Geothermics

Papers
(The TQCC of Geothermics is 9. The table below lists those papers that are above that threshold based on CrossRef citation counts [max. 250 papers]. The publications cover those that have been published in the past four years, i.e., from 2021-04-01 to 2025-04-01.)
ArticleCitations
Contemporary crustal stress in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, SE China: Implications for geothermal resource exploration and seismic hazard assessment120
Hydrogen emission characteristics of Changbaishan Volcano: Spatial and temporal distribution and genesis96
Findability of geothermal energy websites in seven EU countries and Iceland89
Temperature transient analysis of a very high-permeability geothermal well: A numerical modelling approach75
Numerical simulation of the heat production potential of Guide Basin in China considering the heterogeneity and anisotropy of the reservoir69
Effect of shape-stable phase change materials on heat transfer characteristics of ground source heat pump backfill materials66
Geochemical characteristics and water quality assessment of trace elements in geothermal springs in the Gulu-Yadong rift, Tibetan Plateau64
A CFD analysis on using a standardized blade in different mechanical draft cooling towers for geothermal power plants62
Remote exploration and monitoring of geothermal sources: A novel method for foliar element mapping using hyperspectral (VNIR-SWIR) remote sensing60
Global geothermal industry data collection: A systematic review55
Natural state geothermal reservoir modelling: Mineralogical and geochemical evolution perspective54
Gravity inversion for geothermal exploration with uncertainty quantification49
Investigation on geological structure and geothermal resources using seismic exploration41
On geothermal energy recovery from post-SAGD reservoirs41
Application of a geothermal wellbore simulator in evaluating an enhanced geothermal system40
Designing Smart drilling fluids using modified nano silica to improve drilling operations in Geothermal wells40
Experimental investigation on heat extraction performance of deep borehole heat exchanger for ground source heat pump systems in severe cold region39
Deep structure of the Rongcheng geothermal field, Xiongan New Area: Constraints from resistivity data and boreholes38
A simplified approach to predicting the Heat Extraction Rate of Borehole Heat Exchangers from parametric analysis36
Analysis and Interpretation of the gravity data to delineate subsurface structural geometry of the Olkaria geothermal reservoir, Kenya33
Lithium prospectivity and capacity assessment in Northern Germany33
Enhancing geothermal assessment: Coupled BHT and hydrogeochemical approach in north dakota's Deadwood Formation32
Geothermal heat pump solutions for frost heave control in railway subgrades30
Estimation of thermal conductivity of plutonic drill cuttings from their mineralogy: A case study for the FORGE Well 58–32, Milford, Utah30
The application of hydrogeochemical and stable isotope data to decipher the origin and evolution of hot springs in the Rawadanau Basin, Indonesia30
Editorial Board29
Numerical modeling of a geothermal reservoir with high permeability in Turkey28
Assessment of installation suitability of a vertical closed loop ground source heat pump system in regional scale28
CO2 Dissolution in the reservoir brine: An experimental and simulation-based approach27
An overview of geothermal applications in the cultivation of microalgae case study: Kyushu Island, Japan27
Editorial Board27
Cyclic CO2 storage and geothermal energy extraction using a huff and puff technique in the Basal Cambrian Sandstone Unit, Canada26
Editorial Board26
Comments on “Lithium-rich geothermal brines in Europe: An up-date about geochemical characteristics and implications for potential Li resources” by Sanjuan et al. (2022)26
Comprehensive analysis of a vertical ground-source heat pump for residential use in Mexico24
Editorial Board24
Editorial Board24
Integrated assessment and prospectivity mapping of geothermal resources for EGS in Brazil24
Ian Thain (July 1937 - April 2021)24
Comparative techno-economic assessment of superhot rock and conventional geothermal energy feasibility for decarbonizing India23
Combining geological surveys, sizing tools and 3D multiphysics in designing a low temperature district heating with integrated ground source heat pumps23
Ground thermal conductivity estimation using the thermal response test with a horizontal ground heat exchanger23
Precipitation behavior of iron and silicic acid when mixing acidic and weakly alkaline geothermal waters at the Hatchobaru geothermal power plant, Oita, Japan23
The rock breaking mechanism of a combined high-voltage electric impulse-PDC bit drilling technology23
Coupled THMC modeling on chemical stimulation in fractured geothermal reservoirs22
Source parameters of the 8 February 2016, Mw=4.2 Los Humeros earthquake by the inversion of InSAR-based ground deformation22
Characterization of Sb scaling and fluids in saline geothermal power plants: A case study for Germencik Region (Büyük Menderes Graben, Turkey)22
Research on particle clogging during groundwater recharge of ground source heat pump systems22
Geochemical investigations of the geothermal systems from the Island of Sicily (southern Italy)22
Interpretation of gravity data to delineate the subsurface structures and reservoir geometry of the Aluto–Langano geothermal field, Ethiopia22
Study on heat extraction performance of multiple-doublet system in Hot Sedimentary Aquifers: Case study from the Xianyang geothermal field, Northwest China22
Approach to the geothermal potential of Colombia22
Analytic models and effective resistances for coaxial ground heat exchangers21
An assessment of a shallow geothermal reservoir of Mae Chan hot spring, northern Thailand via magnetotelluric surveys21
Evaluation of hydroxyapatite-based cement for geothermal well applications20
Electrical conductivity of H220
Thermal response tests: A biased parameter estimation procedure?20
Occurrence, origin and health risk of arsenic in water and palm dates from the Bazman geothermal field, SE Iran20
Fracture spacing in horizontal well multi-perforation fracturing optimized by heat extraction20
Estimation of an ultra-high-temperature geothermal reservoir model in the Kakkonda geothermal field, northeastern Japan20
Thermal-shock-induced surface softening and conductivity evolution of hydraulic fracture in enhanced geothermal system20
Structures and fluid flows inferred from the microseismic events around a low-resistivity anomaly in the Kakkonda geothermal field, Northeast Japan20
Combining direct ground cooling with ground-source heat pumps and district heating: Borehole sizing and land area requirements19
Evaluation of a potential supercritical geothermal system in the Kuju region, central Kyushu, Japan19
First insights to the seismic response of the fractured Carboniferous limestone reservoir at the Balmatt geothermal doublet (Belgium)19
GeothermoTool: An open-source software for basic geothermal calculations and plots19
Numerical modeling of soil temperature variation under an extreme desert climate19
A hybrid analytical-numerical model for predicting the performance of the Horizontal Ground Heat Exchangers19
Comparative study of novel backfill coupled heat exchangers using different waste materials in underground stopes19
The risk of scaling in Danish geothermal plants and its effect on the reservoir properties predicted by hydrogeochemical modelling19
Geothermal energy potential in relation to black carbon reduction and CO2 mitigation of Himalayan geothermal belt – A review18
Influence of fracture pattern between Hot Sedimentary Aquifer (HSA) and Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) on thermal production and permeability evolution18
Reliable renewable power production by modeling of geothermal assisted solar chimney power plant18
Evaluation of modified Hantush’s function: A tool for parametric study with the finite line-source model18
Heat transfer characteristics of external finned backfill coupled heat exchanger in mine18
Expert-driven play Fairway Analysis applied to the Azufral Volcano Geothermal Area in southwestern Colombia18
A novel fractal model for effective thermal conductivity in granular porous media18
Integrated assessment of deep geothermal heating investments in Northern Belgium through techno-economic, life cycle, global sensitivity and real options analysis18
Extrapolation of locations, depths, and flow rates of naturally occurring cold water recharges in the Olkaria Domes geothermal field by integrating numerical simulation and geophysical information18
2D numerical modeling of solute transport Na-K from a geothermal reservoir: The case of Las Tres Vírgenes, BCS18
Surface heat loss assessment at the Waiotapu Geothermal Field, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand17
Maximizing geothermal prospects: Unveiling Paraná Basin’s potential through advanced GIS and Multicriteria Decision Analysis (MCDA)17
Editorial Board17
Scaling in fractured geothermal carbonate reservoir rocks: An experimental approach17
Equivalent imputation methodology for handling missing data in compositional geochemical databases of geothermal fluids17
Preface: Enhanced Geothermal Systems – Recent Progress17
Extended version at 25 years of the ASHRAE-Tp8 method for the design of BHE fields operating with geothermal heat pumps17
Hydraulic injection tests in the pilot EGS borehole PVGT-LT1 in Litoměřice, Czechia17
An influence of geothermal water, temperature and pressure on the hydration of multicomponent cement binders17
Hydromechanical modeling of the hydraulic stimulations in borehole PX2 (Pohang, South Korea)16
Hybrid artificial neural network based on a metaheuristic optimization algorithm for the prediction of reservoir temperature using hydrogeochemical data of different geothermal areas in Anatolia (Turk16
Modeling and performance assessment of a combined geothermal-ejector refrigeration system16
Extraction turbines and feed-heating in geothermal binary plants: A thermodynamic performance assessment16
Predicting reservoir temperature of geothermal systems in Western Anatolia, Turkey: A focus on predictive performance and explainability of machine learning models16
Building a geospatial model to identify potential geothermal sites in Ayrobera: Afar depression, NE Ethiopia16
Experimental and machine learning study of thermal conductivity of cement composites for geothermal wells16
Addressing the root cause of calcite precipitation that leads to energy loss in geothermal systems16
Corrosion inhibitors and lubricants characterization using the Rock-Eval® Shale Play™ method: Case studies to determine the origin of geothermal scales16
Deconvolution of experimental thermal response test data to recover short-term g-function16
Stochastic Techno-economic Analysis of CO2-circulated Geothermal Energy Production in a Closed Reservoir System16
Geochemical and isotope constraints on the hydrogeology and geochemistry of the geothermal waters in the Shandong Peninsula, China16
Friction and stability of granite faults in the Gonghe geothermal reservoir and implications for injection-induced seismicity16
Processing and interpretation of seismic reflection data from the Los Humeros super-hot geothermal system16
Surface hydrothermal activity controlled by the active structural system in the self-sealing geothermal field of Acoculco (Mexico)16
Research on acidizing blockage removal and perfusion enhancement technology for sandstone geothermal reservoir recharge wells15
Pathé geothermal power plant, Hidalgo, Mexico: A comprehensive retrospective assessment of the first plant of its kind in the Americas15
Downflows during transient geothermal well test analysis15
Three-dimensional electrical imaging of the Aravali-Tural-Rajwadi geothermal system, West Coast of India15
Geothermometry and water–rock interaction modelling at Hafralækur: Possible implications of temperature and CO2 on hydrogeochemical changes previously linked to earthquakes in northern Iceland15
Erratum to “Deep geothermal resource assessment of early carboniferous limestones for Central and Southern Great Britain” <[Geothermics (2023), 109, 102649>]15
Case study of mountainous geothermal reservoirs (Kopaonik Mt., southwestern Serbia): Fault-controlled fluid compartmentalization within a late Paleogene-Neogene core-complex15
Understanding the latent needs of diverse stakeholders unfamiliar with geothermal energy15
Advanced characterization of hydrothermal flows within recharge and discharge areas using rare earth elements, proved through a case study of two-phase reservoir geothermal field, in Southern Bandung,15
Harvesting the low-temperature geothermal energy for agricultural drying with two-phase closed thermosyphon: An experimental study15
Geothermal distribution and evolution of fault-controlled Linyi geothermal system: Constrained from hydrogeochemical composition and numerical simulation15
Three-dimensional temperature maps of the Williston Basin, USA: Implications for deep hot sedimentary and enhanced geothermal resources15
Evaluation of energy extraction from a geothermal resource in central Alberta, Canada using different well configurations14
An upscaling model for simulation of geothermal processes in stratified formations14
Design and optimization of deep coaxial borehole heat exchangers for cold sedimentary basins14
Experimental study on impedance dispersion characteristics and electrical resistivity of high temperature granite14
Geothermal energy extraction from abandoned oil and gas wells using mono and hybrid nanofluids14
Design parameters impacting electricity generation from horizontal multilateral closed-loop geothermal systems in Hot Dry Rock14
Rock breaking mechanism of electrode bit in heterogeneous granite formation and its optimization14
Techno-economic coupling model of U-shaped closed-loop geothermal system14
Natural recovery from Fe-oxyhydroxide clogging of a geothermal well in Osaka, Japan14
Geothermal Energy Extraction Using a Novel Combined Coaxial and U-Shaped Closed-Loop System14
Numerical investigations on a geothermal reservoir using fully coupled thermo-hydro-geomechanics with integrated RSM-machine learning and ARIMA models14
Uncertainty quantification in a heterogeneous fluvial sandstone reservoir using GPU-based Monte Carlo simulation14
Lithium-rich geothermal brines in Europe: An up-date about geochemical characteristics and implications for potential Li resources14
Permeability estimating beyond boreholes from electrical conductivity data determined from magnetotelluric sounding: Soultz-sous-Forêts site (France) case study14
Macroscopic permeability progression of Nanan granite under confining pressures and its microscopic evolution after cooling at atmospheric pressure: A comparative study14
Geothermal resources and deep tectonic in Leh Ladakh (NW Himalaya), India: Inference from magnetotelluric studies14
Fluid-CO2 injection impact in a geothermal reservoir: Evaluation with 3-D reactive transport modeling14
Stochastic inversion of gravity, magnetic, tracer, lithology, and fault data for geologically realistic structural models: Patua Geothermal Field case study14
Experimental and numerical simulation research on hot dry rock wellbore stability under different cooling methods13
Structural optimization of multi-pipe earth to air heat exchanger in greenhouse13
Fluid-rock mineral equilibrium and new improved Na/K geothermometers: The case of the Cerro Prieto geothermal field (CP-I), Mexico13
Machine learning in subsurface geothermal energy: Two decades in review13
Estimation of ground motion due to induced seismicity at a geothermal power plant near Munich, Germany, using numerical simulations13
The 2017 Pohang, South Korea, Mw 5.4 main shock was either natural or triggered, but not induced13
Structural design method, validation, and performance analysis of an earth-air heat exchanger for greenhouses13
Investigation of thermal cooling effect of long-term circulation in Raft River enhanced geothermal system13
A multiscale recurrent neural network model for predicting energy production from geothermal reservoirs13
A comprehensive and systematic study of geothermal energy-based desalination systems for sustainable development13
Impact of fracture shear dilation on long-term heat extraction in Enhanced Geothermal Systems: Insights from a fully-coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical simulation13
Integration of triaxial ultrasonic velocity and deformation rate analysis for core-based estimation of stresses at the Utah FORGE geothermal site13
Life cycle assessment of the Theistareykir geothermal power plant in Iceland13
Thermal response tests on deep boreholes through multiple ground layers13
Self-re-adhering alkali-activated cement composite and its ability to mitigate corrosion of carbon steel in 300 °C hydrothermal environment12
Formation of the hydrothermal system from granite reservoir for power generation in igneous rock areas of South China12
High-temperature resistant drilling fluid of Sodium-based rectorite modified by organic laponite12
Using thermal response factors with time dependent thermal properties12
Performance of a solar ground source heat pump used for energy supply of a separated building12
Geochemical processes and indicative significance of rare earth elements in high arsenic geothermal fluids in Batang, western Sichuan, China12
Techno-economic performance optimization of hydrothermal doublet systems: Application to the Al Wajh basin, Western Saudi Arabia12
CO2 and heat energy transport by enhanced fracture permeability in the Monterotondo Marittimo-Sasso Pisano transfer fault system (Larderello Geothermal Field, Italy)12
A new combined power and dual ejector refrigeration system using zeotropic mixtures with composition adjustable driven by geothermal resource: An exergoeconomic performance evaluation12
Analysis of the transient performance of coaxial and u-tube borehole heat exchangers12
Corrigendum to “Thermal investigation of geothermally activated building systems using Thermal-Response-Test method” [Geothermics Volume 123 (2024) 103116]12
Effects by geothermal gradient on thermal response tests for boreholes12
Intensive thermal exploitation from closed and open shallow geothermal systems at urban scale: unmanaged conflicts and potential synergies12
3-D Geologic Controls of Hydrothermal Fluid Flow at Brady geothermal field, Nevada, USA12
Causes of a premature thermal breakthrough of a hydrothermal project in Germany12
Editorial Board12
Assessment of the geothermal potential in the region of Ávila (Spain): An integrated and interactive thermal approach12
Integrated approach for geothermal exploration: Case study from Salar area (Afyonkarahisar, Turkey)12
Three-dimensional magnetotelluric inversion for the characterization of the Sol de Mañana high-enthalpy geothermal field, Bolivia12
Granitoids of the western Himalaya and Karakoram as potential geothermal reservoirs – A petrological, geochemical and petrophysical study12
Editorial Board12
GIS-based multi-criteria decision making under Silica Saturation Index (SSI) for selecting the best direct use scenarios for geothermal resources in Central and Southern Rift Valley, Kenya12
Analysis of thermal response tests on boreholes with controlled inlet temperature versus controlled heat input rate12
A modified methodology to substitute U-shape well using a single well with fracture network: Design and performance11
Geothermal Play Fairway Analysis, Part 2: GIS methodology11
Sustainability of geothermal development strategy using a numerical reservoir modeling: A case study of Tompaso geothermal field11
Editorial Board11
Investigation on the synergy enhancement effect and mechanism of consolidation/thermal conductivity of CNTs-composite cement11
Genetic mechanisms of sinter deposit zones in the Yangyi geothermal field, Tibet: Evidence from the hydrochemistry of geothermal fluid11
Resistivity structural imaging of the Olkaria Domes geothermal field in Kenya using 2D and 3D MT Data inversion11
Storing CO2 in geothermal reservoir rocks from the Kizildere field, Turkey: Combined stress, temperature, and pore fluid dependence of seismic properties11
Silica scaling and boiling effect on corrosion behaviour of nickel-based alloys associated with superheated hydrothermal fluids containing HCl, H2S and CO211
Application of towed TEM to geothermal areas of New Zealand11
Continuous thermal structures of the present-day and contact-metamorphic geothermal systems revealed by drill cuttings in the Kakkonda geothermal field, Japan11
Using time-lapse seismic velocity changes to monitor the Domo de San Pedro Geothermal field, Mexico11
1D monodirectional or 2D quasi-uniaxial parallel heat fluxes: A discussion on ‘Soil thermal conductivity estimated using a semi-analytical approach’11
Techno-economic analysis of evaporative cooling enhancement methods of a 21 MW air-cooled geothermal power plant11
Geophysical signature of the transition zone between the sedimentary cover and the basement from an analogue of the Rhine Graben11
Unraveling the origin of geothermal heat in absence of recent volcanism: The Santiago Papasquiaro hydrothermal area, Central-Eastern Sierra Madre Occidental, México11
Gravity and magneto-telluric study of Manuguru geothermal field, Telangana state, India11
Reply to the comment by Bolognesi11
Performance evaluation of structurally modified wellbore cement with graphene nanoplatelets undergone thermal cyclic loading11
Optimization of double layered horizontal directional drilled ground heat exchangers by water injection into the borehole11
A numerical study on the creation of artificial supercritical geothermal reservoirs by hydraulic fracturing11
Implications of rootless geothermal models: Missing processes, parameter compensation, and imposter convection11
Editorial Board11
Editorial Board11
Long term performance monitoring and KPIs’ evaluation of Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage system in Esker formation: Case study in Stockholm11
A novel 2-D equivalent numerical model of helix energy pile based on heat transfer characteristics of internal heat convection10
Three-dimensional resistivity structure in the hydrothermal system beneath Ganzi Basin, eastern margin of Tibetan Plateau10
A numerical approach to infer terrestrial heat flux from shallow temperature profiles in remote northern regions10
Power generation prediction of a geothermal-thermoelectric hybrid system using intelligent models10
Temperature-responsive smart tracers for field-measurement of inter-well thermal evolution: Heterogeneous kinetics and field demonstration10
Assessment of a low-enthalpy geothermal resource and evaluation of the natural CO2 output in the Tor di Quinto area (Rome city, Italy)10
A Peaceman-type well model for the 3D Control Volume Finite Element Method and numerical simulations of supercritical geothermal resource utilization10
Hydrothermal-activity stage classification and power-generation potential evaluation of geothermal wells based on a natural analog study on epithermal deposits, in Japan10
Productivity enhancement of geothermal wells through fault zones: Efficient numerical evaluation of a parameter space for the Upper Jurassic aquifer of the North Alpine Foreland Basin10
Simulation analysis of a single well geothermal system with open-loop structure10
Integrated seismic ambient noise, magnetotellurics and gravity data for the 2D interpretation of the Vallès basin structure in the geothermal system of La Garriga-Samalús (NE Spain)10
Albite–K-feldspar–quartz equilibria in hydrothermal fluids at 400, 420°C and 20–35 MPa: Experimental measurements and thermodynamic calculations10
Remarks on a sediment-hosted geothermal system in Cerro Prieto, México, with a seismic reflection profile10
Exploratory analysis of machine learning techniques in the Nevada geothermal play fairway analysis10
rOGER: A method for determining the geothermal potential in urban areas10
The contribution of hydrothermal mineral alteration analysis and gas geothermometry for understanding high-temperature geothermal fields – The case of Ribeira Grande geothermal field, Azores10
MulT_predict - An optimised comprehensive multicomponent geothermometer10
Magma fracking and production reservoirs beneath and adjacent to Mutnovsky volcano based on seismic data and hydrothermal activity10
On the role of thermal stress and fluid pressure in triggering seismic and aseismic faulting at the Brawley Geothermal Field, California.10
Applying ground gas and gas flux monitoring techniques to low-enthalpy, shallow geothermal energy exploration10
Characterization of scaling material obtained from the geothermal power plant of the Balmatt site, Mol10
Experimental study on the evolution of mechanical properties of hot dry rocks under alternating temperature loads10
A new approach to estimate and delineate the geothermal gradient of Iran10
Geochemistry and geothermometry of Breitenbush Hot Springs, Oregon, USA10
Characterization of the hydrothermal potential for the cap strata of Yangzte Block (YB), China10
Energy conversion of heat from abandoned oil wells to mechanical refrigeration - Transient analysis and optimization10
Exploring the geothermal potential of Peut Sagoe volcano using Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS images10
Numerical geochemical modelling of basalt-water interaction under subcritical conditions10
A new method for investigating the impact of temperature on in-situ reservoir properties using high-temperature AFM9
Damage characteristics of high-temperature coal under different cooling rates9
Relationship of geothermal surface manifestations with the geology of northeastern Mexico, according to the interpretation of magnetic, gravimetric, and electrical resistivity data9
Performance of horizontally loaded energy piles in saturated clay9
Uncertainty quantification and optimization method applied to time-continuous geothermal energy extraction9
Experimental study on reinjection enhancement of sandstone with radial wells9
Time-dependent thermal degradation of lost circulation materials in geothermal systems9
Measurements and simulations of high temperature borehole thermal energy storage in Drammen, Norway - evaluation of thermal losses and thermal barrier9
Analytical solution for the simulation of ground thermal conditions around planar trench collectors9
Experimental study of a novel in-tube spray evaporative condenser for geothermal power generation9
Play fairway analysis of geothermal resources across the state of Hawai‘i: 5. Slim hole drilling on Lāna‘i island9
Slow failure during faulting and formation of a porous framework under hydrothermal conditions: Role of feldspar sintering in granitoids9
The importance of structural complexity in the localization of geothermal systems: A case study along the Vallès-Penedès Fault in the Catalan Coastal Ranges (NE Spain)9
Deep heat source detection using the magnetotelluric method and geothermal assessment of the Farafra Oasis, Western Desert, Egypt9
Study on dynamic mechanical properties and energy dissipation of cyclic impact high temperature bedding sandstone9
Geothermal energy potential of the Mangyshlak Basin, western Kazakhstan: A preliminary assessment based on stratigraphy and temperature data9
Reliability of 3D finite-element and finite-difference inversion of magnetotelluric data including topography for geothermal exploration: Case study in Okuaizu geothermal field9
Assessment of two recent hot dry rock thermal energy production projects9
Uni-directional ATES in high groundwater flow aquifers9
Reactive transport modeling of the Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage (ATES) system at Stockton University, New Jersey during seasonal operations9
Seismic reflectivity, fracturing and stress field data from the FFC-1 exploratory geothermal project in SW Skåne, Sweden9
Stability study of aqueous foams under high-temperature and high-pressure conditions relevant to Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS)9
Shallow geothermal field multidisciplinary exploration: New data from Campi Flegrei caldera (CFc) for low—middle enthalpy resource exploitation9
Modeling of the thermal-hydrodynamic and chemical regime of Geyser reservoir (Valley of Geyser, Kamchatka)9
A new method for calculating the minimum sand-carrying velocity in geothermal well production9
Numerical assessment of the geothermal resource potential of the Charlevoix meteorite impact crater, Canada9
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