Nucleic Acids Research

Article	Citations
SV4GD: a comprehensive structural variation database specially for genetic diseases	6593
Correction to ‘linker histone H1 modulates defense priming and immunity in plants’	5465
Correction to ‘MeCP2 binds to nucleosome free (linker DNA) regions and to H3K9/H3K27 methylated nucleosomes in the brain’	5328
Editor's note on ‘Depletion of TDP 43 overrides the need for exonic and intronic splicing enhancers in the human apoA-II gene’	5009
Tetramerization of deoxyadenosine kinase meets the demands of a DNA replication substrate challenge in Giardia intestinalis	4446
Monitoring drug–target interactions through target engagement-mediated amplification on arrays and in situ	3678
Establishing an environment in which rigorous scientific inquiry is practiced: a personal journey	2300
Nanopores map the acid-base properties of a single site in a single DNA molecule	2284
Anti-CRISPR proteins function through thermodynamic tuning and allosteric regulation of CRISPR RNA-guided surveillance complex	2063
The hyperthermophilic archaeon Thermococcus kodakarensis is resistant to pervasive negative supercoiling activity of DNA gyrase	2048
Impact of bound ssRNA length on allostery in the Dengue Virus NS3 helicase	1734
Systematic discovery of DNA-binding tandem repeat proteins	1731
Structural insights into the biosynthetic mechanism of Nα-GlyT and 5-NmdU hypermodifications of DNA	1721
Human AGEs: an interactive spatio-temporal visualization and database of human archeogenomics	1719
VID22counteracts G-quadruplex-induced genome instability	1633
Human DNA ligases I and III have stand-alone end-joining capability, but differ in ligation efficiency and specificity	1573
Immunoglobulin somatic hypermutation in a defined biochemical system recapitulates affinity maturation and permits antibody optimization	1571
Correction to ‘The European Genome-phenome Archive in 2021’	1537
PHF8 facilitates transcription recovery following DNA double-strand break repair	1256
Regulatory and structural mechanisms of PvrA-mediated regulation of the PQS quorum-sensing system and PHA biosynthesis inPseudomonas aeruginosa	1244
Splice-modulating antisense oligonucleotides targeting a pathogenic intronic variant in adult polyglucosan body disease correct mis-splicing and restore enzyme activity in patient cells	1182
A scalable CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing system facilitates CRISPR screens in the malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei	1157
SigH stress response mediates killing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by activating nitronaphthofuran prodrugs via induction of Mrx2 expression	1116
Identification of key residues of the DNA glycosylase OGG1 controlling efficient DNA sampling and recruitment to oxidized bases in living cells	1033
Characterization of a MHYT domain-coupled transcriptional regulator that responds to carbon monoxide	1003

Inhibition of histone acetyltransferase GCN5 by a transcription factor FgPacC controls fungal adaption to host-derived iron stress	965
Post-replicative lesion processing limits DNA damage-induced mutagenesis	921
Identification and characterization of the WYL BrxR protein and its gene as separable regulatory elements of a BREX phage restriction system	862
Correction to ‘EMDB—the Electron Microscopy Data Bank’	855
Expression of concern on ‘Dissecting the splicing mechanism of the Drosophila editing enzyme; dADAR’	842
Rfam 15: RNA families database in 2025	829
MatrisomeDB 2.0: 2023 updates to the ECM-protein knowledge database	817
FuzDrop on AlphaFold: visualizing the sequence-dependent propensity of liquid–liquid phase separation and aggregation of proteins	791
Robust counterselection and advanced λRed recombineering enable markerless chromosomal integration of large heterologous constructs	789
Genome-wide direct quantification of in vivo mutagenesis using high-accuracy paired-end and complementary consensus sequencing	769
FRAME: flap endonuclease 1-engineered PAM module for precise and sensitive modulation of CRISPR/Cas12a trans-cleavage activity	766
Quantifying the activity profile of ASO and siRNA conjugates in glioblastoma xenograft tumors in vivo	753
DoriC 12.0: an updated database of replication origins in both complete and draft prokaryotic genomes	735
scGRN: a comprehensive single-cell gene regulatory network platform of human and mouse	720
webTWAS: a resource for disease candidate susceptibility genes identified by transcriptome-wide association study	717
Flanking strand separation activity of RecA nucleoprotein filaments in DNA strand exchange reactions	664
Widely spaced and divergent inverted repeats become a potent source of chromosomal rearrangements in long single-stranded DNA regions	635
Correction to ‘Re-establishment of H3K9me2 eliminates the transcriptional inhibition of ST18 on meiotic genes and orchestrates female germ cell development’	635
DescribePROT in 2023: more, higher-quality and experimental annotations and improved data download options	607
NCBI Taxonomy: enhanced access via NCBI Datasets	589
H2A mono-ubiquitination differentiates FACT’s functions in nucleosome assembly and disassembly	585
Aggrescan4D: structure-informed analysis of pH-dependent protein aggregation	578
CAID prediction portal: a comprehensive service for predicting intrinsic disorder and binding regions in proteins	577
Intrinsically disordered regions of tristetraprolin and DCP2 directly interact to mediate decay of ARE-mRNA	572
Phosphorylation of the auxin signaling transcriptional repressor IAA15 by MPKs is required for the suppression of root development under drought stress in Arabidopsis	554
Modulation of RNA stability regulates gene expression in two opposite ways: through buffering of RNA levels upon global perturbations and by supporting adapted differential expression	528
Trans-complementation by the RecB nuclease domain of RecBCD enzyme reveals new insight into RecA loading upon χ recognition	520
Uncoupling FRUITFULL’s functions through modification of a protein motif identified by co-ortholog analysis	511
Yeast transcription factor Msn2 binds to G4 DNA	510
Systemic approaches using single cell transcriptome reveal that C/EBPγ regulates autophagy under amino acid starved condition	505
BusyBee Web: towards comprehensive and differential composition-based metagenomic binning	501
A versatile and convenient tool for regulation of DNA strand displacement and post-modification on pre-fabricated DNA nanodevices	488
High-throughput determination of RNA tertiary contact thermodynamics by quantitative DMS chemical mapping	412
Thumb-domain dynamics modulate the functional repertoire of DNA-Polymerase IV (DinB)	410
TheS. cerevisiaem6A-reader Pho92 promotes timely meiotic recombination by controlling key methylated transcripts	404
Splitting the yeast centromere by recombination	371
Structural insights into the morpholino nucleic acid/RNA duplex using the new XNA builder Ducque in a molecular modeling pipeline	369
Molecular determinants for recognition of serotonylated chromatin	356
A second type of N7-guanine RNA cap methyltransferase in an unusual locus of a large RNA virus genome	354
Selective ablation of 3′ RNA ends and processive RTs facilitate direct cDNA sequencing of full-length host cell and viral transcripts	354
Revealing structural peculiarities of homopurine GA repetition stuck by i-motif clip	348
Correction to ‘EMPIAR: The Electron Microscopy Public Image Archive’	344
EcCas6e-based antisense crRNA for gene repression and RNA editing in microorganisms	337
The monomeric archaeal primase from Nanoarchaeum equitans harbours the features of heterodimeric archaeoeukaryotic primases and primes sequence-specifically	336
Characterization and decontamination of background noise in droplet-based single-cell protein expression data with DecontPro	334
Visualization of Type IV-A1 CRISPR-mediated repression of gene expression and plasmid replication	331
A method for targeting a specified segment of DNA to a bacterial microorganelle	327
CapBuild: a cloud-native tool for adeno-associated virus capsid engineering	323
Spatiotemporal dynamics of protamine–DNA condensation revealed by high-speed atomic force microscopy	322
Unlocking the serine mischarging paradox and inhibiting lactyltransferase activity of AlaRS by a single-point mutation	321

A subcellular selective APEX2-based proximity labeling used for identifying mitochondrial G-quadruplex DNA binding proteins	315
Correction to ‘DisProt in 2024: improving function annotation of intrinsically disordered proteins’	314
Highly conserved ribosome biogenesis pathways between human and yeast revealed by the MDN1-NLE1 interaction and NLE1 containing pre-60S subunits	314
Genome-encoded ABCF factors implicated in intrinsic antibiotic resistance in Gram-positive bacteria: VmlR2, Ard1 and CplR	308
Bgee in 2024: focus on curated single-cell RNA-seq datasets, and query tools	308
Coordination of -1 programmed ribosomal frameshifting by transcript and nascent chain features revealed by deep mutational scanning	305
The MksG nuclease is the executing part of the bacterial plasmid defense system MksBEFG	296
RefMetaPlant: a reference metabolome database for plants across five major phyla	296
RNA G-quadruplexes emerge from a compacted coil-like ensemble via multiple pathways	290
RepeatsDB in 2025: expanding annotations of structured tandem repeats proteins on AlphaFoldDB	284
DriverDBv4: a multi-omics integration database for cancer driver gene research	284
A mutation-sensitive, multiplexed and amplification-free detection of nucleic acids by stretching single-molecule tandem hairpin probes	269
The mechanism of lineage-specific tRNA recognition by bacterial tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase and its implications for inhibitor discovery	260
Translation regulation of specific mRNAs by RPS26 C-terminal RNA-binding tail integrates energy metabolism and AMPK-mTOR signaling	258
Internal RNA 2′-O-methylation on the HIV-1 genome impairs reverse transcription	257
Senataxin RNA/DNA helicase promotes replication restart at co-transcriptional R-loops to prevent MUS81-dependent fork degradation	257
The nascent polypeptide-associated complex (NAC) controls translation initiation in cis by recruiting nucleolin to the encoding mRNA	255
Mutations on the surface of HDAC1 reveal molecular determinants of specific complex assembly and their requirement for gene regulation	254
In vivo pathway optimization in yeast via loxpsym-mediated shuffling of upstream activating sequences	243
Flap endonuclease Rad27 cleaves the RNA of R-loop structures to suppress telomere recombination	232
THUMPD3–TRMT112 is a m2G methyltransferase working on a broad range of tRNA substrates	231
Waves of sumoylation support transcription dynamics during adipocyte differentiation	230
Widespread effects of DNA methylation and intra-motif dependencies revealed by novel transcription factor binding models	230
High-density resolution of the Kaposi's sarcoma associated herpesvirus transcriptome identifies novel transcript isoforms generated by long-range transcription and alternative splicing	229
Quality-controlled R-loop meta-analysis reveals the characteristics of R-loop consensus regions	229
Nonequilibrium hybridization-driven CRISPR/Cas adapter with extended energetic penalty for discrimination of single-nucleotide variants	223
Investigating the origins of the mutational signatures in cancer	219
Loosely-packed dynamical structures with partially-melted surface being the key for thermophilic argonaute proteins achieving high DNA-cleavage activity	214
DNA-PK is activated by SIRT2 deacetylation to promote DNA double-strand break repair by non-homologous end joining	205
Ribosomal quality control factors inhibit repeat-associated non-AUG translation from GC-rich repeats	201
Comprehensive analysis of PNA-based antisense antibiotics targeting various essential genes in uropathogenicEscherichia coli	201
Diverse targets ofSMN2-directed splicing-modulating small molecule therapeutics for spinal muscular atrophy	201
The phage defence island of a multidrug resistant plasmid uses both BREX and type IV restriction for complementary protection from viruses	200
The quantitative impact of 3′UTRs on gene expression	198
Formation and persistence of polyglutamine aggregates in mistranslating cells	198
NMPFamsDB: a database of novel protein families from microbial metagenomes and metatranscriptomes	197
High-Throughput-Methyl-Reading (HTMR) assay: a solution based on nucleotide methyl-binding proteins enables large-scale screening for DNA/RNA methyltransferases and demethylases	197
ZYP1-mediated recruitment of PCH2 to the synaptonemal complex remodels the chromosome axis leading to crossover restriction	196
BioSamples database: FAIRer samples metadata to accelerate research data management	192
ZEB1 promotes non-homologous end joining double-strand break repair	191
The human telomeric proteome during telomere replication	188
G-quadruplexes on chromosomal DNA negatively regulates topoisomerase 1 activity	188
Selective engineering of condensation properties of single-stranded DNA binding (SSB) protein via its intrinsically disordered linker region	187
Cryo-EM reconstruction of the human 40S ribosomal subunit at 2.15 Å resolution	184
The SMC5/6 complex: folding chromosomes back into shape when genomes take a break	184
The 2022Nucleic Acids Researchdatabase issue and the online molecular biology database collection	184
BioPortal: an open community resource for sharing, searching, and utilizing biomedical ontologies	181
HybridRNAbind: prediction of RNA interacting residues across structure-annotated and disorder-annotated proteins	179
Prediction of DNA i-motifs via machine learning	178
Helical coiling of metaphase chromatids	176
Transcription factor Zfp276 drives oligodendroglial differentiation and myelination by switching off the progenitor cell program	174
gwSPADE: gene frequency-weighted reference-free deconvolution in spatial transcriptomics	174
7′,5′-alpha-bicyclo-DNA: new chemistry for oligonucleotide exon splicing modulation therapy	167
NucleoFind: a deep-learning network for interpreting nucleic acid electron density	166
Translation variation across genetic backgrounds reveals a post-transcriptional buffering signature in yeast	164
Revisiting the model for coactivator recruitment: Med15 can select its target sites independent of promoter-bound transcription factors	164
Potent optogenetic regulation of gene expression in mammalian cells for bioproduction and basic research	163
scQTLbase: an integrated human single-cell eQTL database	163
Human Ageing Genomic Resources: updates on key databases in ageing research	162
Open Targets Platform: facilitating therapeutic hypotheses building in drug discovery	159
Tree Visualization By One Table (tvBOT): a web application for visualizing, modifying and annotating phylogenetic trees	156
The carbohydrate-active enzyme database: functions and literature	153
Editor's Note on ‘Cancer-derived p53 mutants suppress p53-target gene expression—potential mechanism for gain of function of mutant p53’	151
Ensembl 2024	151
Editor's Note to ‘Autoregulatory circuit of human rpL3 expression requires hnRNP H1, NPM and KHSRP’	150
The interaction between RPAP3 and TRBP reveals a possible involvement of the HSP90/R2TP chaperone complex in the regulation of miRNA activity	149
Correction to ‘TopDom: an efficient and deterministic method for identifying topological domains in genomes’	149
RNA polymerase common subunit ZmRPABC5b is transcriptionally activated by Opaque2 and essential for endosperm development in maize	146
SSBD: an ecosystem for enhanced sharing and reuse of bioimaging data	146
Identification and characterization of RNA binding sites for (p)ppGpp using RNA-DRaCALA	145
Body temperature variation controls pre-mRNA processing and transcription of antiviral genes and SARS-CoV-2 replication	144
Structural basis of how MGME1 processes DNA 5′ ends to maintain mitochondrial genome integrity	143
HMZDupFinder: a robust computational approach for detecting intragenic homozygous duplications from exome sequencing data	142
Learning to quantify uncertainty in off-target activity for CRISPR guide RNAs	142
Adaptation of a eukaryote-like ProRS to a prokaryote-like tRNAPro	140
Constraints on error rate revealed by computational study of G•U tautomerization in translation	139
Molecular mechanism of human ISG20L2 for the ITS1 cleavage in the processing of 18S precursor ribosomal RNA	139
A tRNA gene potential to activate interferon signaling involves selective termination and is suppressible by La protein/SSB	138
The origin of mirror repeats in the human genome	137
Reconfiguration of DNA nanostructures induced by enzymatic ligation treatment	136

The ‘Alu-ome’ shapes the epigenetic environment of regulatory elements controlling cellular defense	134
TRIP12’s role in the governance of DNA polymerase β involvement in DNA damage response and repair	134
Negative DNA supercoiling makes protein-mediated looping deterministic and ergodic within the bacterial doubling time	134
RMVar 2.0: an updated database of functional variants in RNA modifications	133
Kingdom-wide CRISPR guide design with ALLEGRO	132
3D chromatin connectivity underlies replication origin efficiency in mouse embryonic stem cells	132
Symmetry breaking of fluorophore binding to a G-quadruplex generates an RNA aptamer with picomolar KD	128
PWOs repress gene transcription by regulating chromatin structures in Arabidopsis	128
Motif-VI loop acts as a nucleotide valve in the West Nile Virus NS3 Helicase	127
Optimized high-throughput screening of non-coding variants identified from genome-wide association studies	126
RNA/DNA-binding protein TDP43 regulates DNA mismatch repair genes with implications for genome stability	125
Cancer histone mutations impact protein binding and DNA repair with possible links to genomic instability	125
Template-independent enzymatic functionalization of DNA oligonucleotides with environment-sensitive nucleotide probes using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase	125
Unmodificated stepless regulation of CRISPR/Cas12a multi-performance	123
FARS2 deficiency in Drosophila reveals the developmental delay and seizure manifested by aberrant mitochondrial tRNA metabolism	123
INRI-seq enables global cell-free analysis of translation initiation and off-target effects of antisense inhibitors	118
Zinc controls PML nuclear body formation through regulation of a paralog specific auto-inhibition in SUMO1	115
KREH1 RNA helicase activity promotes utilization of initiator gRNAs across multiple mRNAs in trypanosome RNA editing	113
IAnimal: a cross-species omics knowledgebase for animals	113
Accurate measurement of microsatellite length by disrupting its tandem repeat structure	112
Ep300 sequestration to functionally distinct glucocorticoid receptor binding loci underlie rapid gene activation and repression	112
A conserved viral RNA fold enables nuclease resistance across kingdoms of life	111
Evolutionary conservation of embryonic DNA methylome remodelling in distantly related teleost species	111
BioKA: a curated and integrated biomarker knowledgebase for animals	111
scTML: a pan-cancer single-cell landscape of multiple mutation types	110
GenePlexus: a web-server for gene discovery using network-based machine learning	108
Phospho-Ku70 induced by DNA damage interacts with RNA Pol II and promotes the formation of phospho-53BP1 foci to ensure optimal cNHEJ	107
FANCD2 and RAD51 recombinase directly inhibit DNA2 nuclease at stalled replication forks and FANCD2 acts as a novel RAD51 mediator in strand exchange to promote genome stability	106
Molecular basis of dual anti-CRISPR and auto-regulatory functions of AcrIF24	105
Correction to ‘Expanded MutaT7 toolkit efficiently and simultaneously accesses all possible transition mutations in bacteria’	104
Sal-type ABC-F proteins: intrinsic and common mediators of pleuromutilin resistance by target protection in staphylococci	104
Dynamic and facilitated binding of topoisomerase accelerates topological relaxation	103
The cysteine-rich domain in CENP-A chaperone Scm3HJURP ensures centromere targeting and kinetochore integrity	103
Correction to ‘Cooperative Gsx2–DNA binding requires DNA bending and a novel Gsx2 homeodomain interface’	103
Cytosolic microRNA-inducible nuclear translocation of Cas9 protein for disease-specific genome modification	102
RNA-binding protein Nocte regulates Drosophila development by promoting translation reinitiation on mRNAs with long upstream open reading frames	101
Active in vivo translocation of the Methanosarcina mazei Gö1 Casposon	100
Summarizing internal dynamics boosts differential analysis and functional interpretation of super enhancers	99
Hypoxia stabilizes SETDB1 to maintain genome stability	99
Structural analysis of the Candida albicans mitochondrial DNA maintenance factor Gcf1p reveals a dynamic DNA-bridging mechanism	99
SCAN: Spatiotemporal Cloud Atlas for Neural cells	98
Cisplatin fastens chromatin irreversibly even at a high chloride concentration	97
40S hnRNP particles are a novel class of nuclear biomolecular condensates	96
Bipartite interaction sites differentially modulate RNA-binding affinity of a protein complex essential for germline stem cell self-renewal	96
Structure of Escherichia coli heat shock protein Hsp15 in complex with the ribosomal 50S subunit bearing peptidyl-tRNA	95
A novel Queuovirinae lineage of Pseudomonas aeruginosa phages encode dPreQ0 DNA modifications with a single GA motif that provide restriction and CRISPR Cas9 protection in vitro	94
A common transcriptional mechanism involving R-loop and RNA abasic site regulates an enhancer RNA of APOE	94
POT-3 preferentially binds the terminal DNA-repeat on the telomeric G-overhang	93
Genome-wide screening and functional validation of methylation barriers near promoters	92
Sequence, structure, and affinity of miR-34a binding sites determine repression efficacy	92
Detecting critical transition signals from single-cell transcriptomes to infer lineage-determining transcription factors	91
G-quadruplexes as potential traps for superenhancer marker BRD4: ligand-sensitive binding and co-separation in vitro	91
Variable patterns of retrotransposition in different HeLa strains provide mechanistic insights into SINE RNA mobilization processes	91
Learning interpretable representations of single-cell multi-omics data with multi-output Gaussian processes	91
Mechanisms of mitochondrial promoter recognition in humans and other mammalian species	90
ZNF512B binds RBBP4 via a variant NuRD interaction motif and aggregates chromatin in a NuRD complex-independent manner	90
Ribosome Quality Control mitigates the cytotoxicity of ribosome collisions induced by 5-Fluorouracil	89
DBR1 orchestrates the fate of lariat RNA: debranching-dependent turnover and function	89
SMAP design: a multiplex PCR amplicon and gRNA design tool to screen for natural and CRISPR-induced genetic variation	88
High-throughput identification of RNA localization elements in neuronal cells	88
Structural insights into RNA cleavage by a novel family of bacterial RNases	88
TRMT10A dysfunction perturbs codon translation of initiator methionine and glutamine and impairs brain functions in mice	87
Functional redundancy in tRNA dihydrouridylation	87
Reconstructing DNA methylation maps of ancient populations	87
High-throughput competitive binding assay for targeting RNA tertiary structures with small molecules: application to pseudoknots and G-quadruplexes	87
Enhanced nonenzymatic RNA copying with in-situ activation of short oligonucleotides	86
DEPCOD: a tool to detect and visualize co-evolution of protein domains	86
A rationalized definition of general tumor suppressor microRNAs excludes miR-34a	86
A-MYB substitutes for B-MYB in activating cell cycle genes and in stimulating proliferation	85
Systematic genetic perturbation reveals principles underpinning robustness of the epigenetic regulatory network	85
Nature-inspired engineering of an artificial ligase enzyme by domain fusion	85
Live-cell imaging unveils distinct R-loop populations with heterogeneous dynamics	84
Overlapping and distinct functions of SPT6, PNUTS, and PCF11 in regulating transcription termination	84
The differential effect of SARS-CoV-2 NSP1 on mRNA translation and stability reveals new insights linking ribosome recruitment, codon usage, and virus evolution	84
MolluscDB 2.0: a comprehensive functional and evolutionary genomics database for over 1400 molluscan species	83
PsrA is a novel regulator contributes to antibiotic synthesis, bacterial virulence, cell motility and extracellular polysaccharides production in Serratia marcescens	83
Does rapid sequence divergence preclude RNA structure conservation in vertebrates?	83
SCAPE: a mixture model revealing single-cell polyadenylation diversity and cellular dynamics during cell differentiation and reprogramming	83
Accurate detection of tandem repeats exposes ubiquitous reuse of biological sequences	82
Model-based characterization of the equilibrium dynamics of transcription initiation and promoter-proximal pausing in human cells	82
Interrogating two extensively self-targeting Type I CRISPR-Cas systems in Xanthomonas albilineans reveals distinct anti-CRISPR proteins that block DNA degradation	82
Expression of Bacillus subtilis ABCF antibiotic resistance factor VmlR is regulated by RNA polymerase pausing, transcription attenuation, translation attenuation and (p)ppGpp	82
Editorial: the 20th annual Nucleic Acids Research Web Server Issue 2022	81
Polycomb protein SCML2 mediates paternal epigenetic inheritance through sperm chromatin	81
CircaKB: a comprehensive knowledgebase of circadian genes across multiple species	81
AcrIIA28 is a metalloprotein that specifically inhibits targeted-DNA loading to SpyCas9 by binding to the REC3 domain	80
Integration of single cell data by disentangled representation learning	80
Imputation Server PGS: an automated approach to calculate polygenic risk scores on imputation servers	79
RNA G-quadruplex structure-based PROTACs for targeted DHX36 protein degradation and gene activity modulation in mammalian cells	78
CAMI Benchmarking Portal: online evaluation and ranking of metagenomic software	78
Novel telomere-targeting dual-pharmacophore dinucleotide prodrugs for anticancer therapy	77
The DNA-PKcs/JNK/p53 pathway underlies changes in cell fate decision toward death during DNA replication catastrophe	77
Phenotypic screens identify SCAF1 as critical activator of RNAPII elongation and global transcription	77
DNA binding and transposition activity of the Sleeping Beauty transposase: role of structural stability of the primary DNA-binding domain	77
Systematic analysis of specificities and flanking sequence preferences of bacterial DNA-(cytosine C5)-methyltransferases reveals mechanisms of enzyme- and sequence-specific DNA readout	76