OOIR: Observatory of International Research

Papers

(The median citation count of Journal of Basic Microbiology is 1. The table below lists those papers that are above that threshold based on CrossRef citation counts [max. 250 papers]. The publications cover those that have been published in the past four years, i.e., from 2021-06-01 to 2025-06-01.)

Article	Citations
	227
Cyanide removal from aqueous environment by resting cells and PTFE immobilized cells of Sphingobacterium spp.	159
Investigation of CaMV‐host co‐evolution through synonymous codon pattern	112
The Escherichia coli DnaK chaperone stimulates the α‐complementation of β‐galactosidase	67
Myxobacteria from animal dung pellets collected from northwestern Himalayas: A new source of di‐isobutyl phthalate	58
Overexpression of MrEsa1 accelerated growth, increased ascospores yield, and the polyketide production in Monascus ruber	54
Issue Information: Journal of Basic Microbiology. 5/2023	48
Cover: Journal of Basic Microbiology. 6/2022	44
Cover: Journal of Basic Microbiology. 2/2025	39
	39
Development of an efficient iterative genome editing method in Bacillus subtilis using the CRISPR‐AsCpf1 system	37
Issue Information: Journal of Basic Microbiology. 4/2024	34
Cover: Journal of Basic Microbiology. 12/2023	34
Microbial Art Fixation on Agar Plate: MicArt Fixation for Microbiology Teaching	32
Harnessing Biocontrol Potential of Streptomyces rochei Against Pythium aphanidermatum: Efficacy and Mechanisms	30
Autoinducer‐2‐mediated quorum‐sensing system resists T4 phage infection in Escherichia coli	29
Adaptive Development of Soil Bacterial Communities to Ecological Processes Caused by Mining Subsidence	29
AMPK Activates Cellulase Secretion in Penicillium funiculosum by Downregulating P‐HOG1 MAPK Levels	28
Rhizobacteria Revolution: Amplifying Crop Resilience and Yield in a Changing Climate Through Plant Growth Promotion	28
Optimization of granular formulations of Metarhizium humberi microsclerotia with humectants	25
Bactericidal potential of different size sericin‐capped silver nanoparticles synthesized by heat, light, and sonication	24
The Function of TER94 of Spodoptera frugiperda 9 Cells When Infected With Invertebrate Iridescent Virus‐6	23
AdpA_lin regulates lincomycin and melanin biosynthesis by modulating precursors flux in Streptomyces lincolnensis	22
Green Synthesis of Silver‐Doped ZnO Nanoparticles From Adiantum venustum D. Don (Pteridaceae): Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Evaluation	22
Enhanced Antibacterial and Anti‐Inflammatory Efficiency of Serratiopeptidase Immobilized on CMC‐Silver Nanoparticles	22

Issue Information: Journal of Basic Microbiology. 7/2023	21
	21
Special Focus: Ecological services of Gram‐positives	20
Microbial bio‐film calcite mediated removal of heavy metals from industrial wastewater of Kasur, Pakistan	20
Changes and bioactivities on volatile organic compounds of endophytic fungi Neurospora dictyophora 3ZF‐02 in different ages	20
Transcriptome analysis of Armillaria gallica 012 m in response to auxin	20
Role of Orphan ParA Proteins in Replication and Cell Division in Rhodococcus erythropolis PR4	19
A new model for the formation of an Enterococcus faecalis endodontic biofilm with nutritional restriction	18
Issue Information: Journal of Basic Microbiology. 1/2025	18
Cosmos white rot: First characterization, physiology, host range, disease resistance, and chemical control	18
Nicotinamide Mononucleotide From Bacillus licheniformis MW301654 Unravels the Nematicidal Property Against Meloidogyne incognita	18
Cold‐active catalase from the psychrotolerant fungus Penicillium griseofulvum	18
DGK1 as a Target of Gemfibrozil to Induce Lipid Accumulation via the Transcription Factors TUP1/CYC8 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae	17
Extraction and characterization of microalgae‐derived phenolics for pharmaceutical applications: A systematic review	17
Biofilm Formation and Detoxification of Hexavalent Chromium by Bacillus subtilis: A Sustainable Approach to Bioremediation	17
Cover: Journal of Basic Microbiology. 5/2025	17
Biological Control of Microbial Pectinolytic Plant Pathogens Causing Soft Rot of Fruits and Vegetables	17
Cover: Journal of Basic Microbiology. 5/2024	16
Antibiotic Resistance Dissemination and Mapping in the Environment Through Surveillance of Wastewater	16
Cover: Journal of Basic Microbiology. 12/2021	16
Characterization of actinobacteria from wheat seeds for plant growth promoting traits and protection against fungal pathogens	16
Effectiveness of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles against bacterial biofilms: Perspectives and limitations	16
Emerging and advanced membrane technology for wastewater treatment: A review	16
Cover: Journal of Basic Microbiology. 11/2022	15
Efficacy and Ultrastructural Impact of Metarhizium anisopliae and Metarhizium robertsii on Myllocerus subfasciatus	15
Human monkeypox: An updated appraisal on epidemiology, evolution, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and treatment strategies	15
Cover: Journal of Basic Microbiology. 9/2023	14
	14
Cocoa‐associated filamentous fungi for the biocontrol of aflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus	13
Optical mapping of the Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melongenae genome	13
Effect of Acanthamoeba Spp. Cell‐Free Supernatants on Some Bacterial Pathogens	13
Wastewater monitoring of SARS‐CoV‐2 gene for COVID‐19 epidemiological surveillance in Tucumán, Argentina	13
High Temperatures and Bacillus Inoculation Affect the Diversity of Bradyrhizobia in Cowpea Root Nodules	13
Pharmaceutical prospects of biosurfactants produced from fungal species	13
Viral AMGs‐driven pentose phosphate pathway in natural wetland	13
Seasonality and Activity of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in the Rhizosphere of Endemic Tree Species	13
Cover: Journal of Basic Microbiology. 11/2024	12
Tracking and plant growth‐promoting effect of Paraburkholderia tropica MTo‐293 applied to Solanum lycopersicum	12
Cover: Journal of Basic Microbiology. 1/2022	12
Green titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles assisted biodegradation of anthracene employing Serratia quinivorans HP5	12
Metabolomic Profiling and Genome‐Wide Analysis of Bacillus subtilis NBAIR‐BSWG1 Reveals Cyclic Lipopeptides as Key Antagonists	12
Emerging strategies and therapeutic innovations for combating drug resistance in Staphylococcus aureus strains: A comprehensive review	12
Influence of cyanobacterial inoculants, elevated carbon dioxide, and temperature on plant and soil nitrogen in soybean	12
Characterization of the Synergistic Effect of Fungal Isolates in Suppressing Ganoderma boninense and Enhancing Oil Palm Growth	12
Issue Information: Journal of Basic Microbiology. 5/2024	12
Co‐augmentation of a transport gene mfsT1 in Mycolicibacterium neoaurum with genome engineering to enhance ergothioneine production	11
	11
Deciphering the Mechanisms and Biotechnological Implications of Nanoparticle Synthesis Through Microbial Consortia	11
	11
Regulatory Players in Mycorrhizal‐Bacterial‐Plant Interactions	11

Optimization and biochemical characterization of a thermotolerant processive cellulase, PtCel1, of Parageobacillus thermoglucosidasius NBCB1	11
Multifaceted Rhizobacterial Co‐Inoculation Enhances Drought‐Stress Tolerance in Tomato: Insights Into Physiological, Biochemical, and Molecular Responses	11
YfiF, an unknown protein, affects initiation timing of chromosome replication in Escherichia coli	11
A simple approach for random genomic insertion–deletions using ambiguous sequences in Escherichia coli	10
Issue Information: Journal of Basic Microbiology. 1/2022	10
Linalool‐zinc oxide nanocomposite controls Toxoplasma gondii infection through inhibiting inflammation, oxidative stress, and pathogenicity	10
	10
	10
Isolation, Plant Growth‐Promoting Properties, and Whole‐Genome Sequence of a Novel Paenibacillus Species	10
	10
COMPASS core subunits MpSet1 and MpSwd3 regulate Monascus pigments synthesis in Monascus purpureus	9
Evaluation of Biocontrol of Mycosphaerella fijiensis by five Species of Rhizosphere Fungi of Plantain	9
The Biological Characteristics of Nematophagous Fungus Esteya vermicola Fxy121 Strain and Its Specific Detection	9
Special issue: Plant growth promotion to biomass degradation	9
Transcriptomic analysis of the fungus Graphilbum sp. in response to the pine wood nematode	9
Development, Shelf Stability, and In‐Vitro Evaluation of Liquid Bacterial Inoculant Acinetobacter lwoffii Strain PAU_31LN	9
Metabolomics integrated with transcriptomics reveals the changes during developmental stages in Shiraia bambusicola	9
Comparative Analysis of phaC1 and phaC2 Genes Encoding Polyhydroxyalkanoate Synthase in Cupriavidus malaysiensis USMAA1020^T	9
Paradigms of actinorhizal symbiosis under the regime of global climatic changes: New insights and perspectives	8
Study on the virulence of Metarhizium anisopliae against Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith, 1797)	8
Carbon‐Based Nanomaterials Alter the Behavior and Gene Expression Patterns of Bacteria	8
AMF and PSB applications modulated the biochemical and mineral content of the eggplants	8
Phylogeny and pathogenicity of Fusarium solani species complex (FSSC) associated with potato tubers	8
Cellular dormancy: A widespread phenomenon that perpetuates infectious diseases	8
Surfactin Activating KinB to Sense and Utilize Carbon Sources Against Cannibalism in Bacillus amyloliquefaciens	8
Issue Information: Journal of Basic Microbiology. 8/2024	8
Arsenic Detoxification Using Arsenic‐Resistant Bacteria Bacillus cereus SP21 and Bacillus toyonensis SP23: A Laboratory‐Scale Study	8
Diversity and distribution of thermophilic microorganisms and their applications in biotechnology	8
Peanut‐Colonized Piriformospora indica Enhanced Drought Tolerance by Modulating the Enzymes and Expression of Drought‐Related Genes	8
Anti‐MRSA and clot lysis activities of Pestalotiopsis microspora isolated from Dillenia pentagyna Roxb	8
Enhancing the Phytoremediation of Heavy Metals by Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) Consortium: A Narrative Review	8
Molecular Mimicry by Bacterial Effector Proteins	8
Differentially Expressed Genes (DEGs) in Umbelliferone (UMB) Producing Endophytic Fusarium oxysporum (ZzEF8) Following Epigenetic Modification	8
Pioneering Nit Gene Exploitation to Develop Molecular Diagnostic Assay for Rapid Detection of Cotton Root Rot Incitant, Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid, in Field Soil	8
Issue Information: Journal of Basic Microbiology. 12/2022	8
Evaluation of growth and carotenoid production by a green microalga Scenedesmus quadricauda PUMCC 4.1.40. under optimized culture conditions	8
Prospective of fungal pathogen‐based bioherbicides for the control of water hyacinth: A review	8
Heavy metal contamination impacts the structure and co‐occurrence patterns of bacterial communities in agricultural soils	7
	7
Insights into the genomic features and lifestyle of B1 subcluster mycobacteriophages	7
Synthesis and characterization of 4‐nitro benzaldehyde with ZnO‐based nanoparticles for biomedical applications	7
Actinobacteria as Proficient Biocontrol Agents for Combating Fungal Diseases in Forest Plant Species	7
Mycobacterium fortuitum fabG4knockdown studies: Implication as pellicle and biofilm specific drug target	7
Issue Information: Journal of Basic Microbiology. 3‐4/2022	7
Transcription factor GlbHLH regulates hyphal growth, stress resistance, and polysaccharide biosynthesis in Ganoderma lucidum	7
Evaluation of algal active compounds as potent antibiofilm agent	7
Algae bioprocess to deal with cosmetic chemical pollutants in natural ecosystems: A comprehensive review	7
Marine actinomyceteStreptomyces variabilisS26 as a biocontrol agent for vibriosis in shrimp larval rearing systems	7
Genetic diversity and population structure of Fusarium udum in India and its correlation with pigeonpea wilt incidence	7
Bioactive molecules from fungal endophytes and their applications in pharmaceutical industries: challenges and future scope	7
Nanobioremediation: A sustainable approach towards the degradation of sodium dodecyl sulfate in the environment and simulated conditions	6
Strain‐dependent effectivity, and protective role against enzymes of S‐layers in Lactiplantibacillus plantarum strains	6
Importance of biofilm formation for promoting plant growth under salt stress in Pseudomonas putida KT2440	6
	6
First report of betalain production from endolichenic Bacillus sp. LDAB‐1 from Dirinaria aegilita: Insights from novel quantification methodology of image processing	6
Cover: Journal of Basic Microbiology. 9/2024	6
Enhancing bioflavor production by solid‐state fermentation using Kluyveromyces marxianus and l‐phenylalanine	6
Effect of Acetic Acid on Biofilm Formation in Paracidovorax citrulli, Causal Agent of Bacterial Fruit Blotch	6
Special issue: Cell biology and biotechnology	6
Isolation and characterization of a cold‐active, detergent‐stable protease from Serratia sp. TGS1	6
Issue Information: Journal of Basic Microbiology. 12/2023	6
Impact of Biofilms on Surface Properties of Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA) Resins	6
Issue Information: Journal of Basic Microbiology. 10/2024	6
Insights into the role of vaginal microbiome in women's health	6
Qualitative and Untargeted Volatilome Fingerprinting of Aspergillus sp. and Bulbithecium sp. by HS‐SPME‐GCMS and Functional Interactions	6
Enhancement of toyocamycin production through increasing supply of precursor GTP in Streptomyces diastatochromogenes 1628	6
Antifungal activities of Bacillus velezensis FJAT‐52631 and its lipopeptides against anthracnose pathogen Colletotrichum acutatum	6
Phytophthora cinnamomi causing root rot on Rhododendron lapponicum and control it using potential biocontrol agents	6
α‐Glucosidase inhibitory effect of an anthraquinonoid produced by Fusarium incarnatum GDZZ‐G2	6
Sporosarcina hypophthalmichthys sp. nov. Isolated From Gastrointestinal Tract of Fish Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Valenciennes, 1844)	5
Investigation of the effects of antimicrobial and anti‐biofilm peptide IDR1018 and chitosan nanoparticles on ciprofloxacin‐resistant Escherichia coli	5
Issue Information: Journal of Basic Microbiology. 7/2021	5
Serendipita indica chitinase protects rice from the blast and bakanae diseases	5
Biological pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse for the production of fungal laccase and bacterial cellulase	5
Antibacterial and antibiofilm effects of green synthesized selenium nanoparticles on clinical Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates	5
Bacteriostatic effects of phage F23s1 and its endolysin on Vibrio parahaemolyticus	5
Bacillus subtilis BR4 derived stigmatellin Y interferes Pqs‐PqsR mediated quorum sensing system of Pseudomonas aeruginosa	5
A Comprehensive Review of Antimicrobial Drugs: Mechanisms of Action and Specific Targets in Microorganisms	5
Cover: Journal of Basic Microbiology. 3‐4/2022	5
Expression regulation of chitin‐binding protein and metal‐binding peptide in new Bacillus velezensis: MALDI‐TOF MS/MS analysis	5

Streptococcus suis Deploys Multiple ATP‐Dependent Proteases for Heat Stress Adaptation	5
Nonanol, an Induced Biomolecule Produced by Bacillus atrophaeus NMB01 During Interaction With Phytophthora infestans Can be Explored as a Novel Formulation for the Management of Late Bli	5
Salt‐tolerant plant growth‐promoting Pseudomonas atacamensis KSS‐6 in combination with organic manure enhances rice yield, improves nutrient content and soil properties under salinity stress	5
Effects of long‐term fertilizer practices on rhizosphere soil nitrogen mineralization in the double‐cropping rice field	5
Deciphering the Biocontrol Potential of Trichoderma asperellum (Tv1) Against Fusarium‐Nematode Wilt Complex in Tomato	5
Mobilome‐Mediated Speciation: Genomic Insights Into Horizontal Gene Transfer in Methanosarcina	5
Contribution of bacterial cells as nucleation centers in microbiologically induced CaCO₃ precipitation—A mathematical modeling approach	5
Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using actinomycetes, phytotoxicity on rice seeds, and potential application in the biocontrol of phytopathogens	5
Microbial community composition and soil metabolism in the coexisting Cordyceps militaris and Ophiocordyceps highlandensis	5
Codon usage bias of secretory protein in Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense tropical race 4	5
Exploring colorant production by amazonian filamentous fungi: Stability and applications	5
Novel strategies for extraction, purification, processing, and stability improvement of bioactive molecules	4
Issue Information: Journal of Basic Microbiology. 10/2022	4
Optimization of Fermentation Conditions of Cordyceps militaris and In Silico Analysis of Antifungal Property of Cordycepin Against Plant Pathogens	4
Effect of inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the energy metabolism of selenite‐rich amaranth	4
	4
Would it be possible to use nonpathogenic fungi to improve the turnover of crop residues?	4
Tolerance to NSAIDs in Actinobacteria From a Mexican Volcano Crater: Genomics and Bioremediation Potential	4
Bioprospecting the potential of metabolites from a Saharan saline soil strainNocardiopsis dassonvilleiGSBS4	4
Issue Information: Journal of Basic Microbiology. 8/2023	4
Home‐field advantage in litter decomposition: A critical review from a microbial perspective	4
Global regulatory factor AaLaeA upregulates the production of antitumor substances in the endophytic fungus Alternaria alstroemeria	4
An Overview on Nocardiopsis Species Originating From North African Biotopes as a Promising Source of Bioactive Compounds and In Silico Genome Mining Analysis of Three Sequenced Genomes	4
A rapid PCR‐based method to determine the Neurospora crassa mating type	4
Dispersion of synonymous codon usage patterns in hepatitis E virus genomes derived from various hosts	4
Cover: Journal of Basic Microbiology. 1/2024	4
Special issue: Fungal ecology	4
Cover: Journal of Basic Microbiology. 6/2024	4
Cover: Journal of Basic Microbiology. 3‐4/2023	4
	4
Root endophytic bacterial community composition of Aconitum carmichaelii debx. from three main producing areas in China	4
Exploring In Vitro Antibiofilm Potential and In Vivo Toxicity Assessment of Gold Nanoparticles	4
Genetic Adaptations and Mechanistic Insights Into Bacterial Bioremediation in Ecosystems	4
Identification of a new phytotoxic compound from culture filtrates of an aggressive Rhizoctonia solani AG 1A isolate inducing sheath blight of rice	4
Characterization of Sulfur Oxidizing Bacteria and Their Effect on Growth Promotion of Brassica napus L.	4
Molecular and functional analysis of naphthalene‐degrading bacteria isolated from the effluents of indigenous tanneries	4
A new l‐serine binding orphan SerBP affects indole synthesis in Pantoea ananatis	4
Special Focus: The Potential of Gram‐Positive Bacteria	4
	4
Metformin promotes bacterial surface aggregation by inhibiting the swimming motility of flagellated Escherichia coli	3
Biosynthesis of poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐3‐hydroxvalerate) from volatile fatty acids by Cupriavidus necator	3
Cover: Journal of Basic Microbiology. 6/2023	3
Recent Advancements and Strategies for Omega‐3 Fatty Acid Production in Yeast	3
Assessment of Lethal, Sublethal, Transgenerational, and Biochemical Effects of Isaria fumosorosea on Mythimna separata	3
Lead metal biosorption and isotherms studies by metal‐resistant Bacillus strain MRS‐2 bacterium	3
Resolution of inter/intraspecies variation in Weissella group requires multigene analysis and functional characterization	3
Phage resistance of Salmonella enterica obtained by transposon Tn5‐mediated SefR gene silent mutation	3
Pathogenicity of Metarhizium rileyi (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) against Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)	3
Issue Information: Journal of Basic Microbiology. 11/2022	3
Issue Information: Journal of Basic Microbiology. 11/2024	3
Issue Information: Journal of Basic Microbiology. 2/2025	3
Effects of low temperature and highlight stress on lipid accumulation and cell structure of Tropidoneis maxima	3
Bioinformatics analysis of gene bhsA and its role in Ca²⁺‐treated Escherichia coli	3
White‐rot fungus Phlebia floridensis ITM 12: Laccase production, oxidoreductase profile, and hydrogen‐peroxide independent activity	3
Screening biosurfactant‐producing actinomycetes: Identification of Streptomyces sp. RP1 as a potent species for bioremediation	3
Investigating the role of Bacillus subtilis type II toxin–antitoxin system in drought stress survival	3
Bioprospecting of endophytic fungi from semidesert candelilla (Euphorbia antisyphiliticaZucc): Potential for extracellular enzyme production	3
Meldrum's acid derivates are MepA efflux pump inhibitors: In vitro and in silico essays	3
Arsenic Stress Mitigation Using a Novel Plant Growth‐Promoting Bacterial Strain Bacillus mycoides NR5 in Spinach Plant (Spinacia oleracea L.)	3
Issue Information: Journal of Basic Microbiology. 5/2022	3
Ganoderma lucidum: Insights on host range, diagnosis, and management strategies	3
Role of narL gene in the pathogenesis of Salmonella Typhimurium	3
Genome sequencing and genomic analysis ofAmycolatopsis tucumanensisDSM 45259 applicable in gray, red, and nano‐biotechnology	3
Issue Information: Journal of Basic Microbiology. 9/2021	3
The regulatory functions of oxylipins in fungi: A review	3
	3
	3
Harnessing Microbial Consortia for Sustainable Management of Corm Rot of Saffron	3
Global scenario of Plasmodium vivax occurrence and resistance pattern	3
Cover: Journal of Basic Microbiology. 1/2025	3
Exploration of novel syringic esters as antifungal agent against phytopathogenic fungi of maize: Structure‐activity studies	3
Antibacterial activity of novel synthesized chitosan‐graft‐poly(N‐tertiary butylacrylamide)/neodymium composites for biomedical application	3
	3
Isolation and characterization of chitinolytic bacterium, Escherichia fergusonii AMC01 from insectivorous bat, Taphozous melanopogon	3
Issue Information: Journal of Basic Microbiology. 7/2022	3
Antarctica's hidden mycoviral treasures in fungi isolated from mosses: A first genomic approach	3
Bioactive Streptomycetes: A Powerful Tool to Synthesize Diverse Nanoparticles With Multifarious Properties	2
Identification of sustainable trypsin active‐site inhibitors from Nigrospora sphaerica strain AVA‐1	2
Issue Information: Journal of Basic Microbiology. 3/2025	2
Bioprospecting Cold‐Adapted Indole Acetic Acid‐Producing Bacteria With Multifaceted Plant Growth Promoting Traits for Wheat Growth From Ghulkin Glacier, Pakistan	2
AaLaeA targets AaFla1 to mediate the production of antitumor compound in Alternaria alstroemeria	2
Antimicrobial properties of green synthesized novel TiO₂ nanoparticles using Iranian propolis extracts	2
Construction of Anthocyanin Biosynthesis System Using Chalcone as a Substrate in Lactococcus lactis NZ9000	2
SPECIAL ISSUE	2
Use of Trichoderma koningiopsis chitinase to enhance the insecticidal activity of Beauveria bassiana against Diatraea saccharalis	2
Molecular Mechanisms of Cell Death in Leishmania donovani Induced by Selected Steroidal Alkaloids	2
A Review on Rare and Symbiotic Actinobacteria: Emerging Biotechnological Tools Against Antimicrobial Resistance	2
Unearthing the therapeutic benefits of culinary‐medicinal mushrooms for humans: Emerging sustainable bioresources of 21st century	2
Unraveling the enzymatic and antibacterial potential of rare halophilic actinomycetes from Algerian hypersaline wetland ecosystems	2
The role of Acpbs2 in the asexual sporulation, stress response and carbon metabolism of Aspergillus cristatus	2
Enhanced extracellular β‐mannanase production by overexpressing PrsA lipoprotein in Bacillus subtilis and optimizing culture conditions	2
Cover: Journal of Basic Microbiology. 12/2024	2
Production of iturin A by Bacillus velezensis ND and its biological control characteristics	2
	2
Comparison of biosynthetic zinc oxide nanoparticle and glucantime cytotoxic effects on Leishmania major (MRHO/IR/75/ER)	2