Human Ecology

Papers
(The median citation count of Human Ecology is 1. The table below lists those papers that are above that threshold based on CrossRef citation counts [max. 250 papers]. The publications cover those that have been published in the past four years, i.e., from 2021-06-01 to 2025-06-01.)
ArticleCitations
In Memoriam: James M. Acheson25
A New but Gloomy Picture: The First Photographic Evidence of Grey Wolf in Nowshera District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan19
Assessing Impacts and Local Perceptions Following the Incidental Introduction of tilapia (Cichlidae: Cichliformes) in a Remote Inland Fishery in Papua New Guinea17
Hunting, Monogamy, and Economics: Are Humans Like Wolves that Hunt Elephants and Whales?17
The Influences of Traditional Shifting Cultivation on Soil Properties and Vegetation in the Bago Mountains, Myanmar16
Matching Local Knowledge and Environmental Change with Policy Changes in Rangeland Tenure14
An Assessment of Small-scale Fisheries of the Paraná River Delta Through the Sustainable Livelihoods Approach13
The “Turning Point” for the Fall Goose Hunt in Eeyou Istchee: A Social-Ecological Regime Shift from an Indigenous Knowledge Perspective13
The Anchors of Home: Understanding How Place Attachment Strengthens Well-being of Sri Lanka’s Migratory Fisher Communities13
The Population Dynamics of the Placebo Effect and Its Role in the Evolution of Medical Technology13
Dwindling Ethnobotanical Knowledge of Aconitum naviculare in the Trans-Himalayan Manang Valleys of Central Nepal12
Pollination of the Mediterranean Fig Tree, Ficus Carica L.: Caprification Practices and Social Networks of Exchange of Caprifigs among Jbala Farmers in Northern Morocco12
Impacts of Industrialization on Foraging in Peri-Urban Areas. Insights from Padua, NE Italy11
Agroforestry Distribution and Contributions in Ancient Hawaiian Agriculture11
Influence of Indigenous Herding Activities on the Spatio-temporal Distribution of Reindeer during the Summer-Autumn Period: Case from Yamal, Russia10
The Mystery of Black Rice: Food, Medicinal, and Spiritual Uses of Oryza glaberrima by Maroon Communities in Suriname and French Guiana10
Gender-based Decision Making in Marketing Channel Choice – Evidence of Maize Supply Chains in Southern Ethiopia10
Economic and Environmental Impacts of Land Consolidation on Rice Farm Performance in Vietnam10
The Multiple Faces of the Marmot: Associations with the Plague, Hunting, and Cosmology in Mongolia10
Méndez, V. E., Bacon, C. M., Cohen, R., and Gliessman, S. R. (Eds.). (2015). Agroecology: A Transdisciplinary, Participatory, and Action-Oriented Approach9
Modular Homes as a New Form of Accommodation to Tackle Homelessness: A Case Study From Cambridge, England9
Assessing the Impacts of Dam Construction on the Livelihoods of Swidden Farmers in Pinlaung, Southern Shan State, Myanmar9
Correction to: Mapping Social Values of the Sigatoka River Estuary, Nadroga‑Navosa Province, Viti Levu, Fiji9
Can Environmental Injustices be Addressed in Conservation? Settlement History and Conservation-Induced Displacement in the Case of Lyanshulu in the Zambezi Region, Namibia9
Hunters Who Haul with Dogs: Man’s Best-Friend or Woman’s Little Helper?9
Following the White Vulture: Ethno-ornithology along the Flyway of the Egyptian Vulture (Neophron percnopterus)9
Perception and Attitude Toward Sloth Bear Melursus ursinus: Understanding the Tribal Communities from Central Gujarat, India, Coexistence with Bears8
Modelling the Routes of Seasonal Transhumance Movement in North Neuquén (Patagonia)8
Exploring Partial Overlaps Between Knowledge Systems in a Brazilian Fishing Community8
A Deliberative Model for Preserving the Diversity of Lebanese Traditional Fermented Food and Beverages8
The Role of Religiosity on Deontological Climate Message Acceptance: A U.S. Survey7
Resource Competition and Settlement Distribution in Bronze Age Greece7
Declining Use of Totora (Schoenoplectus californicus subsp tatora) in Lake Titicaca7
Networks of Inclusive Exclusion: Social Capital and Resilient Rural Livelihoods in the Southern Great Plains (SGP)7
Fisher’s Resilience: Preparedness, Coping Capacity, and Adaptation Capacity in Surigao del Sur, Philippines7
Late Holocene Environmental Changes and Human Subsistence in an Alluvial Landscape: A Case Study from the Pohansko Site on the Dyje (Thaya) River in Czechia7
A Social Network Analysis of Collaborative Rangelands Governance: The case of Borana Rangelands, Southern Ethiopia7
Drifting Away from the Roots: Genderfluidity as Diola’s Mangrove Fishing Strategies in Three Island-Villages of Northern Guinea-Bissau6
Arundo/Phragmites: Identification and Uses of Essential Plants in Mediterranean Civilizations6
Environmental Considerations of Alternative Livelihoods for Women in Cocoa and shea Communities in Ghana6
Do Socioeconomic Factors Impact Non-Timber Forest Products-based Incomes? An Analysis Employing Structural Equation Modeling6
Understanding Factors that Shape Exposure to Zoonotic and Food-Borne Diseases Across Wild Meat Trade Chains6
Are Stakeholders Aware of the Contributions of Ecosystem Services for Their Well-Being? A Case Study of a UNESCO Geopark Project in Brazil6
Niches, Interstitiality and Impoverishment. Pastoralism Among Afghan Kochi Refugees in Mansehra, Northwest Pakistan6
Allium paradoxum from Asia to Europe: Ornamental, Invasive, Edible, and Medicinal6
Priority Species and Management Approaches for Woody Species: A Case Study of Awach Sub-county, Gulu District, Uganda6
Cross-cultural Perceptions of (In)Equity in Ecosystem Service Access: A Preliminary Comparison of Emergent Themes in Four Sites6
Ethno-ornithology, Hunting and Conservation of Wild Birds in Kashmir Himalayas, India6
Getting It Right in Rural Development Initiatives: The Importance of Livelihood Assets in Commercializing Family Farm Production in Brazil6
Multidecadal Ethnoarchaeological Comparisons of Livelihoods and Wild Meat Availability and Consumption in a Central African Rainforest Foraging and Farming Community6
Impacts of Slash-and-Burn Cultivation on the Soil and Vegetation of the Atlantic Forest in Southeastern Brazil6
Joel Berger: Review of Extreme Conservation: Life at the Edges of the World6
Cultural Forest Ecosystem Services of the Maniq Indigenous People in Southern Thailand6
Risk, Reliability, and the Importance of Small-Bodied Molluscs across the Hawaiian Windward-Leeward Divide6
Caves of Fortune? Gendered Labour Precarity and Securitisation Involving the ‘Wild’ Edible Birds’ Nest Trade in Kapuas Hulu, Indonesia6
Introduction to the Research Collection “Mediterranean Biocultural Diversity”6
Traversing the Southern Canadian Rocky Mountains: A Least Cost Path Analysis6
Bridging Knowledges and Practice: Understanding how Mangrove Swamp Rice Farmers Predict the Tides in Guinea-Bissau5
Correction to: The Succession of Farmers’ Perceptions of Transitioning Landscapes – A Case Study of Agroforestry in the Middle Hills of Nepal5
Impacts of Closed Season on Operations, Livelihood and Coping Strategies of Fishers5
Can Substitutes Reduce Future Demand for Wildlife Products: A Case Study of China’s Millennial Generation5
C. Margaret Scarry, Dale L. Hutchinson, and Benjamin S. Arbuckle, Editor. Ancient Food Ways: Integrative Approaches to Understanding Subsistence and Society. Gainesville, Florida. University Press of 5
Deconstructing Ecosystem Service Conflicts through the Prisms of Political Ecology and Game Theory in a North-Western Mediterranean River Basin5
Can Socioeconomic Variables Influence Bird Hunting Activity in the Brazil's Semi-Arid Region?5
The Hybridisation, Resilience, and Loss of Local Knowledge and Natural Resource Management in Zambia5
After the Fire: Potential Impacts of Fire Exclusion Policies on Historical Cherokee Culture in the Southern Appalachian Mountains, USA5
Trajectories of Environmental Migrants: Understanding Migration Destinations of the Coastal Population in Kerala, India5
Who’s Responsible?: Public Ascriptions of Responsibility for Endangered Species Conservation in Arkansas, USA5
The Evolution of Threats to Protected Areas During Crises: Insights from the COVID-19 Pandemic in Madagascar5
Natural or Semi-natural Landscape Features as Indicator of Biocultural Value: Observations from Slovakia5
Cultural Homogenization Has Affected Palula Traditional Plant Foraging in Multilingual Chitral, Hindukush, NW Pakistan5
Hunting as a Source of Local and Traditional Ecological Knowledge among Campesinos in Nicaragua5
Deer and Humans in the Early Farming Communities of the Yellow River Valley: A Symbiotic Relationship5
A Natural Disaster Framed Common Pool Resource Game Yields No Framing Effects Among Mongolian Pastoralists4
Designing Biodiversity Management Strategies at the Community Level: Approaches Based on Participatory Action Research4
Land Use Changes Assessment using a triangulated framework: Perception Interviews, Land-Use/Land Cover Observation, and Spatial Planning Analysis in Tanjung Batu and Derawan Island, Indonesia4
Ecosystem Service Provision by Secondary Forests in Shifting Cultivation Areas Remains Poorly Understood4
Did Hydro-climatic Extremes, Positive Checks, and Economic Fluctuations Modulate the Epidemics Outbreaks in Late Imperial China?4
Amitav Ghosh. The Nutmeg’s Curse: Parables for a Planet in Crisis. Chicago. The University of Chicago Press 2021. ISBN 9780226815459, Price $25.00 (Cloth). 339 Pages4
The Effects of Oil Rig Decommissioning on the Livelihoods of Fishermen: Lessons from the Saltpond Oil and Gas Field, Ghana4
Risk Perception and Implementation of Mitigation Measures By Populations Living Near Volcán De Colima, Mexico4
Masks Versus Cattle: The Ecology of an African Art Form4
Coastal Forest Fisheries, Estuarine Livelihoods, and Human Well-being in Southern Puerto Rico4
Bram Büscher: The Truth about Nature: Environmentalism in the Era of Post-truth Politics and Platform Capitalism. University of California Press, Oakland. 2021. ISBN: 978-0-520-37145-3 (Paper), ISBN: 4
A Re-Assessment of the Role of Dogs (Canis familiaris) in Early Aotearoa New Zealand4
Can Disparate Shared Social Values Benefit the Conservation of Biodiversity in Hong Kong’s Sacred Groves?4
Editor’s Note on the 50th Anniversary of Human Ecology: An Interdisciplinary Journal4
Whose Knowledge Counts? Unpacking the Uneven Geographies and Politics of Knowledge Co-Production in IPBES4
The effects of mid-to-late Pliocene climatic fluctuations on the habitat and distribution of early hominins4
Land-use and Land-cover Changes in Pastoral Drylands: Long-term Dynamics, Economic Change, and Shifting Socioecological Frontiers in Baringo, Kenya4
Integrated Participatory Approach Reveals Perceived Local Availability of Wild Edible Plants in Northwestern Kenya4
Ripples of Change: Introduced Fish, Ethnic Minority Farmers, and Lively Commodity Chains in Upland Vietnam4
Untangling Biocultural and Socioeconomical Drivers of African Plum Tree (Dacryodes edulis) Local Nomenclature Along a Rural-Urban Gradient in Central Cameroon4
Correction to: Landscape Engineering Impacts the Long-Term Stability of Agricultural Populations4
A Baseline Study of A’chik Homegardens in North-East India: Structure, Composition and Utilization4
Raising Awareness of Plant Biodiversity and Combating Zoocentrism with Citizen Science: A Case Study of Undergraduate Students Pursuing Animal-Related Degrees in Northeast Brazil3
Knowledge of Wildlife, Hunting, and Human-felid Interactions in Maya Forest Communities of the Northern Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico3
Navigating between Promises and Realities of Transdisciplinary Research for Environmental Conservation3
A Tribute to Andrew P. Vayda on his 90th Birthday this December3
Resettling at the Precipice: Deepening Vulnerabilities in Disaster Recovery from Upland Sulawesi3
The Potential of Oyster Nuts (Telfairia pedata) for Environmental Conservation and Food Security in Tanzania: A Review3
Land-System Changes and Migration Amidst the Opium Poppy Collapse in the Southern Highlands of Oaxaca, Mexico (2016-2020)3
A Comparison of Early-European Settlement and Present-Day Species Mingling Patterns in the Eastern Deciduous Forest, USA3
Farmer Attitudes On Climate Change, Farming Practices, and Livelihood Threats, and the Impact to Conservation in the Kasigau Wildlife Corridor, Kenya3
Energy Conservation Behaviors, Climate Change Attitudes, Income, and Behavioral Plasticity3
Socioecological and Dietary Change from 2001 to 2015 in Rural West Java, Indonesia3
Eroding Traditional Ecological Knowledge. A Case Study in Bolivia3
Re-storying the Roles of Animals in Cultural Burning3
Nomadic Pastoralism in Western Himalaya: A Journey through History, Politics, Development, and the Fall of Gaddi Pastoralists3
Chelsea Fisher: Rooting in a Useless Land- Ancient Farmers, Celebrity Chefs, and Environmental Justice in Yucatán3
Local Knowledge, Perceptions, and Uses of the Potentially Conflict-Generating Plant Species, Moringa oleifera Lam.: A case Study in Limpopo Province, South Africa3
Do Gendered Social Roles Drive Knowledge Variation in Local Medical Systems?3
Sociodemographic Factors and Individuals’ Interactions with Forest Succession Drive Variations in the Knowledge and Selection of Plants3
Correction to: Introduction to the Research Collection “Mediterranean Biocultural Diversity”3
Barley, Grapevines, Domestic Animals, and People: Changing Agricultural Practices On the Island of Pantelleria, Sicily2
Marine sense. The Sea beyond Explicit Knowledge2
Living with Fire: Agricultural Burning by Quechua Farmers in the Peruvian Andes2
The Role of Religion, Wealth, and Livelihoods in the Hunting Practices of Urban and Rural Inhabitants in Western Amazonia2
Philip A. Loring: Finding Our Niche: Toward a Restorative Human Ecology2
Correction to: Integrated Participatory Approach Reveals Perceived Local Availability of Wild Edible Plants in Northwestern Kenya2
Preliminary Trend Analysis of International Wildlife Trade in Ghana in Relation to Global Zoonotic Disease Outbreaks2
Avifaunal Salience Correlates with Conservation Interest in the Indigenous Nuer Community, Western Ethiopia2
High Public Good Values for Ecosystem Service Attributes of on-farm Quinoa Diversity Conservation in Peru2
What Will the Future Bring? – Socio-Economic Challenges to Herder Households in the Great Gobi B Strictly Protected Area in Mongolia2
Meaning-making as Empowerment: Technology Discourses in the Anti-fracking Movement in Bulgaria2
Can Forest Fire Cognizance Garner Community Support for Fire Prevention? Evidence from the Sal Forest of Northern India2
Understanding the Rights of Nature: Working Together Across and Beyond Disciplines2
“Wisdom of the Elders” or “Loss of Experience” as a Mechanism to Explain the Decline in Traditional Ecological Knowledge: A Case Study on Awaji Island, Japan2
Dynamic Interplay of Culture, Nature, and Industry: Unraveling the Historical Non-Equilibrium Mosaic of Demarcation Woody Plant Diversity in Upland Field Landscapes of Eastern Japan2
Using the Constitutionality Framework to Understand Alliances, Collective Action, and Divisions Between Indigenous and Peasant Communities in the Chaco Salteño2
Do Community Perceptions of Forest Management and Conservation Vary Across Wealth Groups? The Case of the Kilosa REDD + Initiative in Tanzania2
Our Neighbor the Beaver: Anthropomorphism to Facilitate Environmental Mediation in Rural France2
Think Globally, Act Locally? Evaluating Boston Climate Projects’ Community Engagement2
The Sea Swallowed our Houses and Rice Fields: The Vulnerability to Climate Change of Coastal People in Guinea-Bissau, West Africa2
Michael R. Dove: Bitter Shade: The Ecological Challenge of Human Consciousness2
Plant Names Encode Tašlḥit Knowledge of Morocco’s High Atlas Landscapes2
Age and Gender-Related Variation in Plant and Animal Naming Ability in the Soliga/Solega Community of Southern Karnataka, India2
Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Large Mammal Hunting in a Changing Swidden System of Arunachal Pradesh, India2
Alejandro Frid: Changing Tides: An Ecologist’s Journey to Make Peace with the Anthropocene. New Society Publishers, Gabriola Island, BC, 2020, (ISBN 9780865719095), Price 19.99 USD (Softcover), xv + 12
COVID-19 and Revenues of Women in Agribusiness: Insights from Benin2
Community-Based Wildlife Conservation on Pastoral Lands in Kenya: A New Logic of Production with Implications for the Future of Pastoralism2
Encouraging Drawing in Research with Children on Marine Environments: Methodological and Epistemological Considerations2
Community Perception and Management of Ecosystem Services in a Protected Area in Kashmir Himalaya2
Local Perceptions in the Implementation of the Sembrando Vida Program in Southern Mexico2
Knowledge and Access to Medicinal and Aromatic Plants by Women from the Maghrebi Diaspora in Marseille2
How the Enga Cope with Frost in the 21st Century: Food Insecurity, Migration, and Development in the Papua New Guinea Highlands2
The Climatic Resilience of the Sasanian Empire2
Which Ecosystem Services Are Really Integrated into Local Culture? Farmers' Perceptions of the Columbian and Venezuelan Páramos2
Correction to: Editor’s Note on the 50th Anniversary of Human Ecology: An Interdisciplinary Journal2
Need-Based Transfers Enhance Resilience to Shocks: An Agent-Based Model of a Maasai Risk-Pooling System2
Gillian G. Tan: Pastures of Change: Contemporary Adaptations and Transformations among Nomadic Pastoralists of Eastern Tibet2
Integrating scientific and local knowledge to address environmental conflicts: the role of academia2
Cultural Resilience in the Face of globalization: Lessons from the Penan of Borneo2
The Adoption of Farmer-managed Natural Regeneration in Dogonkiria, Niger2
Determinants of Smallholder Maintenance of Crop Diversity in Morocco’s High Atlas Mountains1
Livestock Management Within a Traditional Agrosilvopastoral System in Northern Minas Gerais, Brazil: A Model for Reconciling Livelihoods and Conservation at a Time of Environmental Change1
Forest and Agricultural Dynamics in the Haouz Plain Over the Last Millennium: Archaeobotanical and Isotopic Research at Aghmat (Morocco)1
“People Gathered by Sorghum”: Cultural Practices and sorghum Diversity in Northern Ethiopia1
Medicinal Plant Use Among the Congolese (Democratic Republic of Congo) Community in Belgium1
Analyzing Farmers’ Behavior in the Adoption of Paid Digital Extension Service: Experimental Evidence of Rice Advice in Nigeria1
Sustainable Transhumance Practices in European Landscapes. A Comparative Study1
The Succession of Farmers’ Perceptions of Transitioning Landscapes – A Case Study of Agroforestry in the Middle Hills of Nepal1
An Integrated Assessment of Social-ecological Resilience in Me´Phaa Indigenous Communities in Southern Mexico1
An ethnogeomorphic case study of conservation practices in Southeast Brazil1
Participatory injustice in Mexico’s Readiness process to Reduce Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD +)1
The Importance of Churpe and Tsampa for Sustaining Human Communities in the Spiti Valley of Himachal Pradesh1
Relationships between local soil classification and parametric suitability indexes in a community of colonizers in the Alto Beni region of Bolivia1
Perceptions of Risks Related to Climate Change in Agroecosystems in a Semi-arid Region of Brazil1
An Initial Assessment of Community Values, Rules, and Traditional Ecological Knowledge of Mount Hermon, Lebanon: Key Perspectives towards Biocultural Conservation1
Biocultural Elements and Multifunctionality of Cassava Flour Production in Agrarian Reform Settlements in the Extreme South of Bahia, Brazil1
Profitability of Smallholder Agroforestry Woodlot Innovations1
Indigenous Knowledge, Aspiration, and Potential Application in Contemporary Fire Mitigation in Southwest Australia1
Modernization, Education, and Fish Supply Chain Performance of Akit Isolated Tribe: The Role of Trust as Mediator1
Indicators of Socio-Environmental Equity and Sustainability in Ibero-American Cities: A Variable Weighting Approach1
Soil Fertility Depletion is not a Credible Mechanism for Population Boom/Bust Cycles in Early Agricultural Societies1
A Sacred Tree in the Boreal forest: A Narrative About a Sámi Shaman, her Tree, and the Forest Landscape1
Correction to: Large Differences in Livelihood Responses and Outcomes to Increased Conservation Enforcement in a Protected Area1
Relationships Between the Use of Medicinal Plants and Animals and Sociodemographic Factors in Brazil: a Systematic Review1
“Our Plants are Slowly Dying here, Just Like us”: Coping with Pollution in Turkey’s “Cancer Valley”1
Values and Beliefs That Shape Cattle Breeding in Southwestern Burkina Faso1
The Disconnect Between Knowledge and Perceptions: A Study of Fishermen’s Local Ecological Knowledge and Their Perception of the State of Fisheries and How These Are Managed in the Dominican Republic1
Local Ecological Knowledge, Catch Characteristics, and Evidence of Elasmobranch Depletions in Western Ghana Artisanal Fisheries1
Note From the Editor1
Correction to: The “Turning Point” for the Fall Goose Hunt in Eeyou Istchee: A Social-Ecological Regime Shift from an Indigenous Knowledge Perspective1
The Politics of Indigenous Environmental Knowledge in Vietnam1
Invasion Adaptation: A Socio-ecological Assessment of Cherry Growers’ Adaptation Potential to Spotted Wing Drosophila1
Synergies and Trade-offs Between Cultural and Natural Values of Sacred Sites – a Case Study of Ancient Burial Mounds in Central Europe1
The Influence of Nonhuman Assemblage Interactions on Small Farmers’ Perceptions of Weather in Oregon: A Social Network Analysis1
Beyond Animal Husbandry: The Role of Herders Among the Wayuu of Colombia1
Divergence in Nutritional Intake and Physical Activity Patterns Among Households in a Village of Ethnic Minorities in Northern Laos at the Initial Stage of Health Transition1
Food or Extinction? Analysis of Differing Perceptions Among Residents and Conservation Experts of Columbids (Aves: Columbidae) Hunting in Sergipe, Northeastern Brazil1
Mapping Social Values of the Sigatoka River Estuary, Nadroga-Navosa Province, Viti Levu, Fiji1
Local Ecological Knowledge Indicates Pathways Towards Equitable and Sustainable Management of the Sudano-Guinean Savanna1
Correction to: Participatory injustice in Mexico’s Readiness process to Reduce Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD +)1
Eco-Symbiotic Complementarity and Trading Networks of Natural Resources in Nahua Communities in Mountain Regions of Mexico1
A Family Systems Theory Approach to Hunters’ Chronic Wasting Disease-Related Perceptions and Behaviors1
Snake Conservation Attitudes in The Philippines, A Global Biodiversity Hotspot1
Learning from Positive Deviance in Gender and Fisheries: A Case Study in Solomon Islands1
Special Issue on Dogs – Introduction1
Can Coral Reef Restoration Programmes Facilitate Changes in Environmental Attitudes? A Case Study on a Rural Fisher Community in North Bali, Indonesia1
Impact of Landuse and Landcover Changes on Population Dynamics in Flood-prone Majuli Island, Assam, India1
Biocultural Diversity in Italy1
Editor’s Note on Special Issue1
A Note on the Transition of Editorship1
Shanti Gamper-Rabindran: America’s Energy Gamble: People, Economy and Planet1
Consequences of COVID-19 on the Reindeer Husbandry in Norway: a Pilot Study Among Management Staff and Herders1
Exploring Community Perceptions and Attitudes toward Protected Areas in Myanmar: The Role of Socio-Spatial Factors in Conservation Support1
The Moral and Ethical Baseline of Marine Socio-Ecological Values: the Case of Recreational and Artisanal Fishing in NW Mediterranean Coastal Waters (Catalonia, Spain)1
People of the Sea, or of the Soil? How the Balance of Marine and Terrestrial Resource Availability Informs Maximum Population on Four Polynesian Islands1
Dependency on Mangroves Ecosystem Services is Modulated by Socioeconomic Drivers and Socio-Ecological Changes – Insights From a Small Oceanic island1
The Rise of Vancouver and the Collapse of Forage Fish: A Story of Urbanization and the Destruction of an Aquatic Ecosystem on the Salish Sea (1885–1920 CE)1
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