Taxon

Papers
(The TQCC of Taxon is 1. The table below lists those papers that are above that threshold based on CrossRef citation counts [max. 250 papers]. The publications cover those that have been published in the past four years, i.e., from 2021-07-01 to 2025-07-01.)
ArticleCitations
(2928) Proposal to conserve the name Engelhardia roxburghiana (Juglandaceae) with a conserved type110
Issue Information62
(271) Proposal to add a Note after Article 41.3 to clarify the meaning of “indirect reference” in the context of a basionym or replaced synonym citation46
Issue Information36
(267–269) Proposals to define description and amend the definition of diagnosis in Article 3836
(123–125) Proposals on the retroactivity of conservation29
NOMENCLATURE SECTION NEWS!27
(2980) Proposal to conserve the name Rubus repens (L.) Kuntze against R. repens Weston (Rosaceae)23
(151) Proposal to add the concept of “typotype” to the Code23
Nomenclatural novelties appearing in Taxon 70 (5)23
(155) Proposal to disallow descriptive names for subdivisions of families21
(403–406) Proposals to clarify the meaning of rejected and rejected name (Articles 51, 52.1, 53.1 and the Glossary)20
Grants Program 202520
Description and systematic affinity of flower and seed fossils of Erica sect. Chlorocodon (Ericaceae) from the early Pleistocene of Madeira Island, Portugal19
(2991) Proposal to conserve the name Bombax candolleanum (Eriotheca candolleana) against B. sexdigitatum (Malvaceae)15
(3008) Proposal to conserve the name Philodendron chanchamayense (Araceae) with that spelling15
(3009) Proposal to conserve the name Trillium erectum (Melanthiaceae: Parideae) with a conserved type15
(2861) Proposal to conserve the name Rubus ulmifolius against R. creticus, R. vulgaris, and R. inermis (Rosaceae)14
(3036) Proposal to conserve the name Chamaemelum Mill. against Chamaemelum Daubenton (Asteraceae)13
Integrative taxonomy recognises four species within the legume Inga chocoensis (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae)13
Home at last: Molecular phylogenetic analyses support subsuming Metastachydium within Phlomoides (Lamiaceae)12
12
The effectiveness and limitations of digital images for taxonomic research12
Issue Information12
Resolving the evolutionary history of Ctenium and Kampochloa using phylogenomics, and a new circumscription of Cteniinae (Cynodonteae, Poaceae)12
(3053) Proposal to conserve the name Juniperus navicularis against J. microphylla and J. hochstetteri (Cupressaceae)11
Typifications appearing in Taxon 71 (2)11
Botanical Dissertations from the 19th and Early 20th Centuries at the Ohio State University Herbarium (OS)11
Typifications appearing in Taxon 72 (5)10
A nomenclatural study of Plumeria (Apocynaceae: Plumerieae) in the Caribbean Islands10
Consensus classifications are crucial for conservation: How CITES utilizes checklists10
Taxon moves to fully online publication in 202410
Digitization as scientific labor: Critical approaches and recommendations for herbaria10
Issue Information10
Typifications appearing in Taxon 73 (1)10
(2823) Proposal to reject the name Riccia sinuata (Marchantiophyta)10
(2891) Proposal to conserve the name Puccinia psidii (Austropuccinia psidii) against Caeoma eugeniarum and Uredo neurophila (Basidiomycota: Pucciniaceae)9
(2998) Proposal to conserve the name Anacardium spruceanum against A. braziliense (Anacardiaceae)9
(2887) Proposal to conserve the name Prunus maackii against P. glandulifolia (Rosaceae)9
Complete genus‐level phylogenomics and new subtribal classification of the pantropical plant family Annonaceae9
(138–141) Proposals regarding types and supersession (amendments to Articles 7.2–7.4, 8.1, and 10.9, and a new Note after Article 9.19)9
(2969) Proposal to conserve the name Colurolejeunea tenuicornis (Colura tenuicornis) against Lejeunea ceratophora (Colura ceratophora) (Marchantiophyta: Lejeuneac9
Erratum9
Typification of the Linnaean names Croton castaneifolius and C. palustris (Euphorbiaceae)9
IAPT chromosome data 389
Unraveling the taxonomy of Asian Buddleja: Species discovery and delimitation through morphological comparison, ploidy analysis and phylogenomic insights8
(185) Proposal to amend Article 48.2 to improve its parallel construction in relation to Article 52.28
Lectotypification of the Linnaean plant name Durio zibethinus (Malvaceae), based on Rumphius's illustration8
A revised delimitation of the species‐rich genus Pilea (Urticaceae) supports the resurrection of Achudemia and a new infrageneric classification8
A phylogenetic analysis and new delimitation of the Neotropical genus Werneria (Compositae, Senecioneae)8
(178) Proposal to exclude electronic material with preliminary pagination from effective publication8
Species delimitation and biogeography of Cyphostemma (Vitaceae), emphasizing diversification and ecological adaptation in Madagascar8
Nomenclatural novelties appearing in Taxon 71 (2)8
(3051) Proposal to conserve the name Thymus marschallianus (Lamiaceae) with a conserved type8
Phylogenetic analyses of Phaseolinae (Leguminosae) reveal a new genus endemic to limestone outcrops in Seasonally Dry Forests of Bahia, Brazil7
Two new Dryopteris taxa originated from distantly related congeners in China7
Typifications appearing in Taxon 72 (4)7
Disentangling the historical collection of José Jerónimo Triana from the República de la Nueva Granada between 1851 and 18577
Species boundaries within the recently diverged South American monocot‐like Eryngium (Apiaceae, Saniculoideae) based on biogeographic, climatic, morphological, and molecular data: E. cerrade7
Herbarium TUR Celebrates Its 100 Years7
Comparative wood anatomy and origin of woodiness in subfamilies Secamonoideae and Asclepiadoideae (Apocynaceae)7
(2985–2986) Proposals to reject the name Amorphophallus peyri, and to conserve the name Amorphophallus spectabilis (Miq.) Engl. against Amorphophallus spectabilis W. Bull (Arac7
Character evolution and biogeography of Casearia (Salicaceae): Evidence for the South American origin of a pantropical genus and for multiple migrations to the Caribbean islands7
Jack's Appendix: When did it come out?7
(3065) Proposal to reject the name Cistus racemosus (Cistaceae)6
International Botanical Congress News6
Typifications appearing in Taxon 71 (3)6
(192) Insert a new Chapter E in Division II on a Code of Ethics6
News From IAPT6
6
Typifications appearing in Taxon 74 (1)6
Nomenclatural novelties appearing in Taxon 72 (2)6
Phylogenetic position and reinstatement ofGayella(Sapotaceae), a monotypic genus endemic to Chile with an Eocene origin in continental Australia6
(306–314) Proposals to address subsequent type designations (Articles 9.14, 9.19 and Recommendation 9A.4)6
Phylogenomics of the Caribbean melocacti: Cryptic species and multiple invasions5
Phylogenomics of African Melastomateae (Melastomataceae): Revisiting generic relationships, placement of three enigmatic taxa and description of two new genera5
Target‐enrichment sequencing reveals for the first time a well‐resolved phylogeny of the core Bromelioideae (family Bromeliaceae)5
Typification of Adanson's generic name Pacoseroca (Zingiberaceae) and its implications5
(2899) Proposal to conserve the name Oxalis eckloniana C. Presl against O. eckloniana F. Dietr. and O. bifolia (Oxalidaceae)5
(2958) Proposal to conserve the name Marattia attenuata (Ptisana attenuata) against M. acuminata (Marattiaceae)5
(2903) Proposal to conserve the name Juncus acuminatus Michx. against J. acuminatus Balb. (Juncaceae) and including the lectotypification of J. paradoxus5
(2929–2931) Proposals to conserve the names Dipterocarpoxylon with a conserved type against Hippocrateoxylon, Dryobalanoxylon against Naucleoxylon, and Shoreoxylon a5
(159) Proposal to add a new Note and Example in Article 30 concerning retracted electronic publications5
A phylogenetic survey of the ascomycete genus Arthrorhaphis (Arthrorhaphidaceae, Lecanoromycetes) including new species in Arthrorhaphis citrinella sensu lato5
A pragmatic and prudent consensus on the resurrection of extinct plant species using herbarium specimens5
(2948) Proposal to conserve the name Croton fuscescens (Julocroton fuscescens) against C. gnaphaloides (Euphorbiaceae)5
Typifications appearing in Taxon 71 (6)4
4
Morphological and molecular analyses consistently support the existence of two species under Hypochaeris achyrophorus (Asteraceae, Cichorieae)4
(3067) Proposal to conserve the name Ustilago tritici against U. passerinii and U. ehrenbergiana (Basidiomycota: Ustilaginaceae) and associated typification of Ti4
(391–394) Proposals to clarify “inclusion of the type” and “exclusion of a type” (Articles 48.2., 52.2, 22.2 and 26.2)4
(2856) Proposal to reject the name Pereskia glomerata (Cumulopuntia glomerata) (Cactaceae)4
In memoriam Charles Jeffrey (1934–2022)4
A plea to DNA barcode type specimens: An example fromMicropholis(Sapotaceae)4
Typification of the Linnaean name Illecebrum paronychia (Caryophyllaceae)4
(2996) Proposal to conserve the name Acorus calamus var. americanus (A. americanus) (Acoraceae) with a conserved type4
Elias Magnus Fries's fungus exsiccatiScleromyceti Sueciae: New light on the obscure “fascicle nine”4
(2950) Proposal to conserve the name Cacao sylvestris (Theobroma sylvestre) (Malvaceae: Byttnerioideae) with a conserved type4
Is it all Phacelia pinnatifida? Molecular delimitations and taxonomic revision of Phacelia sect. Glandulosae in South America based on ddRADseq4
(3080) Proposal to conserve the name Acalypha ostryifolia against A. persimilis (Euphorbiaceae)4
Making Lantaneae (Verbenaceae) taxonomy useful: A phylogenetic classification4
(114) Proposal to amend Article 23.2 and Recommendation 23A.3 to eliminate arbitrary formation of, and future use of hyphens in, specific epithets4
A sectional classification of Diplazium Sw. (Athyriaceae), based on plastid genomic, nuclear ribosomal, and morphological evidence4
(2857) Proposal to conserve the name Myagrum paniculatum (Neslia paniculata) (Cruciferae) with a conserved type4
(2997) Proposal to conserve Arundo multiplex (Bambusa multiplex) (Gramineae: Bambusoideae) with a conserved type4
(175) Proposal to amend Article 14.1 to allow conservation of names of subdivisions of genera and of infraspecific taxa4
Correction to “A phylogeny of Cereus (Cactaceae) and the placement and description of two new species”4
Typifications appearing in Taxon 74 (2)4
Unveiling the aftermath of conflict and herbarium specimens’ loss: Typifications of species described by Pohl within the Neotropical genus Vellozia4
About the new guidelines for the preliminary evaluation of general nomenclature manuscripts submitted to TAXON4
IAPT chromosome data 39 – Extended version4
Typifications appearing in Taxon 70 (6)4
Taxonomy and dated molecular phylogeny of Allium oreophilum sensu lato (A. subg. Porphyroprason) uncover a surprising number of cryptic taxa4
Re‐examining the placement ofHydrostachysusing a large‐scale phylogenetic approach4
Typifications appearing in Taxon 71 (4)3
(3047) Proposal to conserve the name Ctenitis against Atalopteris (Dryopteridaceae)3
(349) Proposal to amend the Preamble by adding a “Non‐Discrimination Statement”3
Phylogenomic evidence reveals non‐monophyly of Paepalanthoideae (Eriocaulaceae) and challenges the broad concept of Paepalanthus3
Systematic and taxonomic revision of the genus Austrocactus (Cactaceae) based on morphology and genome wide SNP‐data3
Supporting a young age for the North American deserts: Historical biogeography of Grusonia (Cylindropuntieae) in a Plio‐Pleistocene temporal framework3
(3027–3028) Proposals to conserve the names Polypodium asperum (Cyathea aspera) and C. muricata (Cyatheaceae) with conserved types3
(207–216) Proposals on orthography: Epithets in apposition, and more3
(3002) Proposal to conserve the name Crotalaria ferruginea against C. leioloba (Fabaceae)3
DNA sequences as types: A discussion paper from the Special‐purpose Committee established at the XIX International Botanical Congress in Shenzhen, China3
Dated phylogeny, phylogeography, and classification of Allium subgenus Amerallium (Amaryllidaceae) from the Old World, based on six DNA fragments3
(233–240) Proposals on orthography: Epithets honouring persons3
(3004) Proposal to reject the name Oenothera muricata (Onagraceae)3
In support of a broad concept of Paepalanthus (Eriocaulaceae)3
(2934) Proposal to conserve the name Acalypha multicaulis against A. pruriens and A. ruderalis (Euphorbiaceae)3
(2889) Proposal to conserve the name Podozamites against Preissleria (fossil Pinophyta: Podozamitales)3
IAPT chromosome data 403
Rebuttal to: (100) Request for a binding decision on whether the names Parisia Broth. (Dicranaceae) and Parrisia Shalisko & Sundue (Polypodiaceae) are sufficiently alik3
Report of the Nomenclature Committee for Vascular Plants: 723
Molecular systematics of Cuscuta subgenus Monogynella (Convolvulaceae) based on plastid and nuclear sequences3
Wernham's and Sprague's Manettia (Rubiaceae) types3
(221) Proposal to add a new Recommendation after Article 38, with the advice to report local/indigenous vernacular names (if available) of new taxa and to use such names, if appropriate, in scientific3
Global phylogeny and taxonomic reassessment of the lichen genusDendriscosticta(Ascomycota: Peltigerales)3
(2901) Proposal to conserve the name Larrea nitida against Mimosa balsamica (Larrea balsamica) (Zygophyllaceae)3
(2988) Proposal to reject the name Salicornia arabica (Chenopodiaceae)3
Escaping the voluntary constraints of “tyre‐track” taxonomy3
(2918) Proposal to conserve the name Cycas riedlei Fisch. ex Gaudich. (Macrozamia riedlei) against C. riedlei Dum. Cours. (Cycadaceae)3
Typifications appearing in Taxon 72 (6)3
(227) Proposal to permit a binding decision on whether or not an indirect reference to a basionym or replaced synonym is sufficient for valid publication of a name3
Professor Rudolf Schmid2
Molecular insights on the conflicting generic boundaries in the Carduncellus‐Carthamus complex (Compositae)2
Botanical history and typification in the Tillandsia ionantha complex2
Typifications appearing in Taxon 73 (4)2
Attempts to introduce a system of national, racial and/or ethnocultural discrimination in codes of biological nomenclature should not be tolerated: Comments on some recent proposals (Wright & Gill2
Capitulum: The Compositae Newsletter reloaded2
A classification of the aquatic Podostemaceae subfamily Tristichoideae, with a new genus based on ITS and matK phylogeny and morphological characters2
Phylogeny, character evolution and taxonomic revision of Causonis, a segregate genus from Cayratia (Vitaceae)2
Phylogenomics, morphological evolution, and taxonomic revision of Spirotropis, a newly delimited legume genus of ecologically dominant Amazonian tree species2
In memoriam Klaus Kubitzki (1933–2022)2
From Tranquebar to Madras and back again, again: Typification of the plant names published in Rottler's account of an Indian journey in 1799–18002
(3046) Proposal to conserve the name Agaricus pes‐caprae (Porpoloma pes‐caprae, Pseudoporpoloma pes‐caprae) against A. multiformis (Basidiomycota: Tricholomatacea2
2
Typification of Linnaean Barleria (Acanthaceae) binomials based on Indian material2
(2843) Proposal to conserve the name Bertolonia carmoi against B. ovata (Melastomataceae)2
(2964) Proposal to conserve the name Boehmeria puya (Maoutia puya, Leucosyke puya) (Urticaceae) with a conserved type2
Report of the General Committee: 242
(163–164) Proposals to amend Article 8 Ex. 3 and to add a new Note to Article 38, with comments on “types” represented by two or several gatherings2
(286–289) Proposals on institutional votes, especially to reduce geographical imbalance2
Balkan‐Anatolian biogeographic links and the evolutionary significance of Anatolian mountains, as evidenced by Cardamine (Brassicaceae)2
(395–402) Proposals to clarify homonyms, new combinations, names at new ranks, replacement names, misapplications and ineffective typifications (Articles 48, 6, 7, 40 and the Glossary)2
A new concept of Leptadenia (Apocynaceae)2
(2862) Proposal to conserve the name Valeriana scouleri (Valerianaceae) with a conserved type and including the lectotypification of V. hookeri2
(2841) Proposal to conserve Lechea verticillata (Bergia ammannioides) (Elatinaceae) with a conserved type2
(3069) Proposal to conserve the name Elaphoglossum metallicum against E. pachycraspedon (Dryopteridaceae)2
Issue Information2
A reappraisal of the proposal to reject the name Bignonia coccinea (Bignoniaceae)2
Report of the General Committee: 272
(2873) Proposal to conserve the name Ceratellopsis with a conserved type (Basidiomycota: Agaricales)2
Phylogenomics resolves the rediscovered Himalayan endemic Brachymeniopsis gymnostoma (Bryophyta, Funariaceae), as a species of Entosthodon, prompting also the transfer of Clavitheca p2
Report of the Nomenclature Committee for Vascular Plants: 732
Uncovering the hidden diversity of the rosette‐forming Selaginella tamariscina group based on morphological and molecular data2
A new sectional classification of Lachenalia (Asparagaceae) based on a multilocus DNA phylogeny2
(126) Proposal to add a new Article 61.6 to permanently and retroactively eliminate epithets with the root caf[e]r‐ or caff[e]r‐ from the nomenclature of algae, fungi and plants2
(101) Request for a binding decision on the descriptive statement associated with Pyrenaria jonquieriana2
(2990) Proposal to conserve the name Millettia thyrsiflora (Aganope thyrsiflora) against Dalbergia alata (Leguminosae‐Papilionoideae)2
(320–324) Proposals to clarify the term “description”, define “validating description” and clarify two Examples (Article 38)2
A nomenclatural review of the name Echinocactus williamsii (Lophophora williamsii): Correct author and year of publication2
(3056) Proposal to conserve the name Rubus canescens against R. aetnicus and R. argenteus (Rosaceae)2
From Megamexico to the Amazon: Phylogeny, systematics and macroevolution of Clowesia (Orchidaceae: Catasetinae)2
Nomenclatural novelties appearing in Taxon 70 (4)2
How to apply for permission to publish a translation of the Madrid Code2
(2893) Proposal to conserve the name Aspidium devexum (Tectaria devexa) against A. membranaceum (Tectariaceae)2
Nomenclatural novelties appearing in Taxon 72 (4)2
Issue Information2
(228–232) Proposals on orthography: Diacritical signs2
In defense of the primacy of the Nomenclature Section in decision‐making in botanical nomenclature: A reply to the Rapporteurs’ comment on Proposal 193 to amend the Shenzhen Code2
(274–280) Proposals to amend the Code to harmonize botanical and zoological nomenclature used for the so‐called “ambiregnal” microorganisms (as exemplified by fossils)2
Nomenclature of the Beeswax bracket (Ganoderma pfeifferi), a European wood decay fungus with medicinal properties2
(3090) Proposal to conserve the name Potentilla heptaphylla (Rosaceae) with a conserved type2
Phylogeny, character evolution and biogeography of the genus Sclerophylax (Solanaceae)2
Aenigmanu, a new genus of Picramniaceae from Western Amazonia2
Report of the Nomenclature Committee for Fossils: 151
Phylogenetic revision of Dennstaedtioideae (Dennstaedtiaceae: Polypodiales) with description of Mucura, gen. nov.1
IAPT chromosome data 441
A revised tribal classification of Papaveraceae (poppy family) based on molecular and morphological data1
First International Symposium on the Frontiers of Plant Diversity Conservation Research in the Pan‐Third Pole Region, Kunming, China, August 20231
(112–113) Proposals to amend Recommendations 20A.1 and 23A.3 to expand the diversity of new generic names and epithets1
(3081) Proposal to reject the name Viola tenella (Violaceae)1
(363–368) Proposals regarding holotypes1
Clusia suborbicularis is not a synonym of Clusia flava: Molecular and metabolomic evidence1
Typification of two aquatic plant names described by Linnaeus from highly heterogeneous original elements: Sagittaria sagittifolia (Alismataceae) and Sparganium erectum (Typhaceae)1
(105) Request for a binding decision on whether Sabbata Vell. (Asteraceae) and Sabatia Adans. (Gentianaceae) are sufficiently alike to be confused1
(3001) Proposal to conserve the name Jatropha pelargoniifolia against Adenoropium forskaolii (Euphorbiaceae)1
(2942) Proposal to conserve the name Dicksonia bipinnata (Dennstaedtia bipinnata, Mucura bipinnata) (Dennstaedtiaceae) with a conserved type1
(2977) Proposal to reject the name Robinia pyramidata (Fabaceae)1
(2979) Proposal to conserve the name Ranunculus isthmicus against R. schowii (Ranunculaceae)1
Taxonomy and nomenclature ofSphenopterisand allied fossil‐genera of Carboniferous seed‐plant fronds1
Nomenclatural novelties appearing in Taxon 73 (5)1
Classification of Selaginellaceae and responses to “Rebuttal to ‘(2943) Proposal to conserve Selaginella, nom. cons., (Selaginellaceae) with a conserved type’: An unwarranted and disruptive ide1
Report of the Nomenclature Committee for Fossils: 181
Issue Information1
Typifications of the N.L. Burman and Linnaean names in Polygala, Polygalaceae1
Indian Virtual Herbarium: The country's largest digital herbarium and a new resource for botanists1
(152–153) Proposals to remove an unintended restriction on the typification of genera and subdivisions of genera1
Assessing the nomenclatural history of the sucupira‐branca trees: Friedrich Sellow's (1789–1831) collections, typification and checklist of the Neotropical legume genus Pterodon1
(282) Proposal to amend Article 60 Note 4 by specifying possible options of the grammatical gender and number of epithets honouring certain non‐binary persons1
Ynesmexia: A novel genus uniting morphologically disparate cheilanthoid ferns (Pteridaceae)1
Typification of Sphaeria sinensis to precisely fix the application of the name of the economically important Chinese caterpillar fungus, Ophiocordyceps sinensis1
Lectotypification of the threatened endemic Appalachian lichen Alectoria fallacina1
Defending Art. 51 of theCode: Comments on Smith & al. (2022)1
Phylogeny and revised classification of New World Ruellia1
(2971) Proposal to conserve the name Polycnemum majus against Camphorosma acuta (Amaranthaceae s.l.)1
(3048) Proposal to conserve Stylochiton (Araceae) with that spelling and being of masculine gender1
Revised phylogenetic position of Nephrocytium Nägeli (Sphaeropleales, Chlorophyceae), with the description of Nephrocytiaceae fam. nov. and Nephrocytium vieirae sp. nov.1
Typification of the name Sison gussonei (Apiaceae)1
(2865–2866) Proposals to conserve the name Pyrenopezizaceae against Excipulaceae and Pyrenopeziza, nom. prot., with a conserved type (Fungi: Ascomycota: Leotiomyc1
1
(2860) Proposal to reject the name Marcgravia jacquinii (Marcgraviaceae)1
(329–338) Proposals to permit DNA sequences to serve as types of names in prescribed circumstances1
(115) Proposal to amend Article 23.5 and add a new Example to include specific epithets that consist of a noun and its accompanying adjective in the genitive case1
A new Spathiphyllum (Araceae) from Mexico segregated by its morphology and floral scent from closely related species1
(379–382) Proposals to amend the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants to ensure that the names of algae and fungi are not subject to uncertainty on the applicability 1
Nomenclatural novelties appearing in Taxon 74 (3)1
(2898) Proposal to conserve the name Pycnarrhena against Antitaxis (Menispermaceae)1
(326) Proposal to make clearer what details are needed to indicate or designate a type (Article 40 Note 2)1
(2844) Proposal to conserve the name Rubus tsangiorum against R. hatsushimae (Rosaceae)1
Report of the Nomenclature Committee for Algae: 251
Typification of Linnaean names in the Malvoideae (Malvaceae)1
(2872) Proposal to conserve the name Huea (Ascomycota: Teloschistales) with a conserved type1
(2978) Proposal to reject the name Plantago strictissima (Plantaginaceae)1
Tragopogon pratensis: Multiple introductions to North America, circumscription, and the formation of the allotetraploid T. miscellus1
(3041) Proposal to conserve the name Erythroxylum suberosum against Steudelia brasiliensis (Erythroxylaceae)1
Phylogenomic analysis confirms polyphyly of Leptospermum and delineates five major clades that warrant generic recognition1
(2855) Proposal to conserve the name Lilium humboldtii against L. puberulum (Liliaceae)1
(083–087) Proposals to amend Article 10 concerning the typification of generic names1
Report of the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi: 241
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