Sleep

Article	Citations
Performance of seven consumer sleep-tracking devices compared with polysomnography	193
Metrics of sleep apnea severity: beyond the apnea-hypopnea index	164
The Dreem Headband compared to polysomnography for electroencephalographic signal acquisition and sleep staging	163
COVID-19-related mobility reduction: heterogenous effects on sleep and physical activity rhythms	88
Long-term efficacy and tolerability of lemborexant compared with placebo in adults with insomnia disorder: results from the phase 3 randomized clinical trial SUNRISE 2	87
A standardized framework for testing the performance of sleep-tracking technology: step-by-step guidelines and open-source code	81
The effect of sleep deprivation and restriction on mood, emotion, and emotion regulation: three meta-analyses in one	79
Sleep and mental health in athletes during COVID-19 lockdown	77
Deep learning enables sleep staging from photoplethysmogram for patients with suspected sleep apnea	73
Randomized clinical trials of cardiovascular disease in obstructive sleep apnea: understanding and overcoming bias	73
Limiting racial disparities and bias for wearable devices in health science research	71
Prospective examination of adolescent sleep patterns and behaviors before and during COVID-19	71
Gender differences in nighttime sleep patterns and variability across the adult lifespan: a global-scale wearables study	71
Obstructive sleep apnea treatment and dementia risk in older adults	69
Digital cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia promotes later health resilience during the coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic	66
Video-polysomnography procedures for diagnosis of rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD) and the identification of its prodromal stages: guidelines from the International RBD Study Group	65
Individual differences in light sensitivity affect sleep and circadian rhythms	65
Telemedicine versus face-to-face delivery of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia: a randomized controlled noninferiority trial	60
Measuring sleep regularity: theoretical properties and practical usage of existing metrics	56
Prevalent, incident, and persistent insomnia in a population-based cohort tested before (2018) and during the first-wave of COVID-19 pandemic (2020)	55
The social and economic cost of sleep disorders	52
Workshop report. Circadian rhythm sleep–wake disorders: gaps and opportunities	52
The natural history of insomnia: predisposing, precipitating, coping, and perpetuating factors over the early developmental course of insomnia	47
Electroencephalographic changes associated with subjective under- and overestimation of sleep duration	44
Automatic sleep stage classification with deep residual networks in a mixed-cohort setting	44

Predicting circadian misalignment with wearable technology: validation of wrist-worn actigraphy and photometry in night shift workers	43
Prevalence rates and correlates of insomnia disorder in post-9/11 veterans enrolling in VA healthcare	43
Susceptibility to auditory closed-loop stimulation of sleep slow oscillations changes with age	42
Expert-level automated sleep staging of long-term scalp electroencephalography recordings using deep learning	41
Treating insomnia symptoms with medicinal cannabis: a randomized, crossover trial of the efficacy of a cannabinoid medicine compared with placebo	39
Efficacy and safety of calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium oxybates (lower-sodium oxybate [LXB]; JZP-258) in a placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized withdrawal study in adults with narcol	39
The evening light environment in hospitals can be designed to produce less disruptive effects on the circadian system and improve sleep	39
Evening-types show highest increase of sleep and mental health problems during the COVID-19 pandemic—multinational study on 19 267 adults	39
Changes of evening exposure to electronic devices during the COVID-19 lockdown affect the time course of sleep disturbances	39
Myopia, or near-sightedness, is associated with delayed melatonin circadian timing and lower melatonin output in young adult humans	36
Multidimensional sleep health domains in older men and women: an actigraphy factor analysis	34
Changing school start times: impact on sleep in primary and secondary school students	34
Heart rate variability during wakefulness as a marker of obstructive sleep apnea severity	33
Comparison between oral ferrous sulfate and intravenous ferric carboxymaltose in children with restless sleep disorder	32
Modulating overnight memory consolidation by acoustic stimulation during slow-wave sleep: a systematic review and meta-analysis	31
Isolating the role of time in bed restriction in the treatment of insomnia: a randomized, controlled, dismantling trial comparing sleep restriction therapy with time in bed regularization	31
Meta-analysis of age and actigraphy-assessed sleep characteristics across the lifespan	31
Residual, differential neurobehavioral deficits linger after multiple recovery nights following chronic sleep restriction or acute total sleep deprivation	30
Lower socioeconomic status and co-morbid conditions are associated with reduced continuous positive airway pressure adherence among older adult medicare beneficiaries with obstructive sleep apnea	30
A scalable method of determining physiological endotypes of sleep apnea from a polysomnographic sleep study	30
Sleep problems, internalizing and externalizing symptoms, and domains of health-related quality of life: bidirectional associations from early childhood to early adolescence	30
Greatest changes in objective sleep architecture during COVID-19 lockdown in night owls with increased REM sleep	30
Association of objectively measured sleep with frailty and 5-year mortality in community-dwelling older adults	29
Emergence of racial/ethnic and socioeconomic differences in objectively measured sleep–wake patterns in early infancy: results of the Rise & SHINE study	28
Brain function in children with obstructive sleep apnea: a resting-state fMRI study	28
Predicting circadian phase across populations: a comparison of mathematical models and wearable devices	28
Incidence of insomnia and obstructive sleep apnea in active duty United States military service members	28
Within-night repeatability and long-term consistency of sleep apnea endotypes: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis and Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study	28
Randomized controlled trial of digital cognitive behavior therapy for prenatal insomnia symptoms: effects on postpartum insomnia and mental health	28
Sleep quality and risk of cancer: findings from the English longitudinal study of aging	28
Late-in-life neurodegeneration after chronic sleep loss in young adult mice	28
Trajectories of sleep problems in childhood: associations with mental health in adolescence	27
Cost-effectiveness of digital cognitive behavioral therapy (Sleepio) for insomnia: a Markov simulation model in the United States	27
Sleep quality, occupational factors, and psychomotor vigilance performance in the U.S. Navy sailors	27
Randomized controlled trial of an integrated approach to treating insomnia and improving the use of positive airway pressure therapy in veterans with comorbid insomnia disorder and obstructive sleep a	27
Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia has sustained effects on insomnia, fatigue, and function among people with chronic heart failure and insomnia: the HeartSleep Study	27
Insomnia with objective short sleep duration is associated with cognitive impairment: a first look at cardiometabolic contributors to brain health	27
Alzheimer’s disease neuropathology in the hippocampus and brainstem of people with obstructive sleep apnea	27
Relationships between sleep traits and lung cancer risk: a prospective cohort study in UK Biobank	27
Associations between sleep apnea and advanced brain aging in a large-scale population study	26
Associations of loneliness and social isolation with actigraph and self-reported sleep quality in a national sample of older adults	26
Convergent patterns of structural brain changes in rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder and Parkinson’s disease on behalf of the German rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder study group	26
Stress and sleep across the onset of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic: impact of distance learning on US college students’ health trajectories	26
Light at night in older age is associated with obesity, diabetes, and hypertension	26
Methamphetamine and sleep impairments: neurobehavioral correlates and molecular mechanisms	25
Health outcomes of continuous positive airway pressure versus mandibular advancement device for the treatment of severe obstructive sleep apnea: an individual participant data meta-analysis	25
Medical cannabis and cannabinoids for impaired sleep: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials	25
Prevalence of idiopathic REM behavior disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis	25
Continuous positive airway pressure and adverse cardiovascular events in obstructive sleep apnea: are participants of randomized trials representative of sleep clinic patients?	24
Poor sleep behavior burden and risk of COVID-19 mortality and hospitalization	24

Cross-sectional and prospective associations between sleep regularity and metabolic health in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos	24
Poor sleep associated with overuse of media during the COVID-19 lockdown	24
Comparing two measures of sleep depth/intensity	24
Abuse potential assessment of the new dual orexin receptor antagonist daridorexant in recreational sedative drug users as compared to suvorexant and zolpidem	24
Autonomic dysregulation and sleep homeostasis in insomnia	24
Natural history of insomnia symptoms in the transition from childhood to adolescence: population rates, health disparities, and risk factors	24
Sleep among gender minority adolescents	24
A pathogenic cycle between insomnia and cognitive arousal fuels perinatal depression: exploring the roles of nocturnal cognitive arousal and perinatal-focused rumination	23
The Nightmare Disorder Index: development and initial validation in a sample of nurses	23
Reopening after lockdown: the influence of working-from-home and digital device use on sleep, physical activity, and wellbeing following COVID-19 lockdown and reopening	23
Efficacy of a stepped care approach to deliver cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia in cancer patients: a noninferiority randomized controlled trial	23
Guiding principles for determining work shift duration and addressing the effects of work shift duration on performance, safety, and health: guidance from the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and th	23
Sleep-tracking technology in scientific research: looking to the future	23
Obstructive sleep apnea and Alzheimer’s disease-related cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in mild cognitive impairment	23
Sleep duration and breast cancer incidence: results from the Million Women Study and meta-analysis of published prospective studies	23
Obstructive sleep apnea is an independent risk factor for severe COVID-19: a population-based study	22
Characteristics and reproducibility of novel sleep EEG biomarkers and their variation with sleep apnea and insomnia in a large community-based cohort	22
Sleep quality relates to emotional reactivity via intracortical myelination	22
Scoring sleep with artificial intelligence enables quantification of sleep stage ambiguity: hypnodensity based on multiple expert scorers and auto-scoring	22
Losing sleep by staying up late leads adolescents to consume more carbohydrates and a higher glycemic load	22
Inflammation, tau pathology, and synaptic integrity associated with sleep spindles and memory prior to β-amyloid positivity	22
Melanopsin-dependent phototransduction is impaired in delayed sleep–wake phase disorder and sighted non–24-hour sleep–wake rhythm disorder	22
COVID-19 instructional approaches (in-person, online, hybrid), school start times, and sleep in over 5,000 U.S. adolescents	22
Associations between brain structure and sleep patterns across adolescent development	21
Nonrapid eye movement sleep electroencephalographic oscillations in idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder: a study of sleep spindles and slow oscillations	21
Central sleep apnea: pathophysiologic classification	21
Cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia prevents and alleviates suicidal ideation: insomnia remission is a suicidolytic mechanism	21
Decrease in sleep depth is associated with higher cerebrospinal fluid neurofilament light levels in patients with Alzheimer’s disease	21
Prior sleep problems and adverse post-traumatic neuropsychiatric sequelae of motor vehicle collision in the AURORA study	21
Sleep characterization with smart wearable devices: a call for standardization and consensus recommendations	21
Sleep duration regularity, but not sleep duration, is associated with microvascular function in college students	21
Mendelian randomization highlights insomnia as a risk factor for pain diagnoses	21
Longitudinal associations of sleep problems with alcohol and cannabis use from adolescence to emerging adulthood	20
Sleep EEG microstructure in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis	20
Sleep and high-risk behavior in military service members: a mega-analysis of four diverse U.S. Army units	20
Home confinement during the COVID-19: day-to-day associations of sleep quality with rumination, psychotic-like experiences, and somatic symptoms	20
Testing the contiguity of the sleep and fatigue relationship: a daily diary study	20
Sleep–wake regulation in preterm and term infants	20
Effect of the new dual orexin receptor antagonist daridorexant on nighttime respiratory function and sleep in patients with mild and moderate obstructive sleep apnea	20
Theta-gamma coupling during REM sleep depends on breathing rate	20
Neurobehavioral morbidity of pediatric mild sleep-disordered breathing and obstructive sleep apnea	20
Automated 3D video analysis of lower limb movements during REM sleep: a new diagnostic tool for isolated REM sleep behavior disorder	19
Cognitive effects of split and continuous sleep schedules in adolescents differ according to total sleep opportunity	19
Leptin receptor expression in the dorsomedial hypothalamus stimulates breathing during NREM sleep indb/dbmice	19
Mode of delivery of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia: a randomized controlled non-inferiority trial of digital and face-to-face therapy	19
Characteristics associated with hypersomnia and excessive daytime sleepiness identified by extended polysomnography recording	19
Changes in EEG permutation entropy in the evening and in the transition from wake to sleep	19
Stability of nocturnal wake and sleep stages defines central nervous system disorders of hypersomnolence	19
A deep learning-based algorithm for detection of cortical arousal during sleep	19
Longitudinal associations of nightmare frequency and nightmare distress with suicidal behavior in adolescents: mediating role of depressive symptoms	19
Improvements in cognitive function and quantitative sleep electroencephalogram in obstructive sleep apnea after six months of continuous positive airway pressure treatment	19
Napping and cognitive performance during night shifts: a systematic review and meta-analysis	19
Suicidal ideation is associated with nighttime wakefulness in a community sample	19
The microbiome in obstructive sleep apnea	19
Differentiating perinatal Insomnia Disorder and sleep disruption: a longitudinal study from pregnancy to 2 years postpartum	19
Sleep deficiency in spaceflight is associated with degraded neurobehavioral functions and elevated stress in astronauts on six-month missions aboard the International Space Station	18
Homeostatic state of microglia in a rat model of chronic sleep restriction	18
Clinical polysomnographic methods for estimating pharyngeal collapsibility in obstructive sleep apnea	18
Treating sleep and circadian problems to promote mental health: perspectives on comorbidity, implementation science and behavior change	18
Assessment of obstructive sleep apnea-related sleep fragmentation utilizing deep learning-based sleep staging from photoplethysmography	18
The effect of sleep restriction therapy for insomnia on sleep pressure and arousal: a randomized controlled mechanistic trial	18
Altered cerebrocerebellar functional connectivity in patients with obstructive sleep apnea and its association with cognitive function	18
Adult hypothalamic neurogenesis and sleep–wake dysfunction in aging	18
Dyscoordination of non-rapid eye movement sleep oscillations in autism spectrum disorder	18
Phase-locked auditory stimulation of theta oscillations during rapid eye movement sleep	18
Are age and sex effects on sleep slow waves only a matter of electroencephalogram amplitude?	17
Sleep and cardiometabolic risk: a cluster analysis of actigraphy-derived sleep profiles in adults and children	17
Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia among young adults who are actively drinking: a randomized pilot trial	17
Lucid dreaming occurs in activated rapid eye movement sleep, not a mixture of sleep and wakefulness	17
Sleepless in COVID-19: racial disparities during the pandemic as a consequence of structural inequity	17
Once-nightly sodium oxybate (FT218) demonstrated improvement of symptoms in a phase 3 randomized clinical trial in patients with narcolepsy	17
Associations of the residential built environment with adolescent sleep outcomes	17
Proteomic biomarkers of sleep apnea	17
Sleep spindles comprise a subset of a broader class of electroencephalogram events	17
Molecular resolution of a behavioral paradox: sleep and arousal are regulated by distinct acetylcholine receptors in different neuronal types in Drosophila	17
Evening chronotype is associated with elevated biomarkers of cardiometabolic risk in the EpiHealth cohort: a cross-sectional study	17
Cyclic alternating pattern in children with obstructive sleep apnea and its relationship with adenotonsillectomy, behavior, cognition, and quality of life	17
Sleep health, diseases, and pain syndromes: findings from an electronic health record biobank	17
Blunted rest–activity rhythms link to higher body mass index and inflammatory markers in children	17
Predicting incident dementia and mild cognitive impairment in older women with nonparametric analysis of circadian activity rhythms in the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures	16

Event-related potentials in insomnia reflect altered perception of sleep	16
Narcolepsy with intermediate cerebrospinal level of hypocretin-1	16
Dexmedetomidine-induced deep sedation mimics non-rapid eye movement stage 3 sleep: large-scale validation using machine learning	16
Sleep extension: an explanation for increased pandemic dream recall?	16
Impact of total sleep deprivation and related mood changes on approach-avoidance decisions to threat-related facial displays	16
Sleep bruxism and obstructive sleep apnea: association, causality or spurious finding? A scoping review	16
Changes in dietary inflammatory potential predict changes in sleep quality metrics, but not sleep duration	16
Perceived home sleep environment: associations of household-level factors and in-bed behaviors with actigraphy-based sleep duration and continuity in the Jackson Heart Sleep Study	16
The association between Internet usage and sleep problems among Japanese adolescents: three repeated cross-sectional studies	16
The dim light melatonin onset across ages, methodologies, and sex and its relationship with morningness/eveningness	16
Associations of self-reported obstructive sleep apnea with total and site-specific cancer risk in older women: a prospective study	16
Insomnia in the context of short sleep increases suicide risk	16
Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder and rapid eye movement sleep without atonia are more frequent in advanced versus early Parkinson’s disease	16
Response speed measurements on the psychomotor vigilance test: how precise is precise enough?	16
Microsleep disturbances are associated with noradrenergic dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease	16
The aging slow wave: a shifting amalgam of distinct slow wave and spindle coupling subtypes define slow wave sleep across the human lifespan	16
Co-occurring insomnia and anxiety: a randomized controlled trial of internet cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia versus internet cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety	15
Sleep disturbances, circadian activity, and nocturnal light exposure characterize high risk for and current depression in adolescence	15
Associations between parent-reported and objectively measured sleep duration and timing in infants at age 6 months	15
Daily-level effects of alcohol, marijuana, and simultaneous use on young adults’ perceived sleep health	15
Brain functional connectivity upon awakening from sleep predicts interindividual differences in dream recall frequency	15
Cerebrospinal fluid monoamine levels in central disorders of hypersomnolence	15
Actigraphy-derived sleep health profiles and mortality in older men and women	15
Effects of six weeks of chronic sleep restriction with weekend recovery on cognitive performance and wellbeing in high-performing adults	15
Aerobic and resistance exercise improve patient-reported sleep quality and is associated with cardiometabolic biomarkers in Hispanic and non-Hispanic breast cancer survivors who are overweight or obes	15
Spindles are highly heritable as identified by different spindle detectors	15
Poor sleep correlates with biomarkers of neurodegeneration in mild traumatic brain injury patients: a CENC study	15
Investigating longitudinal associations between parent reported sleep in early childhood and teacher reported executive functioning in school-aged children with autism	15
Performance of a multisensor smart ring to evaluate sleep: in-lab and home-based evaluation of generalized and personalized algorithms	15
Exposure to relaxing words during sleep promotes slow-wave sleep and subjective sleep quality	14
Differential associations of hypoxia, sleep fragmentation, and depressive symptoms with cognitive dysfunction in obstructive sleep apnea	14
Genetically proxied morning chronotype was associated with a reduced risk of prostate cancer	14
Combined intermittent and sustained hypoxia is a novel and deleterious cardio-metabolic phenotype	14
Induction of narcolepsy-like symptoms by orexin receptor antagonists in mice	14
Sleep duration and mood in adolescents: an experimental study	14
Sleep is more than rest for plasticity in the human cortex	14
Sleep and the gut microbiota in preschool-aged children	14
Does insomnia treatment prevent depression?	14
A conserved role for sleep in supporting Spatial Learning in Drosophila	14
Scoring of large muscle group movements during sleep: an International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group position statement	14
Altered heart rate variability during sleep in mild cognitive impairment	14
Longitudinal association of nighttime sleep duration with emotional and behavioral problems in early childhood: results from the Danish Healthy Start Study	14
A novel EEG marker predicts perceived sleepiness and poor sleep quality	14
Gestational sleep deprivation is associated with higher offspring body mass index and blood pressure	14
Randomized clinical trials of cardiovascular disease in obstructive sleep apnea: understanding and overcoming bias	14
Activity of a subset of vesicular GABA-transporter neurons in the ventral zona incerta anticipates sleep onset	14
Does investing in low-income urban neighborhoods improve sleep?	14
Insomnia symptom severity is associated with increased suicidality and death by suicide in a sample of patients with psychiatric disorders	14
Sleep inertia measurement with the psychomotor vigilance task in idiopathic hypersomnia	13
The effect of non-benzodiazepine sedative hypnotics on CPAP adherence in patients with OSA: a systematic review and meta-analysis	13
Memory performance following napping in habitual and non-habitual nappers	13
Complement promotes endothelial von Willebrand factor and angiopoietin-2 release in obstructive sleep apnea	13
Memory-relevant nap sleep physiology in healthy and pathological aging	13
The association of acculturative stress with self-reported sleep disturbance and sleep duration among Asian Americans	13
Effects of agomelatine and mirtazapine on sleep disturbances in major depressive disorder: evidence from polysomnographic and resting-state functional connectivity analyses	13
Sleep deficits and cannabis use behaviors: an analysis of shared genetics using linkage disequilibrium score regression and polygenic risk prediction	13
Associations between everyday discrimination and sleep quality and duration among African-Americans over time in the Jackson Heart Study	13
Inference of causal relationships between sleep-related traits and 1,527 phenotypes using genetic data	13
Cross-participant prediction of vigilance stages through the combined use of wPLI and wSMI EEG functional connectivity metrics	13
Neural fatigue due to intensive learning is reversed by a nap but not by quiet waking	13
The burden of obstructive sleep apnea in pediatric sickle cell disease: a Kids’ inpatient database study	13
Assessing brain iron and volume of subcortical nuclei in idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder	13
Systemic inflammation as a moderator between sleep and incident dementia	13
Circadian tau differences and rhythm associations in delayed sleep–wake phase disorder and sighted non-24-hour sleep–wake rhythm disorder	13
Frequency of flow limitation using airflow shape	13
Sleepiness is a signal to go to bed: data and model simulations	13
Comparative efficacy and safety of hypnotics for insomnia in older adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis	13
Leg movements during sleep in children treated with serotonergic antidepressants	13
Association of snoring characteristics with predominant site of collapse of upper airway in obstructive sleep apnea patients	13
No evidence for intra-individual correlations between sleep-mediated declarative memory consolidation and slow-wave sleep	12
Baseline and 1-year longitudinal data from the National Restless Legs Syndrome Opioid Registry	12
Sleep in the lesser mouse-deer (Tragulus kanchil)	12
Sleep irregularity and nonsuicidal self-injurious urges and behaviors	12
It is time to abolish the clock change and adopt permanent standard time in the United States: a Sleep Research Society position statement	12
Sleep and diurnal rest-activity rhythm disturbances in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease	12
Spontaneous slow oscillation—slow spindle features predict induced overnight memory retention	12
Heart rate variability as a potential biomarker of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea resolution	12
Order matters: sleep spindles contribute to memory consolidation only when followed by rapid-eye-movement sleep	12
Sleep misestimation among older adults suffering from insomnia with short and normal objective sleep duration and the effects of cognitive behavior therapy	12
Leptin-mediated neural targets in obesity hypoventilation syndrome	12
Structural brain connectivity in patients with restless legs syndrome: a diffusion tensor imaging study	12
Objective assessment of sleep regularity in 60 000 UK Biobank participants using an open-source package	12
Objective sleep profile in LGI1/CASPR2 autoimmunity	12
Abnormal timing of slow wave synchronization processes in non-rapid eye movement sleep parasomnias	12
Sleep quality deterioration in middle-aged and older adults living in a rural Ecuadorian village severely struck by the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. A population-based longitudinal prospective study	12
A multicentric validation study of a novel home sleep apnea test based on peripheral arterial tonometry	12
Understanding the role of structural racism in sleep disparities: a call to action and methodological considerations	12
Synchronizing our clocks as we age: the influence of the brain-gut-immune axis on the sleep-wake cycle across the lifespan	12
Cognitive throughput and working memory raw scores consistently differentiate resilient and vulnerable groups to sleep loss	12
Relationships between cortical, cardiac, and arousal-motor activities in the genesis of rhythmic masticatory muscle activity across sleep cycles in primary sleep bruxism children	12
The natural history of insomnia: high sleep reactivity interacts with greater life stress to predict the onset of acute insomnia	12
K-complexes are a sensitive marker of noise-related sensory processing during sleep: a pilot study	12
Risk of chronic kidney disease in patients with obstructive sleep apnea	12
Association between sleep disordered breathing in early pregnancy and glucose metabolism	12
Sleep and screen exposure across the beginning of life: deciphering the links using big-data analytics	12