Ginekologia Polska

Article	Citations
Polish growth charts for preterm infants — comparison with reference Fenton charts	18
Endometrial regeneration in Asherman's syndrome and endometrial atrophy using Wharton’s jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells	18
Increased risk of low infant birth weight in pregnant women with low PAPP-A values measured in the first trimester	17
Cystic dilatation of umbilical cord associated with patent urachus	15
Molecular classification in endometrial cancer — are we ready?	14
Astragaloside IV inhibits cell invasion and metastasis in vulvar squamous cell carcinoma through the TGF-β1/FAK/AKT signaling pathway	13
Abnormal liver function tests in pregnant patients with COVID-19 — a retrospective cohort study in a tertiary center	13
Using the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance risk index to determine risk factors associated with surgical site infections following gynecologic surgeries	13
Birth before arrival — is there anything to be afraid of?	13
Prognostic significance of omental disease and the role of omentectomy in non-endometrioid endometrial cancer	13
Eradication of cervical canal colonization associated with prophylactic cervical cerclage: the look further study	12
Influence of MiRNAs in gestational diabetes mellitus development	11
Association between vulvar lichen sclerosus and celiac disease in women	11
FOXP3-positive cell infiltration in the chorionic villi is increased in the placenta accreta and decreased in the placental abruption	11
Efficacy of postsurgical medical therapy for infertile patients with deep endometriosis	10
Pregnancy related and postpartum admissions to intensive care unit in the obstetric tertiary care center — an 8-year retrospective study	10
Effect of Ureaplasma/Mycoplasma genital tract infection on preterm labor	10
Novel surgical vaginal rejuvenation technique involving cosmetic reconstruction of the vaginal outlet	10
A retrospective analysis of perinatal outcomes in mothers with gestational diabetes and their newborns during the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland	10
Ovarian adenocarcinoma in 14-year-old girl	9
The attitude of polish women planning pregnancy and/or having children towards vaccinations: a cross-sectional survey study	9
Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D is associated with homocysteine in infertile patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)	9
The role of PET/CT with fluorine-18-deoxyglucose in the detection of relapsed serous ovarian cancer in patients with normal serum CA125 levels	9
Prospective analysis of the impact of adjuvant treatment with external beam radiation therapy and vaginal brachytherapy on health-related quality of life in patients with early-stage endometrioid endo	9
The influence of ethanol consumption on a course of endometriosis	8

mTOR inhibitor in the treatment of TFE-positive advanced maligmnant PEComa of the uterus: a case report and literature review	8
Sexual education around the world: in Australia and Oceania and Europe	8
Folic acid versus folinic acid during methotrexate treatment for low-risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia	8
Histopathological discrepancies between colposcopy-directed biopsy and LEEP-conization observed during SARS-CoV-2 pandemic	7
Transvaginal single posterior incision extraperitoneal bilateral sacrospinous ligament suspension combined with reconstruction of pericervical ring through cervical cerclage	7
Assessment of the birth status of children born by elective caesarean section before and after 39 weeks of gestation following in vitro fertilization	7
Diagnostic accuracy of PremaQuick in detection of preterm labor in symptomatic women	7
Correlation between human papillomavirus infection and reproduction	7
Effect of 40:1 myo-inositol/D-chiro-inositol treatment on serum asprosin levels in polycystic ovary syndrome: a prospective randomized pilot study	7
ADAM 12 as a prognostic factor of pregnancy induced hypertension — preliminary study	7
Influence of pregnancy and mode of delivery on pelvic floor function: a review of literature	7
Clinical study on the effect of remifentanil patient-controlled intravenous labor analgesia compared to patient-controlled epidural labor analgesia	6
Risk factors for recurrence of gestational diabetes mellitus in southern Chinese awomen: a retrospective study	6
Transvaginal natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery-assisted versus transumbilical laparoendoscopic single-site ovarian cystectomy for ovarian mature cystic teratoma. A randomized controlled	6
Ovarian teratoma-associated anti- Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis: a clinical analysis of 5 cases	6
Natural history of hepatic subcapsular hematoma in mild pre-eclampsia	6
Foetal macrosomia — incidence, determinants and neonatal outcomes: 10-years retrospective review, 2010–2019	6
Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology — diagnostic and therapeutic trends	6
Ultrasound differentiation between benign versus malignant adnexal masses in pregnant patients	6
The possible role of corticosterone in regulating sodium and potassium concentrations in human milk	6
Risk factors associated with neonatal infectious and respiratory morbidity following preterm premature rupture of membranes	6
Ductus venosus opens in high-risk pregnancies without signs of increased central venous pressure	6
Relationship of Cystatin C, Hs-CRP, Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio and Platelet-Lymphocyte Ratio with isolated oligohydramnios	6
Vulvar Merkel cell carcinoma combined with squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva	6
Diagnostic potential of microRNAs Mi 517 and Mi 526 as biomarkers in the detection of hypertension and preeclampsia in the first trimester	6
Sufentanil for carboprost-induced adverse reactions during cesarean delivery under combined spinal-epidural anesthesia	5
Reliability of The King’s Health Questionnaire and the International Consultation on Incontinence Modular Questionnaire (ICIQ-SF) Short Form in assessing urinary incontinence effects in Polish women	5
Optimization of the cosmetic appearance of skin scar after caesarean section — part I: obstetric practice	5
The clinical significance of electronic fetal heart rate monitoring in twins	5
A novel prenatal index predicting the probability of neonatal intensive care in pregnants: amnion progesterone receptor to alfa fetoprotein rate	5
Evaluation of inflammatory markers in threatened abortions and spontaneous abortions	5
Affective temperament and emotional processing difficulties in women with PCOS and their potential impact on PCOS clinical presentation	5
Comparison of the clinical characteristics, glycemic control, and pregnancy outcomes between women with gestational diabetes mellitus in waves I and III of the COVID-19 pandemic: a reference center re	5
Does intravenous lidocaine added to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs reduce pain during colposcopy? A prospective randomized double-blind study	5
Can FMR1 CGG repeat lengths predict the outcome in ICSI cycles?	5
Validation of the Numerical Anxiety Rating Scale in postpartum females: a prospective observational study	5
The 18-year-old-girl with unicornuate uterus and endometriosis	5
Rusty pipe syndrome. Safety of breastfeeding	5
Fetal cardiac function is altered by circumvallate placenta	5
Level of IGF1 in follicular fluid associated with IVF pregnancy outcome in the application of growth hormone	4
Retained intrauterine device as cause of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura	4
Metformin in selected malignancies in women	4
Fetal hypoplastic left heart syndrome and neonatal follow-up in Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital Research Institute report from January 2023 to January 2024: an improvement of survival rate	4
Multidisciplinary management of an isolated pelvic hydatid cyst: a rare case of laparoscopic cystectomy with colpotomy and endobag extraction	4
Could laparoscopic cystectomy improve intrauterine insemination with controlled ovarian hyperstimulation outcomes in women with endometrioma?	4
Safety and efficiency of COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy and breastfeeding	4
A preliminary integrated analysis of miRNA-mRNA expression profiles reveals a role of miR-146a-3p/TRAF6 in plasma from gestational diabetes mellitus patients	4
Meta-Analysis for the evaluation of perioperative enhanced recovery after gynaecological surgery	4
Breastfeeding myths — the prevalence among the population of Polish women	4
Use of the expanded Apgar score for the assessment of intraventricular and intraparenchymal haemorrhage risk in neonates	4

Effectiveness of paracervical block in endometrial sampling procedures for pain control: a randomized controlled clinical trial	4
A case report of laparoscopic pectopexy in a patient with an ectopic kidney and POP-Q III grade apical prolapse	4
The impact of labiaplasty on sexuality	4
Laparoscopic Isthmocele (Niche) Correction as prevention in patients with fertility desire	4
Microvesicles released from ectopic endometrial foci as a potential biomarker of endometriosis	4
The effect of hCG day progesterone in 1318 cycles on pregnancy outcomes: ongoing discussion	4
Pazopanib-induced regression of metastatic cardiac tumor from uterine leiomyosarcoma evaluated by cardiac computed tomography	3
Evaluating the impact of red blood cell parameters on outcomes of dinoprostone-induced labor: a retrospective study	3
The impact of endometriosis on the quality of women’s life	3
Vitamin D and calcium levels related to bone mineral density during pregnancy and postpartum	3
Influence of prenatal steroid therapy on the incidence of respiratory disorders in late premature infants	3
Understanding caesarean section indications in Poland: trends and analysis	3
Risk of vertical transmission of chronic viral infections after invasive prenatal procedures	3
Baseline data on distribution of human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes in cervical samples of gynecological patients before implementation of population-based HPV vaccination program in Poland	3
Levels of a novel metabolic marker, spexin in patients with hirsutism: metabolic syndrome risk in idiopathic and polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) hirsutism	3
One patient with two uteri and two pregnancies — a rare case of twins in a patient with uterus didelphys	3
Neonatal outcomes for women diagnosed with cancer during pregnancy — single-center study	3
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in endometriosis — review of literature	3
Social marketing in gynecological cancers prevention after the COVID-19 pandemic	3
Effect of the implementation of an enhanced recovery after surgery protocol (ERAS) in patients undergoing an elective cesarean section	3
Clinical significance of S100B protein in pregnant woman with early- onset severe preeclampsia	3
Does asymptomatic/uncomplicated SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy increase the risk of spontaneous preterm birth?	3
Do women play sports while pregnant?	3
Comparison of the efficacy of transumbilical single-port laparoscopy and traditional laparoscopy for type II/III cesarean scar pregnancy	3
Clinical application of synthetic osmotic cervical dilator in labor pre-induction: departmental protocol and literature review	3
Evaluation of prognostic nutritional status and lipid profile in gestational diabetes	3
Assessment of the impact of VDR polymorphisms on selected hormonal, metabolic and mineral balance markers in young women with hyperandrogenism	3
Endometriosis — a systematic and interdisciplinary approach	3
Guidelines of the Polish Society of Gynecologists and Obstetricians on the management of women with endometriosis	3
Меtformin-associated maternal and neonatal outcomes in women with gestational diabetes — a retrospective cohort study	3
Heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) in patients with ovarian cancer	3
Uterus sarcoma in 26-year-old patient with multiple uterine fibroids	3
COVID-19 pandemic effect on female sexual function	3
Transabdominal and transvaginal ultrasound assessment of cervical length — can transvaginal approach be avoided?	3
A multiple male and female pregnancy in a patient with stage IV endometriosis undergoing single embryo transfer after IVF-ICSI	3
Unmasking metabolic clues: adipsin, irisin and osteopontin as biomarkers in polycystic ovary syndrome and their impact on metabolic dynamics: a case-control study	3
Potential role of biochemical placentation markers — pregnancy associated plasma protein-A and human chorionic gonadotropin for early gestational diabetes screening — a pilot study	3
The discrepancy distribution of macrophage subsets in preeclampsia placenta with or without fetal growth restriction from a small cohort	3
Laparoscopic in-bag morcellation — a comparison of two tissue extraction systems	2
Diagnosing antenatal fetal distress	2
Prenatal detection of chromosomal abnormalities and copy number variants in fetuses with corpus callosum agenesis	2
Clinical significance of the CXCL6-CXCR1/CXCR2 chemokine signaling pathway in the peritoneal fluid of patients with endometriosis	2
Comparison of life quality between geriatric patients who underwent reconstructive surgery and obliterative surgery for pelvic organ prolapse	2
Genetic variants of progesterone receptor in etiology of preterm delivery	2
The challenge of Mevalonate Kinase Deficiency as one of the causes of nonimmune hydrops fetalis	2
Postpartum thoracic aortic dissection coexistent with preeclampsia	2
Tubo-ovarian abscess management in our clinic	2
Prenatal diagnosis of chromosome 3q25.32 and 12p11.22p11.1 microduplication with a favorable outcome	2
Clinical efficacy of thermocoagulation in women with biopsy-confirmed cervical low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSILs) or less after colposcopy referral	2
Pregnancy-associated gastric cancer	2
Association between MMP-9-C1562Tpolymorphism and susceptibility to preeclampsia: a systematic review and meta-analysis	2
The role of visceral therapy, Kegel’s muscle, core stability and diet in pelvic support disorders and urinary incontinence — including sexological aspects and the role of physiotherapy and osteopathy	2
Evisceration of the small intestine through the vagina as a rare complication after laparoscopic pectopexy	2
The effect of two anti-inflammatory dietary components, omega-3 and resveratrol, on endometriosis	2
Construction and validation of a histone-related gene signature for the diagnosis of endometriosis	2
Epidural anaesthesia and myomectomy-associated blood loss: — a prospective randomised controlled study	2
Femoral artery blowout syndrome following radical vulvectomy and radiation therapy	2
Metastatic gastric cancer in a full-term pregnancy	2
Adipocyte related peptides — galanin and resistin in endometrioid type endometrium cancer	2
The 13 -year-old-girl with unicornuate uterus with non-communicating uterine horn	2
COVID-19 in pregnancy, management and outcomes among pregnant women and neonates — results from tertiary care center in Wroclaw	2
Hernias and pregnancy — when and how to manage?	2
Logistic regression analysis of ultrasound features for predicting borderline ovarian tumours in young women aged ≤ 40 year	2
Evaluating the role of human chorionic gonadotropin increment in the 48 h prior methotrexate treatment for predicting the treatment success: a retrospective cohort study	2
Physical activity during pregnancy — the state of Polish women’s knowledge	2
Evaluation of the consistency ratios of cervical smear, cervical biopsy and conization results	2
Is the expression of placental epithelial and lymphoid markers associated with the perinatal outcomes in preeclampsia?	2
Uterus preserving surgery for placenta accreta spectrum: some clarifications	2
Therapeutic effect of the temperature-controlled radio frequency technology in female sexual dysfunction	2
Solving an incomplete puzzle: risk factors of low back pain during pregnancy	2
Maternal and perinatal outcomes in placenta accreta spectrum disorders with prophylactic internal iliac artery balloon catheterization and embolization	2
ICTP concentration in cervical-vaginal fluid as a potential marker of membrane collagen degradation before labor	2
The utility of detecting ovulation to predict success in ovulation induction and intrauterine insemination cycles — a prospective observational study	2
The potential role of preoperative cystoscopy for determining the depth of invasion in the placenta accreta spectrum	2
Modified segmental bowel resection technique in deep infiltrated endometriosis. Is it a suitable method to reduce the risk of bowel leakage after an extensive complex surgery?	2
Association of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3 (TIMP-3) serum level and its genetic polymorphism with pregnancy outcome of patients undergoing in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer	2
Fatigue fracture of the sacrum related to pregnancy	2
Complications of planned home births in the Czech Republic	2
Is it possible to predict the success of single dose methotrexate in the treatment of tubal ectopic pregnancies?	2
A study on non-invasive prenatal screening for the detection of aneuploidy	2

Analysis of incidence and overall survival of patients with vulvar cancer in Poland in 2008–2016 — implications for cancer registries	2
The role of selected molecular factors in ovarian cancer metastasis	2
Can redox imbalance predict abnormal foetal development?	2
Prognosis of the patients suffered from uterine carcinosarcoma from rural and urban areas	2
Protein/Creatinine ratio versus 24-hours urine protein in preeclampsia	2
Parasitic fibroid of greater omentum in 31-years old woman	2
Testing of new instrument for measuring quality and diversity of nutrition in pregnancy	2
Is there association between thyroid stimulating hormone levels and the four phenotypes in polycystic ovary syndrome?	2
Severe course of COVID-19 in pregnant woman and newborn’s alloimmune thrombocytopenia — case study and review of the literature	2
Effects of gestational diabetes mellitus with different birth weight on genetic metabolism of newborns. A retrospective cohort study	2
Expression of heat shock proteins HSPA1A, HSPA1B and TP53 in vulval lichen planus and vulval lichen sclerosus	2
Preperitoneal laparoscopic lateral repair in pelvic organ prolapse — a novel approach	2
Can prophylactic transvaginal cervical cerclage improve pregnancy outcome in patients receiving cervical conization? A meta-analysis	2
Development and validation of a performance assessment checklist for insertion of an intra-uterine device (IUD)	1
Why do some patients with stage 1A and 1B endometrial endometrioid carcinoma experience recurrence? A retrospective study in search of prognostic factors	1
How important are elements in polycystic ovary syndrome? Should they be supplemented? A systematic review	1
Prevalence of urinary incontinence and prolapse after hysterectomy for benign disease versus gynecologic malignancy	1
Factors associated with neonatal brachial palsy in shoulder dystocia: a longitudinal study	1
Expression profiles of human somatic mesenchymal stem cells derived from fresh endometrium, ectopic-endometrium and umbilical cord	1
Inflammation in recurrent miscarriage — a comprehensive perspective from uterine microenvironment and immune cell imbalance to therapeutic strategies	1
The value of miRNAs as a biomarker for the diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis	1
Nonpharmacological mental health interventions for adolescent patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: a scoping review	1
Pertussis vaccination in pregnancy — current data on safety and effectiveness	1
Twin anaemia polycythaemia sequence: a complicated target for prenatal diagnosis, a current state of knowledge	1
Investigating the predictive role of uterocervical angle in predicting preterm labor in singleton pregnancies: a meta-analysis	1
Minimally invasive treatment options for uterine fibroids — state-of-the art 2021	1
Postpartum hemorrhage as a result of acquired uterine arteriovenous fistula post-vaginal delivery	1
Peritoneal inclusion cysts as a diagnostic and treatment challenge	1
The relevance of blood gases levels in newborns: the sampling matters	1
The outcomes of the 5 mm versus 11 mm primary trocar in gynecologic surgery — randomised study	1
The impact of preoperative anxiety on pain and analgesia consumption in women undergoing vaginal hysterectomy with general anesthesia and spinal anesthesia	1
The effect of B-Lynch uterine compression suture performed for uterine atony on future menstrual pattern and reproductive outcome	1
Factors limiting the detection of sentinel lymph nodes in early-stage cervical cancer	1
Are IgG antibodies to heat shock proteins HSP27 and HSP60 useful markers in endometrial cancer and cervical cancer?	1
The analysis of coexistence of celiac disease and vulvar lichen sclerosus in girls	1
Results of expectant management in singleton and twin pregnancies complicated by preterm premature rupture of membranes	1
First trimester screening and progesterone levels in HIV positive women under HAART therapy	1
Non-obvious diagnosis and breast development in pure gonadal dysgenesis	1
Evaluation of the risk of thyroid cancer following hysterectomy through meta-analysis	1
Associations between ALDOB polymorphisms and intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy susceptibility in the Chinese Han population	1
Which treatment should we choose for tubo-ovarian abscesses? Results of an 8-year clinical training in a tertiary center	1
Comparison of dydrogesterone plus progesterone gel with subcutaneous aqueous progesterone plus progesterone gel for luteal phase supplementation of subsequent in vitro cycle in women after previous cy	1
Sexual function in women with pelvic organ prolapse and surgery influence on their complaints	1
Correlation between three-dimensional transperineal ultrasound and pelvic floor electromyography in women with stress urinary incontinence	1
Prenatal karyotype results from 2169 invasive tests	1
Obstetric and neonatal risks of Streptococcus agalactiae in adolescent pregnancy: a retrospective matched cohort study	1
Evaluation of transforming growth factor-beta 1 concentrations in serum, peritoneal and endometrioma fluid in women operated on for ovarian endometriosis as a biomarker of endometrioma	1
The Urogynecology Section of the Polish Society of Gynecologists and Obstetricians Guideline for the diagnostic assessment of stress urinary incontinence in women	1
Uretero-vaginal fistulas — clinical presentation, treatment and literature overview	1
Study on the regulation of trophoblast activity by abnormally expressed hsa_circ_0002768 in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus	1
Ultrasonographic signs of acute ovarian torsion	1
"The Killer Placenta" — a threat to the lives of young women giving birth by cesarean section	1
Guidelines of the Polish Society of Gynecologists and Obstetricians on the diagnosis and management of pregnancies complicated by prelabor rupture of the membranes	1
The impact of limited access of photodynamic therapy during COVID-19 pandemic on patients with vulvar lichen sclerosus	1
Overall survival (OS) in patients after chemotherapy for cervical cancer in Poland in years 2008–2015	1
Expression and clinical significance of lncRNA NORAD in patients with gestational hypertension	1
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the course of miscarriages	1
Prenatal diagnosis of pure 1p36 terminal deletion by chromosome microarry analysis — clinical report of 3 new cases and review of the literature	1
Classification of hemostatic methods and their efficacy in placenta increta	1
Vulval squamous cell cancer — does precursor lesion margin status affect recurrence-free survival after optimal surgical resection for early-stage disease?	1
Thrombocytopenia in pregnant women	1
Respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants: possible impact of surfactant application techniques	1
Expression and clinical significance of miR-10a-5p in patients with hypertension during pregnancy	1
Vulvar sebaceous hyperplasia — a problematic dermatosis of the vulva	1
Anaesthesia of pregnant women	1
Evaluation of the effect of multi-dose Methotrexate therapy on ovarian reserve in ectopic pregnancies: Is polycystic ovarian morphology a protective condition for ovarian reserve?	1
Could pelvic floor sonography be a standalone method for excluding genuine stress urinary incontinence in women?	1
Assessment of emotions in pregnancy: introduction of the Pregnancy Anxiety and Stress Rating Scale (PASRS) and its application in the context of hospitalization	1
Recommendations of the Polish Society of Gynaecologists and Obstetricians, Polish Paediatric Society, Polish Society of Family Medicine, Polish Society of Vaccinology, Polish Society of Oncological Gy	1
The effect of suture materials with different absorption times on isthmocele: a retrospective study	1
Successful treatment of interstitial ectopic pregnancy using methotrexate	1
Accidentally discovered adolescent botryoid rhabdomyosarcoma	1
Anterior uterocervical angle: is it an ultrasonographic screening tool that estimates the latent phase duration in post term pregnancies?	1
Depression and anxiety in patients with pelvic floor disorders	1
Retrospective comparation of three surgical interventions for retained products of conception (RPOC) following terminations of pregnancy in the second and third trimesters: a single center study	1
Association between characteristics of previous cesarean delivery and pelvic adhesions: a case-controlled study	1
Ischemia modified albumin levels in intrauterine growth restriction: levels are increased in fetal cord blood but not in maternal blood	1
Diagnostic imaging in gynecology	1
Difficulties in the management of hypokalemia in a pregnant patient with Gitelman syndrome	1
Comparison of MED 12 gene mutation and microRNA-124 expression in leiomyoma and myometrium of Turkish patients	1
Life-threatening postpartum hemorrhage (≥ 5000 mL): a single center experience	1
Macro-TSH — tips and tricks for gynecologists	1
Effect of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine on ovarian reserve of women of reproductive age	1
Comparison of blunt and sharp dissection techniques during cesarean hysterectomy in placenta percreta	1
Expectations of pregnant women for antenatal care services and factors affecting anxiety severity during the COVID-19 pandemic	1
Evaluation of the sperm DNA Fragmentation Index in men from infertile couples diagnosed under the health policy program of the Minister of Health, entitled "Government Program for Comprehensive Protec	1
The predictive value of the first trimester combined test for gestational diabetes mellitus	1
Rectus muscle re-approximation in cesarean section — a surgical dilemma: to close or not to close?	1
Does platelet aggregation have any importance in FGR pregnancies?	1
Impact of clinicopathological variables on laparoscopic hysterectomy complications, a tertiary center experience	1
Prehabilitation in gynecological oncology – are we ready to implement the program in polish oncological centers?	1
Prenatal diagnosis of isolated total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC) to coronary sinus	1
External cephalic version — single-center experience	1
The impact of adjuvant treatment with external beam radiotherapy and vaginal brachytherapy on health-related quality of life in patients with early-stage endometrioid endometrial carcinoma — initial r	1
Breast injury as a manifestation of distant-metastatic ovarian cancer: a case report	1