Metallurgist

Papers
(The TQCC of Metallurgist is 1. The table below lists those papers that are above that threshold based on CrossRef citation counts [max. 250 papers]. The publications cover those that have been published in the past four years, i.e., from 2022-01-01 to 2026-01-01.)
ArticleCitations
Influence of Niobium on Heat-Resistant Properties of Steel Cr18Ni10Ti32
Evaluating the Effects of Certain Process Parameters on the Metal Cooling Rate in a Steel Ladle20
Trends in the development of aluminum alloys for power elements of aviation egineering components within russia and abroad. Review.16
Simulating the process of aluminum alloy ingots crystallization in semi-continuous casting15
Development and Production of New High-Strength Steel14
Study of Microstructure and Properties of High-Strength Alloy Steel Welded Joints Made with Austenitic Flux-Cored Wire with Nitrogen13
Investigation of the factors affecting the defect formation on the inner pipe surface during plug-rolling12
Layered synthesis of workpieces by mig-pulse surface method using austenitic metal-cored wire with nitrogen11
Production of galvanized rolled steel with zinc coating of increased weight9
Investigating the Effectiveness of Roll Lubricants in Cold Rolling of Copper Bands in Industrial Two-High Rolling Mill 175 × 3009
Tellurium and selenium in the gold-silver ore of the Baleysky ore field (Eastern Transbaikalia) and development of their associated extraction method8
Modernization of roll calibration for the multipass radial shear rolling of cobalt-based alloy for medical applications8
Bumps on metallographic specimens of Fe29%Ni18%Co alloy sheets as a rejection criterion8
Impact Toughness and Microstructure of Low-Alloy Steel Weld Produced by Automatic Submerged Arc Welding7
Study of the fine structure of pipe steel after long-term holding at elevated temperature7
Efficiency of the jet electrolytic-plasma polishing in processing L605-alloy stents7
Smelting of Fe–Si–Mn–Al Complex Alloy Using High-Ash Coal7
Application of spectral analysis to attribute Damascus blades dated to the 17th–19th centuries7
Working conditions and occupational health risks of open-pit mining machinery operators7
Features of Isothermal Bainite Formation in Steel 20Kh2G2SNMA7
Use of Ferrosilicon Slag in Steel Production6
Evolution of properties of continuously cast AISI 321steel billet during pipe production on a continuous pipe rolling mill6
Multi-Disciplinary Numerical Analysis of Aluminum Ingot Electromagnetic Casting6
Fabrication of multi-reinforced powders for gas-dynamic spraying by powder metallurgy6
Structural-Phase Composition and Hardness of Steel of the Fe–Cr–Mn–Mo–Al–Mg–N–C System Obtained by the Method of Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis Under Nitrogen Pressure6
Smelting of High-Carbon Ferrochrome from Prereduced Chromite Raw Materials of the Donskoy Ore Mining and Processing Plant6
Strengthening of Metallurgical Equipment Parts by Plasma Surfacing in Nitrogen Atmosphere5
Impurity behavior in low-temperature sintering products of ironmaking dust in the presence of ammonium chloride5
Production of Intermetallic Compounds for Alloying Aluminum Alloys5
Investigation of Vanadium Oxide Aluminothermic Reduction Processes During Vanadium Alloy Smelting from Substandard Concentrates5
Full-scale simulation of mechanized feeding of filler sand to the ladle slide-gate nozzle5
Effect of NaCl in Surrounding Atmosphere on Oxidation Rate of HBI5
Structural and functional connections in the technological system of “laser cladding of high-entropy coatings”5
The influence of welded joint microstructure on the corrosive properties of X70 steel5
Evolution of surface structural state and properties of TiNi-based alloy after electron-beam treatment5
HC Vniimetmash Low-Tonnage Cold Rolling Mills5
Technology for the Producing Calibrated Bars Made of Aluminum Alloy 6082 Prepared Using Ingotless Rolling-Pressing5
Comparative Studies into Composition and Properties of FPR-23 and Biomag Covering and Degassing Fluxes5
Heating and cooling conditions for the regenerators in converter gas recovery scheme5
Mathematical Model of the Accelerated Cooling of Metal in Thick-Plate Hot Rolling4
Peculiarities of fracture of iron–ore pellets in the course of reduction heat treatment4
Lead Brass Bar Two-Channel Extrusion4
Improving the galvanized roll stock production technology by using machine learning methods: a case study of the novolipetsk steel (NLMK) continuous hot-dip galvanizing unit (CHGU-1)4
An Analysis of Stresses in a Continuously Cast Billet During Steel Casting Into a Cylindrical Mold with a Two-Circuit Cooling System4
Testing of the technology for processing the slag of a precious metal shop in a rotary-type unit4
Electrochemical Investigation of the Corrosion Resistance of Metal for Oil and Gas Pipelines4
Vacuum synthesis of composite powder of Al–Ni system for fabricating aluminum-matrix composite reinforced with Al3Ni particles4
Trends in the development of aluminum alloys for power elements of aviation egineering components within Russia and abroad. Review4
The effect of boron on the properties and structure of austenitic stainless steels4
Correction to: Structural and functional connections in the technological system of “laser cladding of high-entropy coatings”4
Metallurgist Volume 66, Number 24
Study of Technological Properties and Processing Feasibility for Various Types of Vanadium Raw Materials in Russia4
Scientific and Technological Cooperation Between I. P. Bardin Central Research Institute of Ferrous Metallurgy and Various Metallurgical and Automotive Enterprises4
Study of Properties and Structure of Silicon Bronze CuSi3Mn1 (C65500) Wire at Various Stages of Its Production by Continuous Casting and Subsequent Drawing4
Thermal Design of CCM Mold with Slotted Water Cooling Channels4
Behavior of gold and non-ferrous metals during low-temperature chlorination roasting of e-waste4
Obtaining nanostructured powder of deformable aluminum alloy by high-energy ball milling of chip wastes4
Processing of copper slag using waste tires4
Enhancement of Charge Loading Operations at the Sintering Machines of Magnitogorsk Iron & Steel Works. Part 1. Charge Flow Stabilization During Sinter Machine Loading4
Methods of reducing the thermal stresses in the heat-insulation lining of blast-furnace tuyere with natural gas supplied through flange holes4
Development and research of structure and properties of polymer coatings4
Development of the Coking, Sintering, and Blast-Furnace Processes at the Cherepovets Steel Mill in 2017 to 2022. Main Lines of Development, Results Achieved*4
Application of an Analytical Calculation Methodology in the Development of Pipeline Fitting Welding Modes4
Improvement of the gas-dynamic and thermal modes of external heating of a sintering mixture layer4
Simulation of the Heat-Transfer Conditions in a CCM Mold4
Temperature Dependence of the Heat Capacity and Changes in the Thermodynamic Functions of BLi (PbSb15Sn10Li) Lead Babbitt Doped with Lithium4
Metallurgist Volume 66, Number 73
Investigation of the microstructure obtained following joining stainless and medium carbon alloy steel by wire arc additive manufacturing3
Changes in Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Steel-Copper Wire During Deformation3
Features of Plasma Coating Formation from Silicon Carbide on Titanium Alloy VT63
Evaluation of the physical and mechanical properties in the surfacing zones of L53 and quenched-and-tempered 65G steels3
Technological and environmental aspects of electronic waste recycling3
Weldability of aluminum alloys based upon the Al–Ca–Zn–Mg system3
Criteria for early detection of slag in steel casting3
Effect of roller table level on vertical bending of the leading edge in asymmetric thick-plate rolling: A finite element analysis3
Characteristics of experimental hard alloy WC+(Co+Mo+Ti) in the process of friction against steels 15Kh2NMFA and 10GN2MFA without lubrication3
Main Directions in the Development of the PJSC Severstal Steel Division Considering Prospects for Carbon Regulation3
Effect of Chemical Composition on the Corrosion Resistance, Microstructure, Hardness and Electrical Conductivity of the Ge–In–Sn Alloys3
New Ways of Obtaining Nanocomposites Based on Multi-Wall Carbon Nanotubes and Aluminum Alloy by High Pressure Casting3
Development of Structures for Protection of Liquid Steel During Continuous Casting3
Investigation of the VKNA-1V Alloy Obtained by SPS Method with a Preliminary Mechanical Activation of Powders3
Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Metallurgy. Part 1. Methods and Algorithms3
Simulation of the Thermal Regime of Semi-Continuous Casting of Aluminum Alloy Ingots3
Effect of Electrolytic-Plasma Surface Treatment on Structure, Mechanical, and Tribological Properties of Grade 1 Wheel Steel3
Strengthening of Copper-Nickel Alloy Cu95Ni5 with Titanium Carbide Particles3
Application of a multi-Functional reagent in the flotation process enrichment of oxidized copper ores3
Elastic tension of non-planar strips with asymmetric out-of-flatness for the biquadratic law of stress distribution over the width3
Use of a Vortex Layer Apparatus for the Preparation of Oiled Scale and Zinc-Containing Dust and Sludge for Briquetting3
Improvement of technology for the production of jewelry wire from platinum alloys3
Effect of a Small Addition of Scandium on the Phase Composition and Properties of Wrought Al–Cu–Er–Mg–Mn–Zr Alloy3
Magnetohydrodynamic Simulation in the Progress of Electromagnetic Stirrers Designing. Part 2. Simulation of Magnetohydrodynamic Processes3
Automatic System for Detecting Visible Emissions in a Potroom of Aluminum Plant Based on Technical Vision and a Neural Network3
Morphology and elemental composition of titanium powders for additive machines obtained by electrospark dispersion of OT4 alloy metal waste in propyl alcohol3
Structure and Properties of New High-Strength Steels Produced by PAO Severstal’ for Arctic Structures3
Technological simulation of the process of hot forging of two-layer forgings with deep cavities and an inverted cone3
Production of deformed semi-finished products from Co–Cr–Mo alloy ingots obtained with varying crystallization rates3
Improving the operation of the rolling complex3
Shift of a Spherical Layer Under High Pressures3
Methods of increasing the geometric accuracy of welded seams of large-diameter straight-seam pipes3
Justification of the Production Technology Efficiency for High-Strength, Low-Alloy Steels with Improved Properties and Quality at Low Cost. Part 3. Production of Rolled Products from Transitional Slab3
Dependence of the properties of multicomponent FeNiCrCoAlTiCuMoVZrNbW high-entropy coating on 35 steel on the parameters of electrospark deposition3
Enhancement of Charge Loading Operations in the Sintering Machines of Magnitogorsk Iron & Steel Works. Part 2. Formation of the Rational Charge Layer Profile along the Width of the Sintering Machi3
Separation of Oily Mill Scale Into Components3
Modeling of Exchange Interactions in Melts Formed During Joint Smelting of Oxidized Nickel Ores and Pyrrhotite Concentrates3
Effect of Local Combined Thermal Action on Value and Distribution of Residual Stresses in Steel 20 Plate3
Heat Exchange in High-Power Arc Steel-Making Furnaces. Part III. Interconnection of Heat Exchange, Height of the Slag Layer, Efficiency of Arcs, and Specific Electricity Consumption3
Material composition and diagnostic leaching tests of gold mine tailings dump (taror deposit, Tajikistan)2
Computer and experimental study of the influence of temperature on broaching mandrel quality indices during rolling vessels made of steel 50 in a screw mill 30–80. Part 22
Optimization of the Control System for Electrolytic Copper Refining with Digital Twin During Dendritic Precipitation2
The effects of scandium, yttrium, and lanthanum on corrosion and electrochemical properties of zinc alloy ZAMg4.5-22
Influence of Silicon Carbide Introduced into a Flux-Cored Wire Charge on Deposited Metal Structure2
Aspects of Structure and Properties Formation in Steels During Laser-Acoustic Processing2
Possibilities of Measurement Digitalization in Metal Science for the Introduction of Quantitative Measurement to the Evaluation of Structures and Fractures2
A Model of the Dynamics of Heat Exchange and Control of the Cooling Process in a Moving Dense Layer of Hot Blast Furnace Slag2
Assessment of the Effect of Operating Conditions on the Resistance of Steels Used in H2S-Containing Environments at Hydrocarbon Production Facilities2
Development of a dynamic distributor on technological lines for sorting the wastes of metallurgical production and municipal solid waste2
Influence of Nitrogen on Chromium Cast Iron Structure and Properties2
Intermetallic compound formation during laser alloying of aluminum alloys with metals2
Industrial Testing of Technology for Purification and Remelting of Secondary Babbits2
Implementation of Steelmaker’s Assistant Software Module in a Ladle-Furnace Unit2
Modeling of transformation of axial chemical inhomogeneity of metal in the process of thick-sheeted rolling2
Metallurgist Volume 67, Number 72
Investigation of Properties of Industrial Sheet Semi-Finished Products of Alloy 15802
Technological Factors of Laser Hardening of Rolls of Multi-Roll Mills2
Mechanical Properties and Wear Resistance of Microarc Diffusion Coatings on Steel2
Influence of Manufacturing Parameters on Pseudo-β-Titanium Alloy VT47 Sheet Structural State and Mechanical Property Anisotropy2
Development and Industrial Operation of an Intelligent System to Detect Markings of a Cast Billet at A. A. Ugarov Oskol Electrometallurgical Plant2
The effect of replacing molybdenum with vanadium on the tendency to amorphisation, structure and thermal properties of high-entropy alloys of the Fe–Co–Ni–Cr–(Mo,V)–B system2
Structural features and properties of nickel coating–steel substrate composition after laser irradiation2
Effect of iron and silicon impurities on the phase composition and hardening of Al-0.3Zr-REM (REM = Er, Y, Yb, Gd) alloy ingots during annealing2
Investigation of Mechanical Properties of High-Density Iron-Based Alloys with Nanosized Additions2
Density and Surface Tension of Slags from the Joint Smelting of Nickel Saprolite and Copper Pyrite Ores2
The Study of Thermal Destruction and Combustion of Coal and Peat as Components of Pulverized Coal Fuel2
Composition and Properties of Titanium-Containing Blast Furnace Slags2
Domestic ballistic separator2
Improved Manipulator for Maintenance of the Cassette Gates of Steel-Pouring Ladles2
Features of failure with cleavage after ctod tests of low-carbon microalloyed marine steel S460MLO during crack opening tests2
Development and Application of Taphole Mix in the Conditions of the Aksu Ferroalloy Plant2
Obtaining copper bar graded microstructure by radial-shear and traditional drawing2
Hot-extrusion of platinum-rhodium alloy tubes2
Development and optimization of the parameters of processing (firing) of cable scrap with PVC insulation by steam gasification2
Influence of pipe steel and welded joint microstructure on failure resistance with testing in hydrogen2
Improvment of a Double-Helical Roll Pass Design for Rolling 100-mm Grinding Balls2
Prospects for Return of Valuable Components Lost in Tailings of Light Metals Ore Processing2
Advancements in steelmaking technologies2
Influence of small additions of aluminum on the structure and phase composition of (Fe0.25Co0.25Ni0.25Cr0.125V0.125)83B17 alloy2
Investigation of aspects of compensation for thermal expansion of 3D gradient materials Al–Al2O3 using “cold” spraying technology2
Comparative analysis of phase composition and heat resistance of piston silumin and experimental alloy Al4Cu2Mn0·5Ca0·2Zr (wt. %)2
Deformation behavior and microstructure evolution in lead brass during isothermal multidirectional forging2
Evaluation of wear resistance of laminated FeAl/Fe3Al/Fe(Al) coatings2
Dependence of corrosion resistance of structural pipe steels on the content of chromium and copper in oilfield calcium chloride media with different contents of aggressive ions2
Application of various methods of benefication to low-grade hematite ore2
The Role of the Weld Metal Structure Formation in Selecting Rational Cooling Rates When Welding K80 Strength Grade Steel2
Ways to improve the processes of longitudinal rolling on a pipe rolling plant with a plug mill to reduce metal consumption and increase production output2
Structure and viscosity of slags containing cerium oxide2
Improving the production technology of cast billets for gas turbine engine blades2
Structural and Mechanical State of AlNiCo35 Alloy Produced By Selective Laser Melting2
Effect of Magnetic State of Austenite on Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Martensitic Transformation in Steel2
Thermal destruction of the PVC cable insulation2
Gas atomized powder compositions of heat-resistant titanium aluminide alloys2
High-valued and deep utilization technology of copper slag2
Metallurgist Volume 67, Number 52
Investigation of the influence of vibration on the processes of porous magnesium products formation2
Use of Solid Slag Mixtures in a Ladle Furnace Unit2
Electrospark Plasma Sintering of Refractory Metals and Their Compound Powders (Review)2
New Method for Predicting the Compactability of Charges Made from Fine Materials of the Mining and Smelting Industry2
Fractal approach to assessing the pore surface area of iron ore pellets2
Development and implementation of technology for replacing coke with natural gas to reduce solid fuel consumption in classic blast furnaces of the severstal company2
Formation of Microstructure and Properties During Isothermal Treatment of Aircraft Building Steel2
Development and evaluation of a mathematical model of dry granulation of molten blast-furnace slag2
Influence of heat treatment on the structure and properties of CoCrFeMnNi + NbC coatings obtained by nonvacuum electron-beam surfacing2
Influence of Packing and Parameters of Uniaxial Compaction of Spherical Wax Elements on Stress-Strain State of Compact2
Structure and Properties of Steel for Producing Hydrogen Sulfide Resistant Oil and Gas High Strength Pipes2
Development of multivariate performance models for drawing mills2
Processing of Hematite Ore by Romelt Duplex Process2
Simulation of the Thermal Performance of Regenerative Heat Exchanger for Recovering the Heat of Combustion of Converter Gas2
Study of the agglomerate crushing process and industrial development of an advanced rotary crusher2
Study of the Operating Conditions of Piercing Mill Shoes Using Computer Modeling2
Complex heat transfer in a bath under arcs of high-power arc steel-melting furnaces. Part II. Conversion of radiant arc flows into convection and heat conduction flows in the bath2
Investigation of slag binders formed during the firing of iron ore pellets2
Justification of the Production Technology Efficiency for Low-Alloy Steels with Improved Properties and Quality at Low-Cost. Part 1. Hot-Rolled Products2
Workpiece temperature and extrusion rate effects on stress-strain condition and defect formation in a drill pipe with a protector2
Impact of the chemical composition of AISI 410S steel cladding layer on corrosion resistance2
Effects of an Ingot Smelting Method and Pressure Treatment Modes on the Structure of Deformed TiNi-Based Alloy Semi-Finished Products2
Effect of Technological Parameters of Selective Electron Beam Melting on Chemical Composition, Microstructure, and Porosity of a TiAl-Alloy of Ti-Al-V-Nb-Cr-Gd System2
Metallurgist Volume 66, Number 92
Influence of forging process parameters on the structure and properties of diffusion-alloyed powder steel SP50N4D2M produced by PJSC Severstal2
Parameters for Continuous Molding of a Pipe Billet with an Alternating Bending and Curvilinear Trajectory of Axial Grain1
Impact of laser hardening on surface properties of billets from structural materials1
Experimental study of the influence of hot rolling on the structure, texture, and properties of a two-phase Ti–4.5Al–3Mo–V titanium alloy1
Application of computer modeling for the evaluation of performance of a new method of cross-screw rolling1
Substantiation of Technology for Extraction of Rare Metals from Mining Wastes Using the Example of Mature Tailings at the Orlovsky Mining and Processing Plant (East Transbaikal)1
Evolution of microstructure of 08C18Cr10Ni steel after thermomechanical treatment1
Investigation of Nitinol Alloy Deformation Features in Temperature Range from 500 to 950°C1
Study of special properties of austenitic steel, obtained by additive hybrid technologies1
Evaluation of the type and amplitude of the flatness defect of a hot-rolled steel strip produced on a continuous mill1
Simulation of metal flow during upsetting of flat profiled billets1
Studying the structure and properties of brazed joints of Al–Ca–Ce (−Mn) system alloys1
Effect of Production Technological Parameters on Corrosion Resistance of Ultralow-Carbon Cold-Rolled IF-Steels1
Features of Corrosive Breakdown of Pipe Steel in Gas Condensate1
Manufacture of Composite Cast Blanks Using Steel and Cast-Iron Elements1
Key principles and approaches to the development of a predictive model aimed at minimizing the downtimes of equipment in continuous pipe-rolling mills1
Strenghthening features of mechanically alloyed Al-Mn-Cu alloy1
Influence of manganese on the phase composition and mechanical properties of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-Zr-Y(Er) alloys1
Formation of aluminide coating structure on the CrNi50WMoTiAlNb alloy surface during liquid aluminizing1
Heat transfer by convection and conduction in the bath beneath the arcs of high-power arc steel-melting furnaces. Part 1. Laws of thermal radiation of gas volumes in arcs and flames and their use for 1
Formation of optimal slag composition in ladle furnace for improvement of desulfurization properties and optimization of consumption of slag-forming materials1
Embrittlement factors during the fracture of ERW welded joints of low-carbon low-alloy steel pipes according to the results of Charpy impact tests1
Numerical analysis of the effect of friction on the motion and collision forces of grinding bodies in a planetary mill1
Statistical investigation of mechanical properties of VT6 alloy bars with globular-lamellar structure1
Accumulation of difficult-to-remove impurities of alkali and alkaline-earth metals in circulating solutions during the existing zinc production process1
Formation of the primary structure of cast slabs from aluminum alloys during their twin-roll casting1
Influence of structural characteristics of low-alloy steels on their corrosion resistance in aqueous environments1
New Technological and Design Solutions for Devices for Producing a Continuously Cast Deformed Billet1
Investigation of the Mix Sintering Process in a Dense and Mechanically Loosened Layer on Sinter Machines of Sinter Factory No. 5 of Magnitogorsk Iron & Steel Works PJSC1
Metallurgist Volume 66, Number 121
Atomistic structure and morphology of nanocrystalline niobium carbide obtained by electrochemical transport reactions1
Use of Nut Coke in Blast Furnace1
Assessment of the environmental risks of a foundry shop when making steel for the production of machinery and mining equipment1
Studying the quality of the welded joints of cold-resistant microalloyed heavy plate steel P460NL1 intended for mobile CO2 storage applications1
Assessment of the Adequacy of the Model for Determining the Composition and Properties of Final Slag in a Blast Furnace1
Tungsten-free hard alloys based on powders obtained by processing TN20 alloy waste by electric discharge dispersion in alcohol1
Effect of Copper Content and Heat Treatment Schedules on Mechanical Properties, Cold Resistance, and Microstructural Constituent Morphology in Precipitation-Hardened Steel1
Investigation of the Structure of Sintered Blanks from Powder Mixture of R6M5K5 High-Speed Steel Containing Diffusion-Alloyed Powder1
Behavior of Copper and Sulfur During High-Temperature Sulfurization Of Copper-Smelting Slags with Elemental Sulfur1
Carbide banding as the basis for the Damascus structure of the 18th century Persian blade steels1
Features of Steel Structure Formation in Areas of High-Speed Laser Hardening from Liquid State1
High-strength steels with bainitic structure and improved impact toughness1
Research for Replacement of Gray Cast Irons for Manufacturing Electrolyzer Gas Collection Bell Cast Components1
Mechanical properties of extra thick-walled shells from grade T wheel steel obtained by the screw piercing process1
Structure and properties of copper–chromium composite coatings obtained by detonation spraying of powder mixtures of different particle sizes1
Study of Industrial Aluminum Alloy 1580 Sheet Corrosion Resistance1
Features of Creating Functional and Functionally Gradient Coatings with a Unique Set of Properties from Composite Powders with Titanium Matrix1
Industrial trials for production of high-quality ferrochrome from substandard chrome ores1
Physical properties of barite-borate slags1
Technological Aspects of the Production of EI696 Alloy at the Zlatoust Metallurgical Plant1
Duplex stainless steels: requirements, challenges, and solutions1
Metallurgist Volume 65, Number 111
Improvement of the efficiency of blast furnace smelting technology with pulverized coal fuel injection1
Process analysis in a crystallizer equipped with a dual-circuit evaporative-condensation cooling system1
Synthesis of compounds with a crystal structure of sillenite within the pseudobinary stable system Bi12GeO20–Bi12SiO20*1
Development of a Combined Technology for Producing Base Gold Alloy from Waste of Different Types1
Digitalization as the Most Important Tool for the Improvement of Metallurgical Technologies1
Microwave Sintering of Metal Powder Materials (Review)1
Metallurgist Volume 66, Number 81
Parametric analysis for supervisory control of cathode copper production1
Abnormal pearlite morphology formed during annealing of steel shavings-based material1
Energy-efficient end-to-end technology for rolling steel strips by eliminating negative vibrations1
Phase composition and structure of hypereutectic silumin AK20 irradiated by a pulsed electron beam of sub-millisecond exposure duration1
Determination of the optimal composition of iron ore materials for a liquid-phase reduction reactor1
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