Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society

Article	Citations
The ERA5 global reanalysis	10513
The ERA5 global reanalysis: Preliminary extension to 1950	194
The impact of Aeolus wind retrievals on ECMWF global weather forecasts	79
An evaluation of ERA5 precipitation for climate monitoring	79
Convection‐permitting modelling improves simulated precipitation over the central and eastern Tibetan Plateau	67
Using machine learning to correct model error in data assimilation and forecast applications	51
An evaluation of surface meteorology and fluxes over the Iceland and Greenland Seas in ERA5 reanalysis: The impact of sea ice distribution	44
Increasing heavy rainfall events in south India due to changing land use and land cover	41
Assimilation of satellite data in numerical weather prediction. Part II: Recent years	37
On the role of Ural Blocking in driving the Warm Arctic–Cold Siberia pattern	37
Differences between the 2018 and 2019 stratospheric polar vortex split events	31
Cold‐pool‐driven convective initiation: using causal graph analysis to determine what convection‐permitting models are missing	31
An evaluation of tropical waves and wave forcing of the QBO in the QBOi models	29
Year‐round sub‐seasonal forecast skill for Atlantic–European weather regimes	29
Assessing the potential and application of crowdsourced urban wind data	28
Teleconnections of the Quasi‐Biennial Oscillation in a multi‐model ensemble of QBO‐resolving models	25
The regional model‐based Mesoscale Ensemble Prediction System, MEPS, at the Japan Meteorological Agency	24
Revisiting the identification of wintertime atmospheric circulation regimes in the Euro‐Atlantic sector	24
Insights into the convective evolution of Mediterranean tropical‐like cyclones	24
Towards an unbiased stratospheric analysis	24
Urban‐induced modifications to the diurnal cycle of rainfall over a tropical city	24
Latent space data assimilation by using deep learning	23
Dynamics of concurrent and sequential Central European and Scandinavian heatwaves	22
An assessment of GNSS radio occultation data produced by Spire	21
Recent upgrades to the Met Office convective‐scale ensemble: An hourly time‐lagged 5‐day ensemble	21

On the analysis of a summertime convective event in a hyperarid environment	21
Revisiting the relation between momentum and scalar roughness lengths of urban surfaces	21
A consistent interpretation of the stochastic version of the Ensemble Kalman Filter	21
Assimilating visible satellite images for convective‐scale numerical weather prediction: A case‐study	20
Climate variability and impacts on maize (Zea mays) yield in Ghana, West Africa	20
Sub‐km scale numerical weather prediction model simulations of radiation fog	20
Optimization and impact assessment of Aeolus HLOS wind assimilation in NOAA's global forecast system	20
A deep learning framework for lightning forecasting with multi‐source spatiotemporal data	19
Large‐eddy simulation of foehn–cold pool interactions in the Inn Valley during PIANO IOP 2	19
Central Arctic weather forecasting: Confronting theECMWF IFSwith observations from the Arctic Ocean 2018 expedition	19
Revision of the Stochastically Perturbed Parametrisations model uncertainty scheme in the Integrated Forecasting System	19
SINGV: A convective‐scale weather forecast model for Singapore	19
Stratospheric influence on ECMWF sub‐seasonal forecast skill for energy‐industry‐relevant surface weather in European countries	19
Characteristics of convective precipitation over tropical Africa in storm‐resolving global simulations	19
Statistical approaches to assimilate ASCAT soil moisture information—I. Methodologies and first assessment	18
Understanding the post‐monsoon tropical cyclone variability and trend over the Bay of Bengal during the satellite era	18
Operational assimilation of Aeolus winds in the Météo‐France global NWP model ARPEGE	18
Evaluation of ice particle growth in ICON using statistics of multi‐frequency Doppler cloud radar observations	18
Tropical cyclone life cycle in a three‐dimensional numerical simulation	18
How an urban parameterization affects a high‐resolution global climate simulation	17
Resolved gravity waves in the tropical stratosphere: Impact of horizontal resolution and deep convection parametrization	17
Impact of the Aeolus Level‐2B horizontal line‐of‐sight winds in the Environment and Climate Change Canada global forecast system	17
Contribution of mean and eddy momentum processes to tropical cyclone intensification	16
Spatial variability and possible cause analysis of regional precipitation complexity based on optimized sample entropy	16
On the daily cycle of mesoscale cloud organization in the winter trades	16
Three‐dimensional pathways of dust over the Sahara during summer 2011 as revealed by new Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer observations	16
Abnormal warm sea‐surface temperature in the Indian Ocean, active potential vorticity over the Tibetan Plateau, and severe flooding along the Yangtze River in summer 2020	16
The representation of winter Northern Hemisphere atmospheric blocking in ECMWF seasonal prediction systems	16
A weather system perspective on winter–spring rainfall variability in southeastern Australia during El Niño	16
Air pollution in the Gobi Desert region: Analysis of dust‐storm events	16
Extreme precipitation events over northern Italy. Part II: Dynamical precursors	16
Upper‐tropospheric inflow layers in tropical cyclones	16
Following moist intrusions into the Arctic using SHEBA observations in a Lagrangian perspective	15
Combining distribution‐based neural networks to predict weather forecast probabilities	15
Spectrum calibration of the first hyperspectral infrared measurements from a geostationary platform: Method and preliminary assessment	15
Prediction of the quasi‐biennial oscillation with a multi‐model ensemble of QBO‐resolving models	15
Response times of meteorological air temperature sensors	15
On resolution sensitivity in the Community Atmosphere Model	15
Linking rapid forecast error growth to diabatic processes	14
The intricacies of identifying equatorial waves	14
Which precipitation forecasts to use? Deterministic versus coarser‐resolution ensemble NWP models	14
Role of moist and dry air advection in the development of Mediterranean tropical‐like cyclones (medicanes)	14
Prediction and precursors of Idai and 38 other tropical cyclones and storms in the Mozambique Channel	14
Wind‐Topo: Downscaling near‐surface wind fields to high‐resolution topography in highly complex terrain with deep learning	14
Analysis of diurnal to seasonal variability of Integrated Water Vapour in the South Indian Ocean basin using ground‐based GNSS and fifth‐generation ECMWF reanalysis (ERA5) data	14
Hailstorms in the Alpine region: Diurnal cycle, 4D‐characteristics, and the nowcasting potential of lightning properties	13
Impact of the Madden–Julian Oscillation on extreme precipitation over the western Maritime Continent and Southeast Asia	13
Introducing TC intensity into the DSAEF_LTP model and simulating precipitation of super‐typhoon Lekima (2019)	13
Exploring relationships between weather patterns and observed lightning activity for Britain and Ireland	13
Heavy versus extreme rainfall events in southeast Australia	13

Baroclinicity and directional shear explain departures from the logarithmic wind profile	13
Analysis and design of covariance inflation methods using inflation functions. Part 1: Theoretical framework	13
Reducing the spin‐up of a regional NWP system without data assimilation	13
Assimilation of radar reflectivity volumes in a pre‐operational framework	13
Assessment of convection‐permitting versions of the Unified Model over the Lake Victoria basin region	13
Coupled data assimilation at ECMWF: current status, challenges and future developments	13
Exploring the potential and limitations of weak‐constraint 4D‐Var	12
Supermodding – A special footprint operator for mesoscale data assimilation using scatterometer winds	12
Can geostrophic adjustment of baroclinic disturbances in the tropical atmosphere explain MJO events?	12
One‐dimensional maximum‐likelihood estimation for spaceborne precipitation radar data assimilation	12
Analog ensemble data assimilation and a method for constructing analogs with variational autoencoders	12
Large‐scale connection to deadly Indian heatwaves	12
Modes of coastal precipitation over southwest India and their relationship with intraseasonal variability	12
The fractional energy balance equation	12
Identifying the key challenges for fog and low stratus forecasting in complex terrain	12
Quality control and bias adjustment of crowdsourced wind speed observations	12
What do large‐scale patterns teach us about extreme precipitation over the Mediterranean at medium‐ and extended‐range forecasts?	12
More accuracy with less precision	12
Relative impact of observations on a regional Arctic numerical weather prediction system	12
Improving the ocean and atmosphere in a coupled ocean–atmosphere model by assimilating satellite sea‐surface temperature and subsurface profile data	11
Major surface melting over the Ross Ice Shelf part I: Foehn effect	11
Influence of a spectral cumulus parametrization on simulating global tropical cyclone activity in an AGCM	11
Towards a dry‐mass conserving hydrostatic global spectral dynamical core in a general moist atmosphere	11
Geostrophic drag law for conventionally neutral atmospheric boundary layers revisited	11
Observational analysis and simulations of a severe hailstorm in northeastern Italy	10
Model error covariance estimation in particle and ensemble Kalman filters using an online expectation–maximization algorithm	10
Assimilation of atmospheric infrasound data to constrain tropospheric and stratospheric winds	10
The role of atmospheric dynamics and large‐scale topography in driving heatwaves	10
Understanding changes of the continuous ranked probability score using a homogeneous Gaussian approximation	10
Urban intensification of convective rainfall over the Singapore – Johor Bahru region	10
Near‐field atmospheric inversions for the localization and quantification of controlled methane releases using stationary and mobile measurements	10
Assessing the quality of novel Aeolus winds for NWP applications at NCMRWF	10
The influence of aggregation and statistical post‐processing on the subseasonal predictability of European temperatures	10
Improving the Met Office's Forecast Ocean Assimilation Model (FOAM) with the assimilation of satellite‐derived sea‐ice thickness data from CryoSat‐2 and SMOS in the Ar	10
Dynamics and oceanic response of the Madeira tip‐jets	10
Reconciling different methods of high‐latitude blocking detection	10
Comparison of kilometre and sub‐kilometre scale simulations of a foehn wind event over the Larsen C Ice Shelf, Antarctic Peninsula using the Met Office Unified Model (MetUM)	10
The clear‐sky downwelling long‐wave radiation at the surface in current and future climates	10
	10
Examination of all‐sky infrared radiance simulation of Himawari‐8 for global data assimilation and model verification	10
Numerical prediction of tropical cyclogenesis part I: Evaluation of model performance	9
Multigrid preconditioners for the mixed finite element dynamical core of the LFRic atmospheric model	9
A new stochastic ocean physics package and its application to hybrid‐covariance data assimilation	9
How grid‐spacing and convection representation affected the wind speed forecasts of four polar lows	9
The sensitivity of the West African monsoon circulation to intraseasonal soil moisture feedbacks	9
Revised GNSS‐RO observation uncertainties in the Met Office NWP system	9
Direct 4D‐Var assimilation of space‐borne cloud radar reflectivity and lidar backscatter. Part I: Observation operator and implementation	9
Major surface melting over the Ross Ice Shelf part II: Surface energy balance	9
Characterising extratropical near‐tropopause analysis humidity biases and their radiative effects on temperature forecasts	9
Recurvature and movement processes of tropical cyclones over the Bay of Bengal	9
A compatible finite‐element discretisation for the moist compressible Euler equations	9
NWP calibration applied to Aeolus Mie channel winds	9
A particle flow filter for high‐dimensional system applications	9
Variation in the Holton–Tan effect by longitude	9
The resistance law for stably stratified atmospheric planetary boundary layers	9
Beyond skill scores: exploring sub‐seasonal forecast value through a case‐study of French month‐ahead energy prediction	9
Monthly and zonally averaged zonal wind information in the equatorial stratosphere provided by GNSS radio occultation	9
Waves and coherent flows in the tropical atmosphere: New opportunities, old challenges	9
Features of atmospheric deep convection in northwestern South America obtained from infrared satellite data	9
Addressing the causes of large‐scale circulation error in the Met Office Unified Model	9
Stochastic parametrization: An alternative to inflation in ensemble Kalman filters	8
TRAIL part 2: A comprehensive assessment of ice particle fall speed parametrisations	8
Katabatic and convective processes drive two preferred peaks in the precipitation diurnal cycle over the Central Himalaya	8
Forcing of the Martian polar annulus by Hadley cell transport and latent heating	8
Multi‐resolution incremental 4D‐Var for WRF: Implementation and application at convective scale	8
Tropical water vapour in the lower stratosphere and its relationship to tropical/extratropical dynamical processes in ERA5	8
External controls on the transition between stable boundary‐layer turbulence regimes	8
Baroclinic instability and large‐scale wave propagation in a planetary‐scale atmosphere	8
Numerical impacts on tracer transport: A proposed intercomparison test of Atmospheric General Circulation Models	8
Why does EnKF suffer from analysis overconfidence? An insight into exploiting the ever‐increasing volume of observations	8
Delhi Model with Chemistry and aerosol framework (DM‐Chem) for high‐resolution fog forecasting	8
Improvements in tropical precipitation and sea surface air temperature fields in a coupled atmosphere–ocean data assimilation system	8
Large‐eddy simulations of the atmospheric boundary layer over an Alpine glacier: Impact of synoptic flow direction and governing processes	8
On the separation of upper and low‐level centres of tropical storm Kong‐Rey (2013) near Taiwan in association with asymmetric latent heating	8
State, global, and local parameter estimation using local ensemble Kalman filters: Applications to online machine learning of chaotic dynamics	8
Numerical discretization causing error variance loss and the need for inflation	8
Implementation of a double moment cloud microphysics scheme in the UK met office regional numerical weather prediction model	8
Assimilation of shipborne precipitable water vapour by Global Navigation Satellite Systems for extreme precipitation events	8
Comparison of multivariate post‐processing methods using global ECMWF ensemble forecasts	8
A data assimilation algorithm for predicting rain	8

Towards a more “scale‐aware” orographic gravity wave drag parametrization: Description and initial testing	8
The generalized Ekman model for the tropical cyclone boundary layer revisited: The myth of inertial stability as a restoring force	8
Observations of air–sea heat fluxes in the southwestern Atlantic under high‐frequency ocean and atmospheric perturbations	7
Impact of season, cloud cover, and air pollution on different spectral regions of ultraviolet and visible incident solar radiation at the surface	7
Assimilation of crowd‐sourced surface observations over Germany in a regional weather prediction system	7
Evaluation of adjoint‐based observation impacts as a function of forecast length using an Observing System Simulation Experiment	7
The role of shallow convection in the momentum budget of the trades from large‐eddy‐simulation hindcasts	7
Cold pools over the Netherlands: A statistical study from tower and radar observations	7
Continuous data assimilation for global numerical weather prediction	7
C‐POOL: A scheme for modelling convective cold pools in the Met Office Unified Model	7
Changes in atmospheric latent energy transport into the Arctic: Planetary versus synoptic scales	7
Dynamical propagation and growth mechanisms for convectively coupled equatorial Kelvin waves over the Indian Ocean	7
Weather patterns in Southeast Asia: Relationship with tropical variability and heavy precipitation	7
Distilling the mechanism for the Madden–Julian Oscillation into a simple translating structure	7
Recalibrating wind‐speed forecasts using regime‐dependent ensemble model output statistics	7
Spatial and temporal variations in near‐surface energy fluxes in an Alpine valley under synoptically undisturbed and clear‐sky conditions	7
Modelling and parametrization of the convective flow over leads in sea ice and comparison with airborne observations	7
Quantifying the circulation induced by convective clouds in kilometer‐scale simulations	7
An implementation of single‐precision fast spherical harmonic transform in Yin–He global spectral model	7
Two‐fluid single‐column modelling of Rayleigh–Bénard convection as a step towards multi‐fluid modelling of atmospheric convection	7
The SPARC Quasi‐Biennial Oscillation initiative	7
Speed‐up of the Madeira tip jets in the ERA5 climate highlights the decadal variability of the Atlantic subtropics	7
Evaluation of global reanalysis winds and high‐resolution regional model outputs with the 205 MHz stratosphere–troposphere wind profiler radar observations	7
Perspective on aircraft in the stratosphere: 50 years from COMESA through the ozone hole to climate	7
Impact of all‐sky water vapour channel radiance from INSAT‐3D/3DR satellite over South Asia region using WRF model	7
A high‐order WENO‐limited finite‐volume algorithm for atmospheric flow using the ADER‐differential transform time discretization	7
Accurate, simple equation for saturated vapour pressure over water and ice	7
Bidimensional climatology and trends of Northern Hemisphere blocking utilizing a new detection method	7
Distributed urban drag parametrization for sub‐kilometre scale numerical weather prediction	7
Estimating optimal localization for sampled background‐error covariances of hydrometeor variables	7
Flower trade‐wind clouds are shallow mesoscale convective systems	7
Radar reflectivity assimilation using hourly cycling 4D‐Var in the Met Office Unified Model	7
Baroclinicity in stable atmospheric boundary layers: Characterizing turbulence structures and collapsing wind profiles via reduced models and large‐eddy simulations	7
Sub‐hourly resolution quality control of rain‐gauge data significantly improves regional sub‐daily return level estimates	7
Understanding spatiotemporal variability of drought in recent decades and its drivers over identified homogeneous regions of India	6
Contributions of downstream baroclinic development to strong Southern Hemisphere cut‐off lows	6
Understanding the relationship of storm‐ to large‐scale environment in the monsoon trough region: results inferred from long‐term radar and reanalysis datasets	6
Incorporating the North Atlantic Oscillation into the post‐processing of MOGREPS‐G wind speed forecasts	6
Evaluation of point forecasts for extreme events using consistent scoring functions	6
Understanding London's summertime cloud cover	6
The Rankine–Kirchhoff approximations for moist thermodynamics	6
A new approach to extended‐range multimodel forecasting: Sequential learning algorithms	6
Characterising the shape, size, and orientation of cloud‐feeding coherent boundary‐layer structures	6
Validation of the Aeolus L2B Rayleigh winds and ECMWF short‐range forecasts in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere using Loon super pressure balloon observations	6
An Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer – New Generation (IASI‐NG) channel selection for numerical weather prediction	6
Influence of grid resolution of large‐eddy simulations on foehn‐cold pool interaction	6
TRAIL: A novel approach for studying the aerodynamics of ice particles	6
On the addition of microwave sounders and numerical weather prediction skill	6
Comparing wavelet and Fourier perspectives on the decomposition of meridional energy transport into synoptic and planetary components	6
Effects of terrain‐following vertical coordinates on simulation of stratus clouds in numerical weather prediction models	6
Understanding mechanisms for trends in Sahelian squall lines: Roles of thermodynamics and shear	6
Estimating GPS radio occultation observation error standard deviations over China using the three‐cornered hat method	6
Long‐term single‐column model intercomparison of diurnal cycle of precipitation over midlatitude and tropical land	6
Key parameters for droplet evaporation and mixing at the cloud edge	6
Representation of the Scandinavia–Greenland pattern and its relationship with the polar vortex in S2S forecast models	6
Evaluation of a roughness length parametrization accounting for wind–wave alignment in a coupled atmosphere–wave model	6
Has the risk of a 1976 north‐west European summer drought and heatwave event increased since the 1970s because of climate change?	6
Forcing mechanism of the Silk Road pattern and the sensitivity of Rossby‐wave source hotspots to mean‐state winds	6
Direct 4D‐Var assimilation of space‐borne cloud radar and lidar observations. Part II: Impact on analysis and subsequent forecast	6
Observation impact metrics in NWP: A theoretical study. Part I: Optimal systems	6
Aircraft observations and sub‐km modelling of the lake–land breeze circulation over Lake Victoria	6
A conjugate BFGS method for accurate estimation of a posterior error covariance matrix in a linear inverse problem	6
A cold pool perturbation scheme to improve convective initiation in convection‐permitting models	6
Assessing the robustness of multidecadal variability in Northern Hemisphere wintertime seasonal forecast skill	6
Sensitivity of QBO teleconnection to model circulation biases	6
Combining data assimilation and machine learning to estimate parameters of a convective‐scale model	6
Lp‐norm regularization approaches in variational data assimilation	6
Dynamics of forecast‐error growth along cut‐off Sanchez and its consequence for the prediction of a high‐impact weather event over southern France	6
Structure and evolution of intense austral cut‐off lows	6
Effective buoyancy and CAPE: Some implications for tropical cyclones	6
A dipole of tropical cyclone outgoing long‐wave radiation	6
Meso‐scale contribution to air–sea turbulent fluxes at GCM scale	6
The characterization and impact of Aeolus wind profile observations in NOAA's regional tropical cyclone model (HWRF)	6
Nowcasting the precipitation phase combining weather radar data, surface observations, and NWP model forecasts	6
Persistent warm and dry extremes over the eastern Mediterranean during winter: The role of North Atlantic blocking and central Mediterranean cyclones	6
Impacts of initial conditions and model configuration on simulations of polar lows near Svalbard using Polar WRF with 3DVAR	5
Assessment of climate models in relation to the low‐level clouds over the southern Indian Ocean	5
On the genesis and dynamics of Madden–Julian oscillation‐like structure formed by equatorial adjustment of localized heating	5
Mechanisms of influence of the Semi‐Annual Oscillation on stratospheric sudden warmings	5
The effect of stochastically perturbed parametrisation tendencies (SPPT) on rapidly ascending air streams	5
Distributions and convergence of forecast variables in a 1,000‐member convection‐permitting ensemble	5
Surface‐driven amplification of Madden–Julian oscillation circulation anomalies across East Africa and its influence on the Turkana jet	5
The generalized Ekman model for the tropical cyclone boundary layer revisited: Addendum	5
Sensitivity of snowfall forecast over North China to ice crystal deposition/sublimation parameterizations in the WSM6 cloud microphysics scheme	5
All‐sky microwave humidity sounder assimilation in the Korean Integrated Model forecast system	5
The daytime trapped lee wave pattern and evolution induced by two small‐scale mountains of different heights	5
The potential of numerical prediction systems to support the design of Arctic observing systems: Insights from the APPLICATE and YOPP projects	5
Circulation conservation in the outflow of warm conveyor belts and consequences for Rossby wave evolution	5
Impact of the Arctic observing systems on the ECCC global weather forecasts	5
Tropical cyclone genesis over the western North Pacific impacted by SST anomalies from other basins while El Niño decays	5
On the number of bins in a rank histogram	5
Decreased dissimilarity of turbulent transport attributed to large eddies	5
Landfalling tropical cyclone characteristics and their multi‐timescale variability connected to monsoon and easterly formation environments over the western North Pacific	5
The influence of air–sea coupling on forecasts of the 2016 Indian summer monsoon and its intraseasonal variability	5
Assimilating atmospheric infrasound data to constrain atmospheric winds in a two‐dimensional grid	5