Brain Injury

Papers
(The median citation count of Brain Injury is 1. The table below lists those papers that are above that threshold based on CrossRef citation counts [max. 250 papers]. The publications cover those that have been published in the past four years, i.e., from 2021-06-01 to 2025-06-01.)
ArticleCitations
The Cardiac Autonomic Response Recovery to the Modified Tilt Test in Children Post Moderate–Severe Traumatic Brain Injury31
Identifying prioritization criteria for patients with mtbi waiting for multidisciplinary rehabilitation services: A Delphi study26
Metacognitive accuracy predicts self-reported quality of life following traumatic brain injury24
Evolution of dizziness-related disability in children following concussion: a group-based trajectory analysis23
14th World Congress on Brain Injury Abstracts22
18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron-emitted tomography for predicting neurological outcome in hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy20
Treatment of severe traumatic brain injury with human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell extracellular vesicles: a case report19
Understanding of head injury assessment and return to play processes and associated factors in United States Major League Rugby players18
What traditional neuropsychological assessment got wrong about mild traumatic brain injury. II: limitations in test development, research design, statistical and psychometric issues17
“Part of the world again”: qualitative enquiry into community participation during inpatient rehabilitation and transition years following severe brain injury16
Comparison of veterans affairs and NIDILRR traumatic brain injury model systems participants with disorders of consciousness16
Do concussion clinicians use clinical practice guidelines?15
Multi-level outcomes for young adults with acquired brain injury through a remote intensive cognitive rehabilitation approach: a pilot intervention study15
Agreement between telerehabilitation and face-to-face orofacial myofunctional assessment in persons with acquired brain injury15
Cognitive and emotional impairment in stroke survivors: insights from a multi-center study on inpatient rehabilitation therapy14
Predicting length of stay with assessment of motor and process skills in subjects with acquired brain injury14
An overview of systematic reviews on the pharmacological randomized controlled trials for reducing intracranial pressure after traumatic brain injury14
Video-consulting to address mental health needs after traumatic brain injury: evaluation of a training workshop to build capacity among psychologists13
mTBI evaluation, management, and referral to allied healthcare: practices of first-line healthcare professionals13
Cognitive-Linguistic outcome in moderate to severe diffuse axonal injury and association with fatigue13
Feasibility and efficacy of a group intervention to develop social support and resilience in family members of individuals with TBI12
Improvement in balance from diagnosis to return-to-play initiation following a sport-related concussion: BESS scores vs center-of-pressure measures12
Non–pharmacological interventions for sleep disruptions and fatigue after traumatic brain injury: a scoping review12
Psychosocial assessment in brain injury: An international social work survey12
Apathetic symptoms and white matter integrity after traumatic brain injury11
Family members’ and friends’ reports after standard and intensive group treatment for social communication difficulties following acquired brain injury – a mixed method approach11
Interventions to support children after a parental acquired brain injury: a scoping review11
Looking beyond body structure and function: a scoping review of non-impairment impacts of stroke on adolescents11
Galantamine combined with cognitive rehabilitation on post-stroke cognitive impairment: a proof-of-concept study11
Contextual factors of financial capability and financial well-being for adults living with brain injury: a qualitative photovoice study11
10-year variability in high and low life satisfaction trajectories post-traumatic brain injury: a TBI model systems study11
Clinical pharmacist’s contribution to treatment adherence and quality of life in patients with stroke11
Long-term effects of multiple concussions on prefrontal cortex oxygenation during repeated squat-stands in retired contact sport athletes11
Sexuality >1 year after brain injury rehabilitation: A cross-sectional study in Sweden10
Anxiety mediates the relationship between caregiver burden and preparedness in individuals with acquired brain injury: meta-analytic structural equation modeling10
Health symptoms after war zone deployment-related mild traumatic brain injury: contributions of mental disorders and lifetime brain injuries10
Rotterdam and Marshall Scores for Prediction of in-hospital Mortality in Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury: An observational study10
Changes in depression symptoms over 10 years after TBI; a long-term prospective study10
The weight of multiple hits: how TBI and infectious encephalitis co-modulate adverse outcomes9
Does cognitive learning potential measured with the dynamic Wisconsin Card Sorting Test predict rehabilitation outcome in elderly patients post-stroke?9
Developing a model of return to school: A Traumatic Brain Injury Model Systems study9
Validity, internal consistency, and responsiveness of the Turkish version of The Family Needs Questionnaire-Revised9
Life and suicide following brain injury: a personal and professional account9
Low-velocity penetrating brain injury: a review of the literature and illustrative case9
Functional Gait Disorders: Clinical presentations, Phenotypes and Implications for treatment9
Association between post-concussion symptoms and oculomotor deficits among adolescents9
Epidemiology and outcomes of brain trauma in rural and urban populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis9
Spastic muscle stiffness evaluated using ultrasound elastography and evoked electromyogram in patients following severe traumatic brain injury: an observational study9
Neuroimaging to enhance understanding of cardiovascular autonomic changes associated with mild traumatic brain injury: a scoping review8
The impact of personal protective factors on quality of life after traumatic brain injury8
Association of concussion/brain injury symptoms and diagnosis with mental and social well-being in 2020 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) children8
Cognitive profile of mild traumatic brain injury patients requiring acute hospitalization – A UC davis cognitive screener (UCD-Cog) study8
Relationship between severity of concussion’s symptoms and functional performance in children8
Mechanism of HDAC2 regulating Nrf2 acetylation level in neuronal ferroptosis of neonatal rats with hypoxic-ischemic brain injury8
Serum neurofilament light levels are correlated to long-term neurocognitive outcome measures after cardiac arrest8
Return to work in persons with persistent postconcussion symptoms: a survey study examining the perspectives of employees and managers8
Redefining adjustment after acquired brain injury8
Significant initial hyperglycemia in young children with intracranial hemorrhage related to abuse8
The effectiveness and safety of botulinum toxin treatment for sialorrhea due to severe brain injury7
Validation of a modified-composite autonomic symptom score (COMPASS-31) as an outcome measure for persistent autonomic symptoms post-concussion: an observational pilot study7
Medical complications and advance medical decision-making in the minimally conscious state7
Detection of visuomotor dysfunction in mild traumatic brain injury using binocular retinal polarization scanning7
Navigating concussion – community rugby players’ experiences of a concussion management initiative in New Zealand7
Adults are not older adolescents: comparing physical therapy findings among adolescents, young adults and older adults with persistent post-concussive symptoms7
Baseline concussion assessment performance of community-based senior rugby players: a cross-sectional study7
Modification of heart rate variability induced by focal muscle vibration in patients with severe acquired brain injury7
Management of neurotrauma during COVID-19: a single centre experience and lessons for the future7
Implementation and modification of a service model for community transitional rehabilitation for people with acquired brain injury7
MiR-21 participates in the neuroprotection of diazoxide against hypoxic-ischemia encephalopathy by targeting PDCD47
An online self-study mindfulness-based stress reduction course for people suffering from mental fatigue after an acquired brain injury7
Neurobiology of traumatic brain injury7
Gymnastics and concussions: A retrospective chart review7
Improvement of gait and balance function in chronic post-stroke patients induced by Lower Extremity – Constraint Induced Movement Therapy : a randomized controlled clini7
Development of an MMPI reference group for outpatients with persisting symptoms following mild TBI7
Regulating emotion following severe traumatic brain injury: a randomized controlled trial of heart-rate variability biofeedback training6
Reemergence of the language network during recovery from severe traumatic brain injury: A pilot functional MRI study6
Incidence of sports-related concussion in elite para athletes – a 52-week prospective study6
Speech recovery after single-dose zolpidem in two minimally conscious patients with severe traumatic brain injuries: a case report6
Rasch analysis of the depression anxiety stress scales-21 (DASS-21) in a mild traumatic brain injury sample6
“If you respect me, you are respecting my culture”: methods and recommendations for personalizing a TBI transitional care intervention6
Understanding factors influencing exercise program adherence for youth with persistent post-concussive symptoms (PPCS)6
Development of a pneumonia risk score for post-acute rehabilitation in patients with severe acquired brain injury6
Study on the autophagy-related mechanism of puerarin in improving the cognitive impairment induced by alcohol in female mice6
Pediatric concussion working memory outcomes: a scoping review6
Sodium aescinate ameliorates chronic neuropathic pain in male mice via suppressing JNK/p38-mediated microglia activation6
Quality of life after brain injury-overall scale, Japanese version: assessment of reliability and validity6
Clinical validation of the Allen's Cognitive Level Screen in acquired brain injury6
Subjective executive dysfunction in patients with primary brain tumors and their informants: relationships with neurocognitive, psychological, and daily functioning6
β-HB inhibits the apoptosis of high glucose-treated astrocytes via activation of CREB/BDNF axis6
Concussion acutely disrupts auditory processing in division I football student-athletes6
Emotional awareness and expression difficulties in relation to pain experiences in people with brain injury and chronic pain: preliminary investigation6
Length of Stay, Cost, and Outcomes related to Traumatic Subdural Hematoma in inpatient setting in the United States6
Implementation of the strengths model of case management for people with a traumatic brain injury: a qualitative pre-implementation study6
Effects of aerobic exercise on concussion-related symptoms: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials6
Traumatic brain injury, cardiovascular disease, and risk of dementia among older US Veterans6
Generalized and visual anosognosia, Anosodiaphoria after bifrontal injury: symptom length and cognitive outcomes after one year from first report documented5
On-road driving remediation following acquired brain injury: a scoping review5
Changes in circulating microRNAs following head impacts in soccer5
Post-traumatic hyperoxia after pediatric TBI5
Concussion education perceptions among secondary school athletic trainers5
The Montreal Cognitive Assessment detects cognitive deficits that go unnoticed during clinical observation in the acute phase after stroke5
Concussion diagnosis and recovery in relation to collegiate athletic department classification: a LIMBIC MATARS consortium investigation5
Risk factors for development of long-term mood and anxiety disorder after pediatric traumatic brain injury: a population-based, birth cohort analysis5
Successful cognitive rehabilitation for acute right frontal aslant tract injury with impaired working memory and inattention using diffusion tensor tractography5
Adolescent and parent experiences with Tele-Active Rehabilitation for concussion: an exploratory qualitative study5
Management of migrating intracranial bullet fragments in a 13-year-old female after firearm brain injury: technical and surgical nuances5
Relationship between language comprehension and chronic neurobehavioral symptoms in adults with mild traumatic brain injury5
Epidural hematoma from impact while zorbing5
Case management for people with acquired brain injury: feasibility and effectiveness of a two-year pragmatic randomized controlled trial5
Hierarchical clustering of prolonged post-concussive symptoms after 12 months: symptom-centric analysis and association with functional impairments5
A Concussion Education Programme for Motorsport Drivers: A Field-Based Exploratory Pilot Study5
Peer mentoring for people with acquired brain injury – a systematic review5
The neuroprotective potential of carbazole in traumatic brain injury5
Building resilience among families supporting relatives with ABI in rural NSW: testing the feasibility of telephone delivery of Strength2Strength program5
Correction5
Prevalence of tinnitus following non-blast related traumatic brain injury: a systematic review of literature5
Endophenotype presentation of athletes with concussion contingent on sex and time since injury5
Utility of Person–Environment–Occupation model in exploring sex-specific causes of work-related traumatic brain injury: a retrospective chart review5
Sports Related Concussion Impacts Speech Rate and Muscle Physiology5
The impact of early surgical treatment of tracheal stenosis on neurorehabilitation outcome in patients with severe acquired brain injury5
Factors associated with concussion management behavior in Ladies Gaelic Football players5
The association between cardiac autonomic system function at the entrance to rehabilitation and walking-endurance two months later among children following-ABI5
Does training therapists to manage benign paroxysmal positional vertigo in patients with acute traumatic brain injury reduce vestibular neurology referrals?4
Virtual reality immerses you in your mind: the experience and stress-reduction benefits of VR mindfulness modules in persons with TBI4
Alterations in motor functional connectivity in Neonatal Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy4
A child who suffered from HSV encephalitis and AE with positive anti-MOG results: a case report4
Understanding loss to follow-up in a longitudinal study of people with traumatic brain injury4
Relationships between neuropsychological impairments and functional outcome eight years after severe traumatic brain injury: Results from the PariS-TBI study4
The Participation Assessment with Recombined Tools-Objective (PART-O): measurement properties of the Norwegian version after traumatic brain injury4
Depressed skull fracture compressing eloquent cortex causing focal neurologic deficits4
The epidemiological characteristics of pediatric head injury in Hangzhou, China: a retrospective study based on cranial CT examinations4
Validity of the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence, Second Edition (WASI-II) as an Indicator of Neurological Disease/Injury: A Pilot Study4
“Gender matters”: the development of infographics to raise awareness and promote gender-transformative care in traumatic brain injury4
Organizational characteristics of Brain Injury Clubhouse Model programs4
Physical activity and recovery following concussion in collegiate athletes: a LIMBIC MATARS Consortium Investigation4
Approach to adult Moyamoya disease presenting as bilateral anterior circulation infarcts: a case report4
Parent–Child communication about concussion: what role can the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s HEADS UP concussion in youth sports handouts play?4
Education on the consequences of traumatic brain injury for children and adolescents with TBI and families/caregivers: a systematic scoping review4
Brain magnetic resonance imaging without contrast significantly increased serum levels of IL-6, but not IL-10, IL-17A and TGF-β4
Clinical factors associated with delayed emergency department visit in intracranial traumatic brain injury: from a multicenter injury surveillance registry4
Barriers and enablers to physical activity for individuals living with traumatic brain injury: a mixed methods systematic review4
Olfactory perception in patients with a mild traumatic brain injury: a longitudinal study4
Sleep outcomes in pediatric mild traumatic brain injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence and contributing factors4
Endovascular embolization of spontaneous massive hemorrhage of a facial plexiform neurofibroma: case report and literature review4
Quality of life after brain injury in children and adolescents questionnaire – validation of the proxy version (QOLIBRI-KID/ADO-Proxy)4
A prospective observational cohort study of traumatic brain injury in the northern region of Sweden4
lncRNA PRR34-AS1 knockdown represses neuroinflammation and neuronal death in traumatic brain injury by inhibiting microRNA-498 expression4
Evaluation of the GCS-Pupils Score for PrOgnosis in trauMatic brAin injury- The COMA Study4
Evaluation of sport-related concussion using objective eye tracking4
Factor structure of the Modified Mini Mental State (3MS) exam among participants in inpatient neurorehabilitation4
Relationships between predisposing, precipitating, and perpetuating factors and executive functioning following mild traumatic brain injury4
The effect of processing speed on verbal and visual memory of adults with a chronic acquired brain injury4
Cognitive functions and symptoms predicting later use of psychiatric services following mild traumatic brain injury in school-age4
The influence of information processing speed on benefit from learning and memory rehabilitation in TBI: a sub-analysis of the TBI-MEM trial4
Circ_0062166 aggravates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury through targeting miR-526b-5p/BCL2L13 axis4
The development and the inter-rater agreement of a treatment protocol for vestibular/oculomotor rehabilitation in children and adolescents post-moderate-severe TBI4
Minimum detectable change and false positive rates of the vestibular/ocular motor screening (VOMS) tool: an NCAA-DoD care consortium analysis4
Effectiveness of exercise in improving quality of life in patients with traumatic brain injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis4
Cognitive fatigue in traumatic brain injury: a pilot study comparing state and trait fatigue4
LIMBIC military and tactical athlete research study: making lemonade 1014
Effectiveness of hypertonic saline infusion in management of traumatic brain injury: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials4
Follow-up visits after pediatric concussion and the factors associated with early follow-up: a population-based study in British Columbia4
Influence of sleep symptoms on recovery from concussion in collegiate athletes: a LIMBIC MATARS consortium investigation4
Symptom and performance validity in neuropsychological assessments of outpatients 15-30 years of age4
Improving post-concussion discharge education for families seeking emergency department care: intervention development4
Coping with stress before and after mild traumatic brain injury: a pilot hair cortisol study3
Personalized, parcel-guided non-invasive transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of post-concussive syndrome: safety and proof of concept3
Runx1 promotes neuronal injury in ischemic stroke through mediating miR-203-3p/Pde4d axis3
An exploratory study into the relationship between playing at home or away and concussion3
A cross-sectional cohort study of post-concussive symptoms and their relationships with depressive symptoms in youth with and without concussion3
Caregiving preparedness and depression as key predictors of quality of life in primary stroke caregivers: a cross-sectional study in Taiwan3
A rare case of herpes simplex virus encephalitis from viral reactivation following surgically treated traumatic brain injury3
Retrospective analysis of small intracranial hemorrhage in trauma: Is acute care surgery team management alone safe?3
¬Transcranial direct current stimulation improves sleep quality in patients with insomnia after traumatic brain injury3
Age-related smartphone use patterns among individuals with moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury3
Boswellia serrata extract shows cognitive benefits in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled pilot clinical trial in individuals who suffered traumatic brain injury3
Sex differences in cortical thickness and diffusion properties in patients with traumatic brain injury: a pilot study3
Cortical and cerebellar structural correlates of cognitive-motor integration performance in females with and without persistent concussion symptoms3
Changes in amplitude-integrated electroencephalography, neuron-specific enolase, and S100B in neonates with brain injury induced by neonatal hyperbilirubinemia and their significance3
Health outcomes of former division I college athletes3
Knowledge, familiarity and discrimination toward acquired brain injury in Chile: findings from the public, general practitioners and neurorehabilitation professionals3
The effect of transcranial direct current stimulation on cognitive performance in youth with persistent cognitive symptoms following concussion: a controlled pilot study3
Autoimmune Encephalitis and Related Disorders of the Nervous System3
Traumatic brain injury in adolescents: the relationship between high school exiting status and future productivity3
Current practices and beliefs regarding supporting dating skills in rehabilitation for traumatic brain injury: a survey study3
Ableism among children and youth with acquired brain injury and their caregivers: a systematic review3
PDTC improves cognitive impairment in LPS-induced ARDS by regulating miR-181c/NF-κB axis-mediated neuroinflammation3
Program evaluation of in-patient treatment units for adults with acquired brain injury and challenging behavior3
The burden of unsubstantiated messaging: collegiate athletes’ chronic traumatic encephalopathy mechanism beliefs3
Management of severe traumatic brain injury in regions with limited resources3
The effect of age on baseline neurocognitive performance3
Special acknowledgments on Dr Kreutzer’s retirement3
Characteristics, Outcomes, Sex and Gender Considerations of Community-Based Physical Activity Interventions after Moderate-to-Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: Scoping Review3
Sport concussion assessment in New Zealand high school rugby players: a collaborative approach to the challenges faced in primary care3
Child and family health-related quality of life and participation outcomes and goals after acquired brain injury: a cross-sectional survey3
Crocetin protects mouse brain from apoptosis in traumatic brain injury model through activation of autophagy3
Dodecafluoropentane improves neuro-behavioral outcomes and return of spontaneous circulation rate in a swine model of cardiac arrest3
Massive traumatic epidural hematoma in a child with suprasellar arachnoid cyst and hydrocephalus3
Effects of mTBI with loss of consciousness on neurobehavioral symptoms, depression, and insomnia in former collegiate and NFL football athletes3
Early targeted heart rate exercise is safe and May hasten return-to-duty in service members with acute concussion, a preliminary study3
Evidence of altered interhemispheric communication after pediatric concussion3
Beliefs affecting concussion reporting among military cadets: advanced observations through machine learning3
Recovery of symptoms, neurocognitive and vestibular-ocular-motor function and academic ability after sports-related concussion (SRC) in university-aged student-athletes: a systematic review3
Feasibility of a novel blended-care intervention for fatigue after acquired brain injury: a pilot study of the Tied by Tiredness intervention3
The management and rehabilitation of post-acute mild traumatic brain injury3
Effects of inpatient rehabilitation after acute care on functional and quality-of-life outcomes in children with severe traumatic brain injury3
Levetiracetam dosing for seizure prophylaxis in neurocritical care patients3
EEG reveals deficits in sensory gating and cognitive processing in asymptomatic adults with a history of concussion3
Effect of interventions on activity and participation outcomes for adults with brain injury: a scoping review3
Predictors of neurosurgical intervention in complicated mild traumatic brain injury patients: a retrospective cohort study3
History of pediatric TBI hospitalization and current child-parent relationship quality in China3
Pre-Injury headache and post-traumatic headache in patients with mild traumatic brain injury: neuropsychological, psychiatric, and post-concussion symptom outcomes3
Behavioral couples therapy for brain injury: single case methodology with bi-phasic design3
Effect of parental education and household poverty on recovery after traumatic brain injury in school-aged children3
Trends in match concussion incidence and return-to-play time in male professional Rugby Union: A 16-season prospective cohort study3
Neuroprotective effects of Chrysanthemum morifolium on cerebral ischemia- reperfusion injury contributes to the oxidative stress suppression and related Keap1/Nrf2 pathw3
Usability of a two-way personalized mobile trainer system in a community-based exercise program for adults with chronic traumatic brain injury3
Identifying mild traumatic brain injury in the post-acute polytrauma setting: a scoping review of diagnostic approaches and screening tools3
Trajectories of life satisfaction in Hispanic individuals over the 10 years after traumatic brain injury: A model systems study3
Post-exercise cognitive testing to assess persisting alterations in athletes with a history of concussion2
Sociodemographic, geographic and clinical factors associated with functional outcome and discharge location in US inpatient rehabilitation settings2
Syndrome of the Trephined and Paroxysmal Sympathetic Hyperactivity in a 17–year–old minimally conscious state patient: A Case Report2
Team-based rehabilitation after mild traumatic brain injury – description of the clinical pathway2
Resting state functional connectivity responses post-mild traumatic brain injury: a systematic review2
BOBATH vs. TASK-ORIENTED TRAINING AFTER STROKE: An assessor-blind randomized controlled trial2
Efficacy of restitutive interventions for oculomotor deficits in adults with mild traumatic brain injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis2
What are the demographic and clinical differences between those older adults with traumatic brain injury who receive a neurosurgical intervention to those that do not? A systematic literature review w2
Barriers to driving and psychosocial outcomes after traumatic brain injury2
Meeting the confused patient with confidence: perceived benefits of communication partner training in subacute TBI2
Neurobiological Mechanisms Of Depression Following Traumatic Brain Injury2
Effects of preexisting stroke on acute hospital outcomes for older adults admitted with neurotrauma and orthopedic injury2
Concussion education in medical students studying in Scotland: an assessment of knowledge and future needs2
Mental fatigue mediates the relationship between cognitive functions and return to productive activity following traumatic brain injury: a mediation analysis2
You only get one brain. Adult reflections on acute and ongoing symptom experiences after traumatic brain injury in adolescence2
Factors that Influence Follow-Up Care for Families of Children with Acquired Brain Injury: A Scoping Review2
Establishment of a pMCAO model in SD rats and screening for behavioral indicators suitable for long-term monitoring2
Is injury-related parental stress in the acute phase following early childhood concussion associated with symptoms and recovery?2
AMPK deficiency inhibits fatty acid oxidation in endothelial progenitor cells to aggravate impaired angiogenesis after ischemic stroke in hyperlipidemic mice2
Utilizing the BAT-LQ to assess TBI incidence in a college student population2
What traditional neuropsychological assessment got wrong about mild traumatic brain injury. IV: clinical applications and future directions2
Further recommendations of the International Paediatric Brain Injury Society (IPBIS) for the post-acute rehabilitation of children with acquired brain injury2
The cortical and subcortical substrates of quality of life through substrates of self-awareness and executive functions, in chronic moderate-to-severe TBI2
Association between pediatric TBI and mental health and substance use disorders: A scoping review2
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing for post-stroke post-traumatic stress disorder: Case report using the three-phase approach2
Salivary microRNA as a prospective tool for concussion diagnosis and management: A scoping review2
Body mass index and sleep disorders after moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury – a national TBI model systems study2
Symptom profile of affirmative responses to a self-report concussion question, United States 20192
Dexmedetomidine treatment prevents cerebral ischemic reperfusion injury through HIF-1α/Beclin1-mediated autophagy2
Epidemiology of traumatic brain injuries at a rural-serving Level II trauma center, 2004 - 20162
The prevalence, characteristics, and psychiatric correlates of traumatic brain injury in incarcerated individuals: an examination in two independent samples2
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