History of Education

Article	Citations
The children’s republic of Gaudiopolis: the history and memory of a Budapest children’s home for Holocaust and war orphans The children’s republic of Gaudiopolis: the history and memory	20
Education for democracy in England in World War II Education for democracy in England in World War II , by Hsiao-Yuh Ku, London, Routledge, 2020, ix + 198 pp., £120.00 (	19
Gender and education in England since 1770: a social and cultural history Gender and education in England since 1770: a social and cultural history , by Jane Martin, Cha	9
Oceania and the history of education	8
Cultural Identity and Musical Modernisation: The School Song Movement in Modern China	7
The Co-operative College and a Century of Social Change: Internationalism, Co-operativism and Learning	6
The International Bureau of Education (1925–1968): “The Ascent From the Individual to the Universal”	5
Women and Educational Reform in History: Japan in a Transnational World	5
Social Reproduction and Education: A Review of Chilean Education and Its Social Segregation Since 1820	5
Games, Greek and Pluck: Classicism, Masculinity, Elite Education and British Sport, 1850–1914	5
Educational Discourse of Textbooks on Russian History as an Instrument for the Influence of Tsarism on the Mentality of its Subjects: An Attempt at Periodisation	4
Religion and the American University	4
The Educational Project of UPB Industrial Chemistry Faculty in the Business Development of Medellin, Colombia (1938–1960)	4
The UK School Meals Service 1944–Present: A Sensory and Emotional Experience	4
Becoming women teachers: gender and primary teacher training in Ireland, 1922–1974	4
Youth and Peace in England, 1919–1969	4
Illiterate Inmates: Educating Criminals in Nineteenth Century England	3
Imagining Childhood, Improving Children: The Emergence of an “Avuncular” State in Late Colonial South India	3
Histories of everyday life: the making of popular social history in Britain, 1918–1979	3
Education as “The True Dowry:” Ideals of Womanhood in Late Ottoman Women’s Magazines (1913–1921)	2
Relocating education in the history of science and technology	2
Brian Simon and the Struggle for Education	2
Transnational education between the League of Nations and China, the interwar period Transnational education between the League of Nations and China, the interwar period	2
The social world of the school: education and community in interwar London The social world of the school: education and community in interwar London , by Hester Barron,	2
Black students in imperial Britain: the African Institute, Colwyn Bay, 1889–1911 Black students in imperial Britain: the African Institute, Colwyn Bay, 1889–1911 , by Ro	2

Enlarging the image in the lecture theatre: giant oil paintings and anatomy teaching in Spain, 1870–1930	2
The Child, the Chair and the Table: Furnishing Schools in New South Wales, Australia, 1940s–1980s	2
Editorial	2
Ready or Not – Ready for What? – Reconceptualising School Readiness as a Socio-Political Boundary Object in Educational Reform	2
Coolfore, West Farney and the National School System, 1826–1968	2
Germs in the English workplace, c.1880-1945	2
Persistence through peril: episodes of college life and academic endurance in the civil war south Persistence through peril: episodes of college life and academic endurance in the civil	2
Ups and Downs: The Accredited Secondary School Enrolment System of Christian Universities in Modern China	2
Editorial	1
Insights on Education in Mid-Victorian Lancashire: An Analysis of Exercise Books from 1868 and 1870	1
Spaces for music in English state secondary schools and the crisis of democracy, 1976–1982	1
Catholic and Protestant conceptions of secular education in Victorian England	1
Classical learning in Britain, France, and the Dutch Republic, 1690–1750: beyond the Ancients and the Moderns	1
Enter the Pragmatic Engineer: Ling Hongxun at Jiaotong University, 1920–1927	1
Bushido in Habsburg Bosnia and Herzegovina as an Effect of the Russo-Japanese War: Analysis of Texts Written by Alois Studnička and Inazō Nitobe	1
Desert Dreams. Mexican Arizona and the Politics of Educational Equality	1
Freedom, differentialism and the partnership method: the progressive education of Norman MacMunn	1
Belonging, Gender and Selfhood: Women’s Life History Narratives and the 11+ Exam in England and Wales, 1955–1965	1
Freedom, Democracy and Self-Government: The Progressive Case of J.H. Simpson	1
The Jazz Problem: Education and the Battle for Morality during the Jazz Age	1
Educating children: future directions for the history of childhood and education	1
Education and Religion in Medieval and Renaissance England: Essays in Honour of Nicholas Orme	1
Mapping the history of education: intersections and regional trends	1
Editorial – ‘Workspace: Dialogues, Iterations, Provocations’ – a new special section of History of Education	1
Senses, Emotions and Experiences in the History of Education	1
Giving “Reality to the Dim Vision of a Life of Freedom:” A Reassessment of the Impact of the Oswego State Normal School	1
The history of education in Britain and Ireland: changing perspectives and continuing themes	1
History of Education Meets Digital Humanities: A Field-Specific Finding Aid to Review Past and Present Research	1
“For Teaching Them to Read”: The Village Teacher in Eighteenth-Century Popular Education	1
Triangulating Written and Oral Ego-Documents – Autobiographical Sources of Diocesan Pre-Seminary Pupils: Challenges and Opportunities	1
Perspectives from the “Others”: Educational Review and the Underexplored Facets of Modern Transformation of Education in China, 1907–1938	1
The Sunday School Movement in Britain 1900–1939	1
Colonisation and Jesuit Education in Brazil	1
The Rise of the Individual Learner: Sociological Insights on the History of Student-Centred Learning	1
School Subjects: Photography as Source on Children’s Lives in the History of Colonial Boarding Schools	1
Divergent Pathways in North–South Education Policy Development in Ireland in the 1920s: Exploring the Influence of the First Ministers for Education on Both Sides of the Border	1
Exploring Knapping Learning Processes Amongst Upper Palaeolithic Hunter-Gatherers	1
“Equipping a Child for Life’s Battles”? Sources and Methods in the History of Boarding Schools	1
Intersectionality, Transnationalism, and the History of Education: Networks, Time, and Place	1
Education and Progress: The Escuela de Ingenieros and Engineers’ Training in Peru (1911–1930)	1
Editorial	1
History of education in Central and Eastern Europe: past, present and future	0
Hardwicke Drummond Rawnsley: an extraordinary life, 1851–1920 Hardwicke Drummond Rawnsley: an extraordinary life, 1851–1920 , by Michael Allen and Rosalind Rawnsley, Ess	0
What if Göbekli Tepe was an Open School? A Thought-Provoking Approach to the Genesis of Cultural Revolution	0
The Emergence of Artists in Schools Programmes in the UK and the Role of the Whitechapel Gallery	0
New Studies in the History of Education: Connecting the Past to the Present in an Evolving Discipline	0
A History of Violence: Aggression and Relations in Swedish Schools 1947–1974	0
Feeling Political: Carysfort Teacher Training College, Convent “Safe Houses” and the Irish Revolutionary Period	0
L’école du racisme. La construction de l’altérité à l’école québécoise (1830-1915) [School of racism. The construction of alterity in Quebec schools (1830-1915)] L’éco	0
A Century of Seeking the Path: National Rejuvenation and Curriculum Reform in Modern China	0

Literature and Learning: A History of English Studies in Britain	0
Idealistic Mathematics Education: The Institute for the Development of Mathematics Education (IOWO) and Dutch Education Reform, 1970–1980	0
Editorial	0
Pedagogical discourse on the new Ukrainian school 1917–1921: using newly gained independence to reach out to the world’s ideas after the fall of the Russian Empire	0
Global Education in Ireland. Critical Histories and Future Directions	0
The Textual Value Orientation of Elementary School Chinese Textbooks in the Republic of China: Shaping National Identity for Ethnic Minority Students	0
Assessing the Educational Elite: Evaluating the Danish and Norwegian High School Yearbook Tradition	0
The beneficial tyranny of politics: emergence, institutionalisation and newer issues of the history of education in Latin America	0
Rethinking Centre–Periphery Assumptions in the History of Education: Exchanges among Brazil, USA, and Europe	0
Small Stories of War: Children, Youth, and Conflict in Canada and Beyond	0
“They Would Imprison Us Both!” – The Matura Exam at Secondary Technical Schools During the Normalisation Period in Socialist Czechoslovakia (1969–1989)	0
Josef Albers, Late Modernism, and Pedagogic Form Josef Albers, Late Modernism, and Pedagogic Form , edited by Jeffrey Saletnik, Chicago, Chicago University Press, 2022,	0
Piety and privilege: Catholic secondary schooling in Ireland and the theocratic state, 1922–1967 Piety and privilege: Catholic secondary schooling in Ireland and the theocratic state, 1	0
Visualising Historical University Records to Explore the Colonial Connections of the Students and Alumni of the University of St Andrews, 1700–1897	0
Unpacking Harold Silver’s Library: An Historian of Education and His Books	0
Shaping the Sober Nation: Discipline, Emotion, Enjoyment and the Turkish Temperance Youth League (1930–1936)	0
The Role of Pedagogy in Secondary Teacher Training in Early Twentieth-Century Japan: Theory of Pedagogical Research in College by Kumaji Yoshida of Tokyo Imperial University	0
“A New Type of Aristocracy”: Envisioning Educational Divides in the Swedish Conservative Party during the Birth of the Post-Industrial Society, ca. 1965–1972	0
Bodies of knowledge: historians, health and education	0
Histories of empire and histories of education	0
From personal memories to public histories of education: a challenge for the historian	0
Culture Wars in American Education: Past and Present Struggles Over the Symbolic Order	0
For the Nation and the Future: Historical Snapshots into Refugee Education during the Last 100 Years in Finland and Sweden	0
Self-Responsible Self-Determination: The Educational Theory of Martinus Jan Langeveld (1905–1989), Its Origins and Sources	0
William Bryant Mumford, 1900–1951: entrepreneur in colonial education	0
Education as anthropology: A.P. Elkin on ‘native education’, the Pacific, and Australia in the 1930s	0
Wallaggaa: The Epicentre of Modern Education in Ethiopia, 1898–1936	0
“A Fever of Anxiety and Fear”? Historical Perspectives on School Inspections and Teachers’ Well-Being in England and Wales: 1839–2024	0
Between Norwegianisation and Revitalisation in the South Sami Society: A Memory Culture Analysis of Boarding School Life and Its Aftermath	0
Educating Palestine: teaching and learning history under the mandate Educating Palestine: teaching and learning history under the mandate , by Yoni Furas, Oxford, Oxford	0
“Authoritative Evidence” or Personal Ideology? Rev. Professor Timothy Corcoran and the Primary School Curriculum in Ireland in the 1920s	0
The Socioeconomic Impacts of Education on the Peasants’ Living Conditions: Southwest Ethiopia, Jimma (1941–1991): A Historical Analysis	0
Informal Education in Eighteenth-Century Ireland	0
Responsible Pleasure: The Brook Advisory Centres and Youth Sexuality in Postwar Britain	0
The transformation of American sex education: Mary Calderone and the fight for sexual health The transformation of American sex education: Mary Calderone and the fight for sexual health	0
Tracing the Modernisation Project of Turkey in Textbook Images (1923–1945)	0
Teacher Labour Markets During 160 Years of Education Expansion: A New Data Set for 1861–2025 for Norway	0
Citizens & rulers of the world: the American child and the cartographic pedagogies of empire Citizens & rulers of the world: the American child and the cartographic pedagogies o	0
50th Anniversary Special Issue: Cover Image	0
Progressive paradox: the origin story of school janitors in the United States	0
Recruiting Indigenous School Teachers around the British Empire, Plus the Australian Variation	0
The Routledge Companion to the History of Education in India, 1780–1947	0
The historiography of Indian education: 1920-2020: the socio-political influences on the growth of the discipline	0
Houses to Live In : Planning Social Democracy in New Zealand School Texts	0
The Road Not Taken: Mori Arinori’s Conception of Ethics ( Rinri ) Education	0
Lessons in relationality: reconsidering the history of education in North America	0
Empire Religiosity: Convent Habits in Colonial and Postcolonial India	0
“Scholars in Great Need:” Responses to Refugee Staff and Students at the University of Birmingham 1933–1945	0
The European Imprint on Japan’s Commercial Schools in China, 1890–1945	0
Educating the Nation in Ethiopia: State, Society and Identity in Wolaita (1941–1991)	0
“A Daily Jolt into Another World”: Gendered Risk and Cultural Difference in Student Lodgings at the Victoria University of Manchester	0
Cutting knots ‘together–apart’: threads of Western and Southern European history of education research	0
Anti-Southern Racism and Education in Post-War Italy	0
Bright the Vision: Public School Missions from the Victorian Age	0
Creating Patriotic Citizens for an Imperial Country? Value Inculcation in the Elementary Schools of Birmingham and Worcestershire, 1880–1902	0
Bright Nordic Lights: a revitalised interdisciplinary history of education in the massified higher education of the Nordics	0
Writing Ireland: The Historiography of Irish Education	0
Eğitim, Tarih ve Modern Paradigma: Türkiye’de Eğitim Tarihi Yazıcılığı [Education, History and the Modern Paradigm: Educational Historiography in Türkiye]	0
The Pedagogical Readings as a unique historical source for research on the pedagogical work with disabled pupils in the GDR educational system	0
Constructing a “Scientific Manpower Crisis”: Science Education and the Ford Foundation in Cold War Turkey	0
Prehistory in 100 Years of Educational Films: Representations of Gender Roles and Relations in Swedish Schools	0
Promoting adaptative education for the Wongutha people:the influence of Anglo-American ideas for ‘Native Education’ in interwar Australia	0
Unconscious Being: Settler Girls, High School and Colonialism in Interwar New Zealand	0
Student Activism in 1960s America: Stories from Queens College	0
Non-Classical Endowed Schools and Access to Elementary Education in Late Nineteenth-Century England	0
Del elitismo a la masificación: historia y memorias del bachillerato en el Ramón y Cajal de Huesca (1931–1990)	0
Puerto Rican Chicago: schooling the city, 1940–1977 Puerto Rican Chicago: schooling the city, 1940–1977 , by Mirelsie Velázquez, Chicago, University of Illinois Press, 2	0
Accepting Linguistic Heterogeneity – Teaching Finnish-Speaking Parish Members in Eighteenth-Century Sweden	0
Harold Silver, educator and researcher, an appreciation: His work for the History of Education Society UK, his role in educational research and reform	0
Mining Education in the Coalfield Area of Eastern India: An Educational System Before the Birth of the Indian School of Mines (1926)	0
Ambivalent histories: education, ‘race’, and the modernisation of settler/colonial governance in Australasia and the Pacific, 1900s–1960s	0
‘Our people say that they want their children to be able to become doctors, nurses, teachers’: contesting education and schooling for Aboriginal children in south-eastern Australia in the 1930s	0
A Cultural History of Youth in the Modern Age (Volume 6)	0
Teachers as state-builders: education and the making of the modern Middle East Teachers as state-builders: education and the making of the modern Middle East , by Hilary	0
The Development of Specialised Foreign-Language Schools in Soviet Estonia: Creating a Paradox of Privilege?	0
Beyond assimilation and national resistance: ‘education fever’ during the colonial period in Korea, 1910 – 1945	0
Hidden in the Archive of Gender and Science: The Agonistics of Knowledge and Learning	0
Schooling the system: a history of black women teachers	0
In Search of Identity: The Armenian Orphans’ Magazine Tun	0
A New History of Formal Schooling in South Africa, 1658–1910: An Education of Contradictions	0

Different postcolonial conditions, different education histories: the cases of Taiwan, Singapore and Hong Kong	0
The tensions in the British New Right on education revisited	0
Mandates and Missteps: Australian Government Scholarships to the Pacific – 1948 to 2018	0
Mobility Disability, Education and the Welfare State Policy-Making and the Integration of Children with Mobility Disabilities into the Public School System in Post-War Sweden	0
Science as Child’s Play in Seventeenth-Century England: Innocence, Experience, Experiment	0
A Tale of Five Deputations: Establishing Principles for Funding English Higher Education	0
Contested Childhoods: Caste and Education in Colonial Kerala	0
The Reform of “Free” State Education: Arthur Seldon and the Education Voucher Scheme (1957–88)	0
Education and the cultural cold war in the Middle East: the Franklin Book Programs in Iran Education and the cultural cold war in the Middle East: the Franklin Book Programs in Iran	0
From Primary School Teacher to Ethno-Psychotherapist: Why Sound and Pedagogy Mattered for Beryl Gilroy (1924–2001)	0
Dyslexia: a history Dyslexia: a history , by Philip Kirby and Margaret J. Snowling, Montreal, McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2022, x+ 264 pp., 39.95 CAD (paperback), I	0
Raised to Obey: The Rise and Spread of Mass Education	0
Internationaliser l'éducation. La France, l’UNESCO et la fin des empires coloniaux en Afrique (1945–1961)	0
Learning Whiteness: Education and the Settler Colonial State	0
Schülerinnen- und Schülerleben im 19. und frühen 20. Jahrhundert. Aufwachsen, Alltag und Freizeit von Schülerinnen und Schülern höherer Schulen im deutschen Sprachraum und ihre Erforschung	0
A New Higher Education Model in Nation-Building: The Republic of Vietnam’s Liberal Arts Education and Its Performances during the Vietnam War (1965–1975)	0
Endowed Schooling in Ireland: A History of Deceit?	0
Jim Crow’s pink slip: the untold story of Black principal and teacher leadership	0
Technical Education and Development in Hispanic America and Spain, Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries	0
Education, difference and reform in the Pacific and modern British empire	0
Emotions, senses, experience and the history of education	0
An African American dilemma: a history of school integration and civil rights in the North An African American dilemma: a history of school integration and civil rights in the North	0
Educational Secularization within Europe and Beyond: The Political Projects of Modernizing Religion through Education Reform	0
The hidden admission agendas in Finnish primary teacher education in the 1990s, 2000s and 2010s	0
Pioneering Modern Education in Aceh: The Historical Portrait of Native Teachers’ Struggle in the Oetoesan Goeroe Newspaper (1926–1930)	0
Missionaries and modernity: education in the British Empire, 1830–1910 Missionaries and modernity: education in the British Empire, 1830–1910 , by Felicity Jensz, Manche	0
Modern Maternities: Medical Advice about Breastfeeding in Colonial Calcutta	0
Child Slavery and Guardianship in Colonial Senegal	0
“An Ireland of Brave, Manly Boys, an Ireland of Pure, Modest Girls 1 ”: The Education System and the Regulation of Sexuality in Ireland, 1922–1968	0
Votes for College Women. Alumni, Students, and the Woman Suffrage Campaign	0
Education in Africa: a critical historiographic review	0
Dangers of Youth: Age, Criminality, and Juvenile Justice Reform in Third Republic France	0
The Largest Student Movement in the Early Turkish Republican Era: 1924 Teacher Training Schools Boycott	0
Education, Art and Activism in Post-War Britain: Nan Youngman and Pictures for Schools	0
Teaching Gender: The British University and the Rise of Heterosexuality, 1860–1939	0
The Vital Message: Continuing Education and the University of Cambridge 1945–2010	0
The Impact of the 1870 Education Act in the Great Northern Coalfield	0
Histoire de l’enseignement en France, xixe siècle–xxie siècle	0
From Colonial Schooling to National Education: Russian Turkestan and Its Legacies in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan	0
Converging forces: social movements and the origins of permanent education policy in francophone Belgium	0
Wayward Girls in Victorian and Edwardian England: Pathways In and Out of Juvenile Institutions, 1854–1920	0
The historiography of education in the modern Middle East	0
Higher education policy in practice: digitalization and the governance reform in an Italian university (1988-2021)	0
Towards an Emotional and Experiential History of Modern Education: Children’s Essays on the Cinema Around the First World War	0
A cultural history of education A cultural history of education in antiquity, volume 1 , edited by Christian Laes, London, Bloomsbury Academic, 2020, xi + 234 pp., £396.	0
Charles Olson’s Aesthetics and Education at Black Mountain College	0
The Transitional Career of Mary Gurney (1836–1917): Work for the Reform of English Middle-Class Female Education at Secondary and Tertiary Levels	0
Girls’ Education, Social Constraints and State Policies in Northern Ghana, 1909–1960	0
Familiar Violence: A History of Child Abuse	0
‘Timeless memories’: memory and temporality in histories of education	0
Modern Mathematics: An International Movement?	0
Approved Schools for Girls in England, 1933–1973	0
Secularisation and Australian Education Since 1910 Secularisation and Australian Education Since 1910 , by Clarissa Carden, Leiden, Brill, 2021, vi + 98 pp., $84 (paperb	0
The Evolution of Economics at the University of Oxford: Gendered Constructions of Legitimate Economic Knowledge and Authorities	0
From Gender-Segregated to Gender-Inclusive Deacon Education in 1970s Norway: Impacts on Professional Identity	0
Thematic Analysis of Music-Making in US Residential Schools: Navigating Colonial Archives and Honouring Indigenous Perspectives	0
Teachers and Students of the Escuela de Ingenieros Industriales de Barcelona and their Contribution to the Gas Industry in Spain during the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century within the Context of	0
Exploring Hindu College Calcutta: Catalyst of Intellectual Evolution and Its Detractors	0
Memories of Writing and Editing with Joyce Goodman	0
Saving the children: humanitarianism, internationalism, and empire Saving the children: humanitarianism, internationalism, and empire , by Emily Baughan, Berkeley, Unive	0
Media Representations of School Holiday Programmes for Aboriginal Children in 1950s and 1960s Australia	0
‘School is everywhere’? British military children, ‘turbulence’ and the meanings of post-war mobility	0
Deaf People, Language, and Emancipation in Modern France, 1789–1914	0
In Search of Technological Excellence: Education and Engineering in Post-War Britain	0
Touchy subject: the history and philosophy of sex education Touchy subject: the history and philosophy of sex education , by Lauren Bialystok and Lisa M. F. Andersen, Ch	0
A Critical History of Health, Sport, and Physical Education: The Three-legged Curriculum in Australia	0
Manchester Minds: A University History of Ideas	0
Quiet Classrooms, Educational Soundscapes, and the Power of Silence. Towards an Acoustic History of Education	0
Expanding Political Capital: Why Social Democratic Women Participated in Middle-Class Feminist Educational Organisations in Sweden c .1890–1910	0
Physical education in Irish schools, 1900–2000: a history Physical education in Irish schools, 1900–2000: a history , by Conor Curran, Oxford, Peter Lang, 2022, v + 512	0
Korea’s ‘education fever’ from the late nineteenth to the early twenty-first century	0
African students in East Germany, 1949–1975 African students in East Germany, 1949–1975 , by Sara Pugach, Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press, 2022, xvii + 256 pp.,	0
Exploring the Oral History of the Fort Wayne Folk School through its Founder and Former Students	0
A Modest Proposal to Recuperate a Joysome History of Education	0
Lines of Exchange: Australian and New Zealand Women on Carnegie and Fulbright Programme Awards c. 1930s–1980s	0
Echoing Events: The Perpetuation of National Narratives in English and Dutch History Textbooks, 1920–2010	0
Editorial: non-English books for review	0
Classical Civilisation and Ancient History in British Secondary Education	0
Education and Modernisation in Greece: Modernising Greek History During the Cold War	0
Meeting over beating: Pierre Parlebas’ alter-education of sport (1950–2022)	0
African American education in the Global South: tracing the influences of industrial training in early twentieth-century Fiji	0
New turns in the history of education in Ireland: from policy to practice, from theory to lived reality	0
The Gait as Political Choreography: Political School Ceremonies for the Consolidation of the Nation State in Germany and Japan (1873–1945)	0
Private Money and the Primacy of War. Endowments and Military Research at the University of Frankfurt 1933–1945	0
The dynamics of learning in early modern Italy: arts and medicine at the University of Bologna The dynamics of learning in early modern Italy: arts and medicine at the University of Bol	0
Froebelian Influence in Lisbon and the First Portuguese Kindergarten in Context (1882)	0
Colonial textbooks and national consciousness in British India	0
Technical Education in Bolivia 1825–1900: Ideas, Achievements and Obstacles to Development	0
The Third Reich’s elite schools: a history of the Napolas The Third Reich’s elite schools: a history of the Napolas , by Helen Roche, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 20	0
The Concept of Nature Underlying Early Childhood Education and Care from Pre-Modern to Contemporary Japan, via Sozo Kurahashi and Kitaro Nishida	0
Historical consciousness and controversial statues in a postcolonial world: the case of Missionary Peerke Donders (1809–1887)	0
“Whose Union?” Federalism, Funding, and the Ideal Citizen-Student in Indian University Education (1950–1960)	0
Fearing youth, fostering democracy: conceptions of children and young people’s good citizenship and citizenship education in European policy (1976 – 2021)	0
A Global Earth in the Classroom: New Voices in the History of Early Modern Education	0
After Mainframes: Computer Education and Microcomputers in Western Switzerland during the 1980s and 1990s	0