Applied Clay Science

Article	Citations
Editorial Board	239
Modified natural mineral with a biogenic compound to control microbial growth in waterborne paint	106
Nano-enhanced thermo-mechanical properties of ethylene vinyl acetate with intumescent agent and organoclays	96
In-depth insights into transformation mechanism of synthetic saponite to amorphous silica under acid attack	92
Comparative crystal chemistry of monovalent cation-exchanged birnessite	82
CeO2/Ni-Al layered double hydroxide composite electrode for the enhancement of specific capacitance and capacitance retention performance	82
Self-assembly of Fe-MOF on vermiculite nanosheets with enhanced catalytic activity	81
Adsorption behaviors and atomistic mechanisms of iodate and iodide on hollow spherical allophane nanoparticles	79
Reply to comments on: Synthesis and characterization of a novel nickel pillared-clay catalyst: In-situ carbon nanotube–clay hybrid nanofiller from Ni-PILC	71
Mechanical properties of defective kaolinite in tension and compression: A molecular dynamics study	70
Improving the flame retardancy and thermal stability of polypropylene composites via introducing glycine intercalated kaolinite compounds	69
Fate of silicon in tropical agricultural soil clays using XANES spectroscopy	68
Rare earth modification of smectites and their use in luminescent up-conversion emission	62
Nano structure of CO2-Brine-Kaolinite Interface: Implications for CO2 Geological Sequestration	60
Thermal stability of artificial radiation-induced defects in kaolinite: Enhancing EPR dating protocol	60
Facile modification of sepiolite and its application in wear-resistant and superhydrophobic epoxy coatings by mimicking the structure of shark skin	59
One-pot synthesis of Mg Al layered double hydroxides (LDH) from weathered tropical soils	59
Triplet-triplet annihilation up-conversion of cationic iridium(III) complex solubilized by organically-modified hectorite in a green solvent	57
Development of Pickering emulsion from polycationic montmorillonite nanoclay	57
Editorial Board	56
Statistical significance of curing variables on geopolymerization of mining by-product untreated clay	56
Thermal activation of kaolinite through potassium acetate intercalation: A structural and reactivity study	55
Difference in expansion and dehydration behaviors between NH4- and K-montmorillonite	54
Ultrasonic disaggregation of mixed-dimensional palygorskite clay for improving ABS resin properties	53
Preparation and characterization of titania supported on layered double hydroxide precipitated on glass fiber cloth	51

Insights into the adsorption behaviour and mechanism of tetracycline on rectorite mineral: Influence of surface and structure evolution	50
Temperature effects on water retention behaviour and structural evolution of GMZ bentonite pellet mixtures	49
A novel montmorillonite-based room temperature phosphorescence material by host-guest system	48
Holographic characterization of typical silicate minerals by terahertz time-domain spectroscopy	48
Light-driven C1 Chemical Conversion with LDH-based Nanomaterials	46
Geopolymer-hydrotalcite hybrid beads by ionotropic gelation	46
Mechanical and thermal properties of geopolymers derived from metakaolin with iron mine waste	45
Synergy of palygorskite supported polyaniline and MoS2 for improvement of Li S Battery performance	45
Molecular insights into the freezing process of water on the basal surface of muscovite mica	44
Dispersing sepiolite crystal bundles into nanofibers under expansion effect via steam pressure change and vacuum freeze-drying processes	44
Trivalent lanthanide sorption onto illite in the presence of carbonate: A study combining thermodynamic sorption modeling, time-resolved laser fluorescence spectroscopy, and parallel factor analysis	44
Obtaining and characterization of bentonite organophilic incorporated with geranyl acetate and its application as mycotoxins’ binder in simulated gastrointestinal fluids	43
Electronic interaction between biochar and montmorillonite toward enhanced peroxymonosulfate activation	43
Calcination treatment of CoFe-layered double hydroxide enables enhanced chemodynamic and photothermal effects for antibacterial and antitumor applications	43
Preparation, characterization and antibacterial activities of bio-based schiff base Copper Complex intercalated montmorillonite	43
Evaluation of changes in buffer properties from an in-situ engineered barrier experiment	43
Fluorination of (Mg,Cu,Al,Fe)-based LDHs template for conversion materials usable in all-solid state lithium metal batteries	42
Editorial Board	42
Preparation of phosphorus-containing organic-hybrid layered double hydroxide as a flame retardant for thermoplastic polyurethane	42
Effect of the dispersion state of minerals on the properties of cellulose nanofiber-based composite films	42
Chitosan-Pd0 nanoparticles encapsulated in Al, Co-pillared montmorillonite by one-pot process	41
Polymerization regenerating Ca-zeolite by calcium inducing halloysite for enhancing toxic metal ions removal	40
Unique reaction of layered double hydroxides with 4-chlorobutyric acid	40
Halloysite nanotubes/Keratin composites for wool treatment	40
Structural defect-induced white light emission from synthetic Zn-rich trioctahedral smectite	40
Acid etching halloysite loaded cobalt boride material for supercapacitor electrode application	40
Correlation between the triplet state energy of organic guests and the photoluminescence of Eu3+ and Tb3+ in layered yttrium hydroxide host	38
Microstructure and properties of halloysite nanotubes and modification methods: A comprehensive review	37
Ca-Al layered double hydroxides (LDHs) from the rehydration of calcined katoite: Chloride binding capacity and cementitious properties	37
Experimental and modelling study of the interaction of bentonite with alkaline water	37
The reversibility of interlayer ion fixation in the smectite of BCV 2017 bentonite during long-term heating in air at 200 °C, a detailed mineralogical study	37
Particle size distribution and crystallinity as indicators of kaolinite genesis	37
Efficient removal of Pb(II) and Hg(II) with eco-friendly polyaspartic acid/ layered double hydroxide by host-guest interaction	36
Bentonite-Chitosan composites or beads for lead (Pb) adsorption: Design, preparation, and characterisation	36
Kinetics and mechanism of anion exchange in layered double hydroxide nanoparticle	36
Influence of halloysite nanotubes/microfibrillated cellulose on pine leaves waste based ethylene scavenging composite paper for food packaging applications	36
Sustainable utilization of clay minerals-rich engineering muck via alkali activation: Optimization of pore structure by thermal treatment	35
Absorption of essential oils in Laponite: Stability enhancement and structural characteristics	35
Understanding the thermal activation behavior of montmorillonite and kaolinite at atomic level by ReaxFF molecular dynamics simulations	35
Sulfate-loaded layered double oxide: A bifunctional adsorbent for simultaneous purification of metal ion and anionic dye	35
Electrochemically-deposited NiAl-layered double hydroxide/Ni electrocatalysts for enhanced magnetic water oxidation	34
The preparation of high-yield uniform nanotubes from coal-measure kaolinite	34
Comparative study of laterite and metakaolin/hematite-based geopolymers: Effect of iron source and alkalization	34
Preparation of modified halloysite nanotubes@Ag3PO4/polyacrylonitrile electrospinning membranes for highly efficient air filtration and disinfection	33
The homogenisation behaviour of BCV bentonite – A laboratory and numerical study	33
Interactions of layered clay minerals with water-soluble polymers; structural design and functions	33
Electrochemical capacitance of clay minerals by diamine modification	33
Phase transformations of (Co Mg1-)3Si2O5(OH)4 phyllosilicate nanoscrolls upon heating in Ar, O2 and H2 containing atmospheres	33
Synthesis of 3-hydroxybutyraldehyde over highly stable solid base catalysts prepared from layered double hydroxides	32
Ternary layered double hydroxide/3-amino1H-1,2,4-triazole for high-efficiency removal of copper metal ions. The experimental, possible mechanism, sustainable use of waste, and safety study	32

Hybridization of quinacridone and synthetic hectorite and the photoluminescence quenching by metal ions	32
Editorial Board	32
Friction influence on constant volume saturation of bentonite mixed pellet-block samples, a numerical analysis	32
Study on corrosion and wear resistance of Ni-Zn-Al hydrotalcite film on Aluminum alloy surface	32
Palygorskite-based self-separable nano-adsorbent for wastewater treatment	32
NHC-heterocycle carbene gold catalyst intercalated in Layered Double Hydroxides as reusable hybrid catalyst in acidic medium	32
Mineralogical and geotechnical characterization of two German bentonites from Westerwald and Bavaria	31
Pressure-induced structural modifications of imogolite nanotubes and of their methylated analogues	31
Editorial Board	31
A new method for reducing impurities in clay minerals	30
Polymer-incorporated modified halloysite nanotubes for efficient CO2/N2 separation	30
Effects of adding curcumin-loaded halloysite nanotubes to Nile tilapia skin gelatin film re-crosslinked with tannic acid	30
Advances in MOFs/clay nanocomposites within functional fire-safe polymeric materials	30
Transformation of inherent microorganisms in Wyoming-type bentonite and their effects on structural iron	30
Enhancing reactivity in muscovitic clays: Mechanical activation as a sustainable alternative to thermal activation for cement production	30
New insight into methane hydrate formation at clay-geofluid interface in natural kaolinite-stacking sediments	30
Luminescence Boosting after adding Quaternary ammonium/Phosphine Cations to Europium (III) Laponite Clay	30
Intercalation of atorvastatin and valsartan into Mg Al layered double hydroxide host using a restacking procedure	30
Ciprofloxacin carrier systems based on hectorite/halloysite hybrid hydrogels for potential wound healing applications	29
Novel bio-derived phytic acid and melamine interlayered/surface dual modified layered double hydroxide by one-pot method and its highly efficient flame retardant performance for polypropylene	29
Pore structure response of reconstituted kaolin and illite-smectite mixed-layer rich clay to 1D compression	29
High-pressure Raman scattering and X-ray diffraction study of kaolinite, Al2Si2O5(OH)4	29
Clay mineral products for improving environmental quality	29
Enhanced bifunctional adsorption of anionic and cationic pollutants by MgAl LDH nanosheets modified montmorillonite via acid-salt activation	29
Editorial Board	28
Glauconite applications in agriculture: A review of recent advances	28
Incorporation of amine-grafted halloysite nanotube to electrospun nanofibrous membranes of chitosan/poly (vinyl alcohol) for Cd (II) and Pb(II) removal	28
Instant formation of AlN whiskers and monocrystalline silicon with the separation of silicon and aluminum elements from 7 Å halloysite during thermite reduction	28
Enhanced dispersing properties of kaolin due to high-strength kneading process	28
Preparation and characterization of Kaolinite supported lanthanum-hydroxide and its improvements for natural rubber composites	28
Enhancing aqueous carbonation via co-milled serpentine and wollastonite: Effects of mechanochemical activation	28
Ionic liquid functionalized halloysite nanotube applied as electrode modifier for trace level determination of caffeic acid	28
Prospects and limitations of a clay-enabled pre-concentration method for spectrophotometric quantification	27
CO2 fixation mechanism of kaolin treated with organic amines at varied temperatures and pressure	27
Bio-based adenosine triphosphate pillared layered double hydroxide for enhancing flame retardancy of polypropylene	27
Editorial Board	27
Structure investigation of a Laponite-NaCl dispersion induced by desiccation in a confined geometry using SAXS	26
Biodegradable layered double hydroxide based polymeric films for sustainable food packaging applications	26
From Stromboli ashes to corrensite by hydrothermal synthesis: Hydrogeological inputs into Mars history	26
An experimental study on thermal relaxation of BCV bentonite	26
An evaluation of the consistency of data and models for performance assessment: Divalent metal sorption on montmorillonite	26
Hydrothermal in situ synthesis of high-crystallinity layered double hydroxide on electrospun polyacrylonitrile non-woven membrane: Application as anion capture filter	26
Influence of head group structure of cationic surfactants on the desorption of cesium from clays and clay minerals	26
Bimetallic organic framework-derived nanocages loaded with phosphorus-containing compound for flame-retardant epoxy composites	26
Hexavalent chromium adsorption by tetrahexylphosphonium modified beidellite clay	26
Genesis of alunite-bearing kaolin deposit in Mudamköy member of the Miocene Göbel Formation, Mustafakemalpaşa (Bursa), Turkey	26
Release of metal elements from clays during elution with EDTA: Insights into the side effects of washing contaminated sites	26
Bentonite clay modification and the application in low solid phase drilling fluids for marine hydrate-bearing formation	26
Multifunctional halloysite and hectorite catalysts for effective transformation of biomass to biodiesel	26
Exploration of adsorption properties of organic corrosion inhibitors on layered double hydroxide nanosheet: A molecular dynamics simulation study	25
Evaluating two series of layered double hydroxides in the fight against microorganisms	25
PEGylated green halloysite/spinel ferrite nanocomposites for pH sensitive delivery of dexamethasone: A potential pulmonary drug delivery treatment option for COVID-19	25
Development of carbon-coated aluminosilicate nanolayers composite shape-stabilized phase change materials with enhanced photo-thermal conversion and thermal storage	25
Swelling pressure of clayey geomaterials: A comprehensive analysis of experimental methods, numerical estimates and molecular dynamics simulations	25
Recent advances on nanohybrid systems constituting clay–chitosan with organic molecules – A review	25
Engineering binary-network structured montmorillonite/silica composite aerogels with improved mechanical strength as water-resistant thermal insulators	25
Effect of super-absorbent polymer on swelling pressure of compacted bentonite infiltrated by alkaline solutions	25
Fabrication and characterization of metakaolin-based fiber reinforced fire resistant geopolymer	25
Reaction mechanism and mechanical properties of geopolymer based on kaolinitic coal tailings	25
Nucleation and dissociation of carbon dioxide hydrate in the inter- and intra-particle pores of dioctahedral smectite: Mechanistic insights from molecular dynamics simulations	25
Transforming waste into beauty: Sustainable clay mask formulations using ornamental stone processing waste	25
Low-cost and high-safety montmorillonite-based solid electrolyte for lithium metal batteries	25
Structural and morphological properties of in-situ biosynthesis of biocompatible bacterial cellulose/Laponite nanocomposites	25
Berthierine authigenesis as grain pseudomorph? A new insight from the early Maastrichtian Kallankurichchi Formation, India	24
Design and assessment of highly stable norfloxacin/ Ca-montmorillonite (STx-1b) as oral beads	24
Synthesis and ionic conductivity of novel high charged tetrasilisic type micas	24
Intercalation of carbamide to globular glauconite by chemical processing for the creation of slow-release nanocomposites	24
An acid-free short-flow process for high-quality separation of kaolinite in coal waste rock: Based on mineralogical determinations	24
Rheology of aqueous suspensions of montmorillonite/ gum arabic /electrolyte	24
Editorial Board	24
Catechol‑iron-clay surface complexation enriches radical formation and efficiency in heterogeneous Fenton reactions	24
Rehydroxylation of calcined swellable clay minerals at ambient conditions	24
Interfacial chemical bonds enhanced photocatalytic performance of kaolinite/NiFe layered double oxide heterostructure for photocatalytic activated peroxymonosulfate	24
Luminescence of rare earth 3D hydroxide framework Eu3+-doped and its application in dye adsorption tests	24
Oil-based drilling fluid inspired by paints recipes	24
Fast hydrothermal and microwave synthesis of high purity methylated imogolite nanotubes	23
Nanoscale chemomechanical variations of montmorillonite induced by the specificity of counterions—An in situ XRD and AFM study	23
Insights into the role of calcination temperature and NaOH dosage in producing supplementary cementitious materials from low-grade clay via alkali-thermal-fusion	23
One-step synthesis of CdS-CeO2/sepiolite and its efficient removal of Rhodamine B by synergistic adsorption and photocatalysis	23
Assessing the influence of isotopic composition of water on that of clay minerals during chemical treatments	23

Significantly improving the colloidal stability of selenium disulfide in water and antifungal activity by using palygorskite clay	23
Performance and mechanism of the controllable gaseous ClO2 generation with modified sepiolite-based porous materials	23
Multi-site nanocomposite sorbent for simultaneous removal of diverse micropollutants from treated wastewater	23
Removal of aflatoxin B1 and zearalenone by clay mineral materials: In the animal industry and environment	23
Paraffin@Hectorite/water phase change fluid with sustainable suspension stability and efficient heat dissipation	23
Controlling clay slips with a process vibrational viscometer	23
A predictive model for calculating the electrostatic intercalation efficiency of methotrexate-loaded laponite dependent on clay concentration and pH built from binding constants	23
Effect of the different types of Sn-precursors on the properties of Sn FeMgAl-LDH samples	23
Mica-based triboelectric nanogenerators for energy harvesting	23
Halloysite nanotubes supported copper oxide composites used as efficient catalysts for bisphenol A removal	22
Editorial Board	22
Use of response surface methodology to optimize triclosan adsorption on alumina pillared clays in a fixed-bed column for applications in solid-phase extraction	22
Fabrication and evaluation of combined 3D printed/pamidronate-layered double hydroxides enriched electrospun scaffolds for bone tissue engineering applications	22
The multidisciplinary science of applied clay research: A 2021–2023 bibliographic analysis	22
Boosting photocatalytic hydrogen evolution over CdS/MoS2 on the graphene/montmorillonite composites	22
Significantly improved stabilization of glycoside hydrolases important in food industry by immobilization onto appropriately modified beidellite	22
Advances in Layered double Hydroxide-based Materials for CO2 Electroreduction: A Comprehensive Review of recent Research Progress	22
An asymmetric clay film for smart moisture actuators: Film actuation and characterization	22
Design and preparation of palygorskite supported bimetallic palladium‑cerium catalysts for efficient catalytic combustion of toluene	22
Physicochemical properties of clayey deposits slurry treated by lime-activated ISSA and GGBS considering seawater salinity effect	22
Study on the preparation of mineral silicon-potassium fertilizer by hydrothermal leaching of kaolinite to generate potassium aluminosilicate under the “calcification-potash alkali” system	22
Properties of iron-functionalized organoclays. Consequences for pertechnetate sequestration	22
Adsorption of hydrated Al3+ on the kaolinite (001) surface: A density functional theory study	22
Investigating adsorption of various heavy metal ions by the reaction products of chrysotile and lizardite-acid interface	21
Cation adsorption at permanently (montmorillonite) and variably (quartz) charged mineral surfaces: Mechanisms and forces from subatomic scale	21
Effects of montmorillonite charge reduction on the high-temperature/high-pressure pyrolysis of organic matter	21
Fabrication and evaluation of antibacterial properties of Cu2O/sepiolite-PVA nanocomposite hydrogels against multidrug-resistant bacteria	21
Adsorption and diffusion of selenite on Boda Claystone Formation	21
Improvement in the anti-corrosion property of marine concrete using layered double hydroxides and polyvinylpyrrolidone	21
Adsorption properties of fly ash–clay composites from Central European localities: Case study	21
A protocol for the extraction of viable bacteria for identification of bacterial communities in bentonite	21
Polymer intercalation synthesis of glycoboehmite nanosheets	21
Editorial Board	21
Differences in the dynamic behavior of Cd2+ on different clay mineral (001) surfaces under the effect of electric field	21
Innovative membrane containing iron-based layered double hydroxide intercalated with phyto therapeutic diterpenoid	21
The role of intraparticle slit pores in porosity development of sodium montmorillonite gels	21
The evidence for survival of high-grade diagenesis by dioctahedral vermiculite, as exemplified by upper Triassic rocks of the Tomanová Formation, Tatra Mountains Poland	21
Editorial Board	21
Editorial Board	21
On the influence of synthetic parameters on the properties and aldol condensation performance of the MgAl mixed oxides and rehydrated hydrotalcites	20
The different effects of sulfate on the adsorption of REEs on kaolinite and ferrihydrite	20
Influence mechanism of clay minerals on the adsorption behavior of thiacloprid upon three different acetate microplastics: Effective adsorption sites	20
Intercalating assembly of NiFe LDH nanosheets/CNTs composite as high-performance electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution reaction	20
Composite nanocatalysts of amino-organoalkoxysilanes functionalized palygorskite for Knoevenagel condensation reaction	20
Effects of magnesia and borax on the compressive strength and microstructure of phosphoric acid-activated metakaolin geopolymer	20
Tuning the synthesis of aluminosilicates to enhance metal cation uptake for heavy metal immobilization	20
Attenuation of Zn(II) and Cu(II) by low-alkali activated clay-fly ash liners	20
Bentonite swelling pressure response to temperature change	20
Hydraulic conductivity, microstructure and texture of compacted claystone/ bentonite mixtures saturated with different solutions	20
Simultaneous removal of antimony(III/V) and arsenic(III/V) from aqueous solution by bacteria–mediated kaolin@Fe–Mn binary (hydr)oxides composites	20
Compressibility of a binary bentonite-based mixture with particular emphasis on pellet orientation	20
Halloysite-based aerogels by bidirectional freezing with mechanical properties, thermal insulation and flame retardancy	20
Fabrication of transparent ultrathin films with ordered solid luminescence by LBL assembly of CdTe quantum dots with exfoliated vermiculite	20
Evolution of kaolinite morphology upon exfoliation and dissolution: Evidence for nanoscale layer thinning in metakaolin	20
Construction of spherical montmorillonite supported Cu-based catalyst doping with a covalent organic framework for 4-nitrophenol removal	20
Influence of metakaolin on the hydration and microstructure evolution of cement paste during the early stage	20
Designing general use cement with calcined illite and limestone filler	20
Photoinduced cooling effect of water-retentive composite of TiO2 and saponite	20
Rheological properties of concentrated allophane, halloysite, and kaolinite suspensions	19
Thermal insulation performance of rock wool reinforced kaolinite-based porous geopolymer	19
Synthesis of phosphonitrile derivative-modified halloysite flame retardants and their simultaneous enhancement of epoxy resins flame retardancy and mechanical properties	19
Palygorskite-Mn(II): An efficient and recyclable heterogeneous catalyst for the synthesis of quinolines	19
Conductive halloysite clay nanotubes for high performance sodium ion battery cathode	19
Controlled assembly of heterogeneous aggregates of clay, iron hydr(oxydes) and polysaccharide: Effects of preparation conditions	19
Vermiculite aerogels assembled from nanosheets via metal ion induced fast gelation	19
Interaction of vanadates with Mg/Al and Mg/Fe LDH intercalated with carbonates and sulphates based on experimental data and surface complexation modelling	19
Polymer nanocomposites to modify crude oil waxy crystallization: Influence of content and type of clay (mineral)	19
Polymer-modified halloysite nanotubes with high adhesion and UV-shielding properties for chlopyrifos application on cotton leaves	19
Cross-linked polymer modified layered double hydroxide nanosheet stabilized CsPbBr3 perovskite quantum dots for white light-emitting diode	19
Two agitation routes for the adsorption of Reactive Red 120 dye on NiFe LDH/AC nanosheets from wastewater and river water	19
Magnetite-facilitated growth of a layered double hydroxide film on steel for improved anti-corrosion	19
Sustained release and self activation of peroxydisulfate intercalated Ca/Al-layered double hydroxide in the remediation of organic contaminated soil	19
Montmorillonite modified with Fe3O4 and tannic acid for inhibition of S. aureus and MRSA biofilm formation	19
Recent progress in radionuclides adsorption by bentonite-based materials as ideal adsorbents and buffer/backfill materials	19
Adsorption of amino acids by montmorillonite and gibbsite: Adsorption isotherms and spectroscopic analysis	19
Catalytic hydrogenolysis over Cu-based oxide derived from hydrotalcite-like structured materials: Reaction condition optimization and artificial neural network modelling	19
Anisotropy in particle orientation controls water diffusion in clay materials	19
Biocomposites based on bentonite and lecithin: An experimental approach supported by molecular dynamics	19
Blocking endogenous phosphorus release in sediments by a hydrotalcite mixture synthesized with natural sepiolite and discarded cans	19
Editorial Board	18
Correlation of acid sites with morphology of layered silicates	18
Mechanical activation of kaolinite for sodalite synthesis under mild conditions	18
Techniques for porewater extraction from clayrocks	18
Physical and mechanical properties of ceramics: insights into raw material selection in prehistoric pottery production in Croatia	18
Editorial Board	18
Development of eco-friendly ceramic tiles incorporating sugarcane bagasse ash	18
Safe and targeted detoxification of aflatoxins from contaminated peanut oil by palygorskite infiltrated with Span series surfactant	18
Enhanced antimicrobics of peroxidase-like Cu2O/NPC from Cu-MOF presented in palygorskite	18
Inclusion/energy transfer/release of L-ascorbate in the interlayer gallery of layered yttrium hydroxide	18
An enhanced electrokinetic system for remediation of Cu-polluted clay soils by integrating purging solutions and intermittent power	18
Editorial Board	18
Cesium transport in Czech compacted bentonite: Planar source and through diffusion methods evaluated considering non-linearity of sorption isotherm	18
Solution-blow spinning halloysite nanotube loaded chitosan-polyethylene oxide fibrous membrane as hemostatic dressings	18
ZIF-8/magadiite layered silicate heterostructure for battery-type supercapacitors	18
Eco-friendly composite materials of polybutylene succinate with clay minerals, lignin and canabrava fiber	18