of life	33
Fracture systems and fluid inclusions in Upper Devonian organic-rich shales in the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin and Rocky Mountains Foreland Belt, West-Central Alberta, Canada	33
Terminal Ediacaran–Terreneuvian revolutions in Siberia	33
Morphology and controls of the mountain-front fan systems of the Hajar Mountains, south-east Arabia	33
Deciphering the behavior and fate of microplastics in coastal aquatic environments: A comprehensive review illuminating coastal dynamics and driving mechanisms	33
Glacier and terrestrial ecosystem evolution in the Chilotan archipelago sector of northwestern Patagonia since the Last Glacial Termination	32
Applying astronomical solutions and Milanković forcing in the Earth sciences	32
Global synthesis of two decades of research on improving PM2.5 estimation models from remote sensing and data science perspectives	32
Pacific-Asian Tectonics: Preface	32
Assessing the impact of bioturbation on sedimentary isotopic records through numerical models	32
Ice universality: perception of ice, its properties and connected processes on Earth and in the extraterrestrial environment. Earth sciences perspective	32
The growth and evolution of continental crust contributed by multiple sources in the East Kunlun Orogen during Early Paleozoic	31
Peat fires and legacy toxic metal release: An integrative biogeochemical and ecohydrological conceptual framework	31
Global patterns of shore platform evolution and cliff retreat: Insights from cosmogenic radionuclides	31
Magmatism and hydrocarbon accumulation in sedimentary basins: A review	31
Freshwater mollusc sclerochronology: Trends, challenges, and future directions	31
Maturation from oceanic arcs to continental crust: Insights from Paleozoic magmatism in West Junggar, NW China	31
Seismic facies analysis: Past, present and future	30
The Drake Passage asthenospheric and oceanic gateway	30
Geochemistry of low-temperature (<350 °C) metamorphic and hydrothermal monazite	30
Editorial Board	30
Comment on “A new classification system for mixed (turbidite-contourite) depositional systems: Examples, conceptual models and diagnostic criteria for modern and ancient records” by S. Rodrigues, F.J.	30
Storage integrity during underground hydrogen storage in depleted gas reservoirs	30
Editorial Board	30
Hierarchies of ecologic changes and their roles in the Phanerozoic taxonomic and ecologic diversification history of the Class Bivalvia	30
Reply to the comment on “Ichnological analysis: A tool to characterize deep-marine processes and sediments” by Francisco J. Rodríguez-Tovar [Earth-Science Reviews, 228 (2022), 104014]	30
Precambrian geology of India	30
Detrital zircon geochronology and related evidence from clastic sediments in the Kyrenia Range, N Cyprus: Implications for the Mesozoic-Cenozoic erosional history and tectonics of southern Anatolia	30
A late Ediacaran ice age: The key node in the Earth system evolution	30
The Offset Dykes in the North and East Range of the Sudbury impact structure, Canada: A synthesis	30
Evidence of “Lake Nyos-type” behavior in the geological record: A review	30
The concept of oligotrophy applied to the fossil record	30
Exposing basement terranes of the North Australian Craton	29
Paleozoic collisional belt of the South Tien Shan: A review	29
The Ivrea-Verbano tectonic evolution: The role of the crust-mantle interactions in rifting localization	29
Potential strategic ore deposits on Mars: Implications for in situ resource utilization	29
Sergipe-Alagoas Basin, Northeast Brazil: A reference basin for studies on the early history of the South Atlantic Ocean	29
Morphology and distribution of submerged palaeoshorelines: Insights from the North West Shelf of Australia	29
Comment on “Ichnological analysis: A tool to characterize deep-marine processes and sediments” by Francisco J. Rodriguez-Tovar [Earth-Science Reviews, 228 (2022), 104014]	29
Synchrony of carbon cycle fluctuations, volcanism and orbital forcing during the Early Cretaceous	29
Evolution of the Eastern Red Sea Rifted margin: morphology, uplift processes and source-to-sink dynamics	29
Fast-eroding Taiwan and transfer of orogenic sediment to forearc basins and trenches in the Philippine and South China seas	28
Convergent margin metallogenic cycles: A window to secular changes in Earth's tectonic evolution	28
Physics-aware machine learning revolutionizes scientific paradigm for process-based modeling in hydrology	28
The Hf and O isotope record of long-lasting accretionary orogens: The example of the Proterozoic and Paleozoic-Triassic central South America	28
Dispersal mechanism of fine-grained sediment in the modern mud belt of the East China Sea	28
Focus on the nonlinear infiltration process in deep vadose zone	28
Cross-propagation of the western Alpine orogen from early to late deformation stages: Evidence from the Internal Zones and implications for restoration	28
A systematic review on rainfall patterns of Thailand: Insights into variability and its relationship with ENSO and IOD	28
Degradation and local growth of “Xing'an-Baikal” permafrost responding to climate warming and the consequences	27
Mineral physics constraints on ultra-low velocity zones in the lowermost mantle	27
Editorial Board	27