Journal of Great Lakes Research

Article	Citations
Editorial Board	64
New Associate Editor Michael Twiss	50
Editorial Board	45
Editorial Board	40
First evidence of lake trout Salvelinus namaycush spawning aggregation in Ohio waters of Lake Erie following reintroduction	38
Revisiting zooplankton as indicators in the Great Lakes: Which indicators detect temporal changes in the zooplankton community composition?	37
Condition of resident fish communities in the Eighteenmile Creek Area of Concern, New York	36
Carbon fixation by the phytoplankton community across Lake Winnipeg	35
Modelling streamflow and phosphorus fluxes in the Lake of the Woods watershed	35
Constraining carbon and sulfur dynamics in Lake Erie nearshore waters: A chemical and isotopic reconnaissance study	35
Long-term dynamics of Lake Erie benthos: One lake, three distinct communities	31
Drought coincident with aeolian activity in a Great Lakes coastal dune setting during the Algoma Phase (3.1–2.4 ka), southwest Michigan	31
Novel insights gained from tagging walleye (Sander vitreus) with pop-off data storage tags and acoustic transmitters in Lake Ontario	30
Spatial heterogeneity in water quality across the northern nearshore regions of the Laurentian Great Lakes	30
A 90-year record of lake whitefish Coregonus clupeaformis abundances in Michigan waters of the upper Laurentian Great Lakes	30
An adaptive management implementation framework for evaluating supplemental sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) controls in the Laurentian Great Lakes	30
Seasonal variation in the influence of environmental drivers on nearshore water quality along an urban northern Lake Ontario shoreline	29
Tweeting the Laurentian Great Lakes: A community opinion analysis about Great Lakes areas as assessed through mentions on Twitter	29
Need for harmonized long-term multi-lake monitoring of African Great Lakes	28
First DNA barcode reference library for water mites of the ancient Lake Ohrid reveals high diversity and lineage endemism	26
Using strain-specific genetic information to estimate the reproductive potential of lake trout spawning biomass in southern Lake Michigan	26
Diet and trophic ecology of introduced salmonines at two south shore ports of Lake Superior, 2019	25
Regional variability of resource use, trophic position and habitat coupling within Lake Superior	25
Lake-effect rainfall over Africa’s great lakes and other lakes in the rift valleys	25
Coastal wetland plant community responses to record-high Lake Superior water levels: An Allouez Bay case study	24

Thiamine status of lake trout in lake Ontario and its relation to diet after the colonization of round goby, 2005–2006	24
Introducing article numbering to the Journal of Great Lakes Research	23
Improving geospatial coastal vulnerability indices for the Great Lakes	23
Passive sampling with targeted and non-targeted analysis as an “Early Warning” of water-soluble contaminants in the Great Lakes	23
What can commercial fishery data in the Great Lakes reveal about juvenile sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) ecology and management?	22
High nutrient loading and climatic parameters influence the dominance and dissimilarity of toxigenic cyanobacteria in northern bays of Lake Victoria	22
Evaluation of post-stocking dispersal and mortality of juvenile lake trout Salvelinus namaycush in Lake Ontario using acoustic telemetry	22
Role of tributary cyanobacterial and nutrient transport and sediment processes on cyanobacterial bloom initiation in Lake Superior nearshore	21
Prevalence and ecological features of deep chlorophyll layers in Lake of the Woods, a complex hydrological system with strong trophic, physical, and chemical gradients	21
Stream corridor and upland sources of fluvial sediment and phosphorus from a mixed urban-agricultural tributary to the Great Lakes	21
Temporal changes in the remote sensing reflectance at Lake Vänern	21
Measuring and modelling nearshore recovery of an eroded beach in Lake Michigan, USA	20
Dynamics of beach-ridge formation along a migrating strandplain with implications for paleo-environmental assessment, Illinois Beach State Park, southwestern Lake Michigan	20
Spatial and seasonal variation in the phytoplankton community of Lake Victoria’s Mwanza Gulf, compared to northern parts of the lake	20
Urban pocket-beach morphodynamics along the wave-dominated southwest coast of Lake Michigan: An analysis of shoreline and sand volumetric changes	20
Importance of environmental flow on feeding and distribution of juvenile Labeobarbus species in the Gumara River, Lake Tana Sub-basin, Ethiopia	19
Phosphorus and nitrogen deposition within a large transboundary watershed: Implications for nutrient stoichiometry and lake vs watershed budgets	19
Early career researchers benefit from inclusive, diverse and international collaborations: Changing how academic institutions utilize the seminar series	19
Genomics reveals identity, phenology and population demographics of larval ciscoes (Coregonus artedi, C. hoyi, and C. kiyi) in the Apostle Islands, Lake Superior	19
Opportunities for combining data of Estonian and Russian monitoring to reflect on water quality in large transboundary Lake Peipsi	18
Perspectives from modern hydrology and hydrochemistry on a lacustrine biodiversity hotspot: Ancient Lake Poso, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia	18
Lake-bottom geology of the Chicago nearshore: A sand-distribution context for urban beach morphodynamics along a fragmented littoral zone	18
Multi-year evidence of unbiased sex ratios in hatchery and wild-reared age-0 lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens)	18
Spatial and temporal variation in yellow perch (Perca flavescens) diet: Implications for growth	18
Multi-run migratory behavior of adult male lake sturgeon in a short river	18
New Associate Editor Nancy Seefelt	18
Invasive water hyacinth (Pontederia crassipes) extends its range to East Europe and the Caucasus	18
Sources of coaster brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) revealed by genomic analysis of brook trout populations along Minnesota’s shoreline with Lake Superior	18
Dynamics of phosphorus fractions and bioavailability in a large shallow tropical lake characterized by monotonal flood pulse in Southeast Asia	17
Fungal community dynamics associated with harmful cyanobacterial blooms in two Great Lakes	17
Warming overcomes dispersal-limitation to promote non-native expansion in Lake Baikal	17
Quantifying Great Lakes sea lamprey populations using an index of adults	17
Signs of the times: Isotopic signature changes in several fish species following invasion of Lake Constance by quagga mussels	17
Fen development along the southern shore of Lake Ontario	16
Changes in native lamprey populations in the Great Lakes since the onset of sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) control	16
Winter diets of round whitefish Prosopium cylindraceum in the St. Marys River	16
Seasons of research with/by/as the Keweenaw Bay Indian Community	16
Biogeographic barriers are differentially permeable based on traits: Movement of hypoxia tolerant mormyrid fish in the Lake Victoria basin	16
Future water levels of the Great Lakes under 1.5 °C to 3 °C warmer climates	16
Contemporary spatial extent and environmental drivers of larval coregonine distributions across Lake Ontario	15
Occurrence of residues of veterinary antibiotics in water, sediment and trout tissue (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in the southern area of Lake Titicaca, Peru	15
Patterns and drivers of seasonal succession and vertical distribution in the rotifer community of Lake Ontario in 2018	15
Chironomid assemblage response to cultural eutrophication and dreissenid mussel establishment in the Bay of Quinte, Ontario	15
A five-year summary of water quality, zooplankton, and fishes in the open waters of Lake Erie’s Presque Isle Bay	15
Sea lamprey control in the Great Lakes: A Tribal/First Nations Representative’s perspective	14
New Associate Editor Michael Rennie	14
Histological analysis of deepwater sculpin ovaries supports single spawning reproductive strategy	14
At the intersection between toxicology and physiology: What we have learned about sea lampreys and bony fish physiology from studying the mode of action of lampricides	14
Building a CSMI database: Experiences from the Lake Ontario 2018 CSMI Field Year	14
Historical genetic connectivity of lake sturgeon in a dammed Great Lakes tributary	14

Validation of qPCR method for enterococci quantification at Toronto beaches: Application for rapid recreational water monitoring	14
Publisher’s Note	14
Corrigendum to “Concentrations and loads of nutrients and major ions in the Niagara River, 1975–2018” [J. Great Lakes Res. 47 (2021) 844–861]	14
Investigating nearshore spatial and temporal trends in nutrient concentrations along an urban northern shoreline, Lake Ontario	13
Metal accumulation in Lake Michigan prey fish: Influence of ontogeny, trophic position, and habitat	13
Suspect screening and nontargeted analysis of polyfluoroalkyl substances in Lake Huron water and biota	13
Responses of phytoplankton and periphyton community structure to an anthropic eutrophication gradient in tropical high-altitude Lake Titicaca	13
Psychrotrophic violacein-producing bacteria isolated from Lake Winnipeg, Canada	13
Effects of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) cage aquaculture on water quality in the world’s largest tropical lake	13
Unbundling sustainable community-based cage aquaculture in an afrotropical lake for blue growth	12
Predicting Lake Huron Dreissena spp. Spatial distribution patterns from environmental characteristics	12
Beach rebuilding period buffers Indiana beach erosion in Lake Michigan	12
Hydrology, chemistry, and sediment and nutrient loads at the intersection of the Genesee River and Erie Canal: An interbasin transfer	12
Rapid response of the nearshore round goby population to temperature declines associated with upwelling events in Lake Ontario	12
Speed kills? Migrating sea lamprey increase speed when exposed to an antipredator cue but make worse short-term decisions	12
Collaborative watershed analysis: A ‘groupthink’ assessment of cumulative effects	12
New Associate Editors	12
Response of fish assemblages to restoration of rapids habitat in a Great Lakes connecting channel	12
Building a research network to better understand climate governance in the Great Lakes	12
A simple method to genetically differentiate invasive F1 Typha hybrids (T. × glauca) and advanced-generation/backcrossed hybrids from parent species (T. Latifolia and T. angustifolia) in eastern Canad	12
Indicators of fish population responses to avian predation with focus on double-crested cormorants	12
Vertical oscillations of the thermocline caused by internal waves modify coldwater pelagic fish distribution: Results from a large stratified lake	12
Spatial and temporal variations of dissolved CO2, CH4 and N2O in Lakes Edward and George (East Africa)	12
Ecological change associated with historic industrial activity in the St. Lawrence River at Cornwall, ON: A paleo-ecotoxicological assessment using subfossil chironomid assemblages	12
Towards meaningful research and engagement: Indigenous knowledge systems and Great Lakes governance	12
Editorial Board	12
Is glyphosate an underlying cause of increased dissolved reactive phosphorus loading in the Western Lake Erie basin?	12
Risk assessment of trace elements bioaccumulated in golden gray mullet (Liza aurata) harvested from the southern Caspian Sea	12
Eastern banded killifish (Fundulus diaphanus diaphanus) in Lake Michigan and connected watersheds: The invasion of a non-native subspecies	11
Nearshore-offshore exchanges by enhanced turbulent mixing along the north shore of Lake Ontario	11
Emergent vegetation in Netley-Libau Marsh: Temporal changes (1990–2013) in cover in relation to Lake Winnipeg level and Red River flow	11
Environmental predictors of phytoplankton chlorophyll-a in Great Lakes coastal wetlands	11
Nearshore and embayment zooplankton community structure in Lake Michigan, implications for invasion by bigheaded carps	11
Vertical distribution of Lake Superior cisco (Coregonus artedi) spawning aggregations and implications for population monitoring	11
Common water hyacinth (Pontederia crassipes) invades Lakes Edward, George, and Kazinga Channel: A call for immediate action	11
Effect of tilapia cage culture on algae and cyanobacteria communities in the bays of Bukavu basin, Lake Kivu, DR Congo	11
New Associate Editor: Brian Weidel	11
Editorial Board	11
Lake Ontario’s nearshore zooplankton: Community composition changes and comparisons to the offshore	11
Multidecadal patterns of coastal profile change reveal low likelihood of beach recovery following a period of high Lake Michigan water level	11
Three-dimensional modeling of sediment resuspension in a large shallow lake	11
Saugeen Ojibway Nation community input and action: Initiating a two-eyed seeing approach for dikameg (Coregonus clupeaformis) in Lake Huron	11
Parasites and microbial infections of lamprey (order Petromyzontiformes Berg 1940): A review of existing knowledge and recent studies	11
Seasonal differences in larval sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) sensitivity to the pesticide TFM	11
Growth stability after the collapse of alewives in Lake Huron and direct size-at-age comparisons between stocked and wild lake trout	11
Corrigendum to “Quantifying phosphorus loads from legacy-phosphorus fields” [J. Gt. Lakes 50 (2024) 102446]	11
Corrigendum to ‘A lake-wide approach for large lake zooplankton monitoring: Results from the 2006–2016 Lake Superior Cooperative Science and Monitoring Initiative surveys’ [J. Great Lakes Res. 46(4) (	11
Economic viability of proactive harmful algal bloom mitigation through attached algal growth	11
A simple water clarity-turbidity index for the Great Lakes	11
Widespread prevalence of hypoxia and the classification of hypoxic conditions in the Laurentian Great Lakes	11
Scales of spatial variability in Lake Michigan glider-based limnological observations	10
Is it safe to eat fish from the Great Lakes? An adaptive modelling-monitoring framework to assess compliance with consumption advisories	10
The benthic nepheloid layer in the offshore waters of the Great Lakes and its post-dreissenid disappearance	10
St. Lawrence River Strategy: Connecting community for a beautiful and healthy Kaniatarowanenneh	10
Eradication of sea lampreys from the Laurentian Great Lakes is possible	10
Drawing on Anishinaabek knowledge to protect water	10
A review of cisco form diversity and lake depth in North America: An ecological opportunity gradient with Mysis diluviana	10
Concentrations and loads of nutrients and major ions in the Niagara River, 1975–2018	10
Lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) annual adult survival estimated from acoustic telemetry	10
Reporting on the status, trends, and drivers of algal blooms on Lake of the Woods using satellite-derived bloom indices (2002–2021)	10
Applying functional genomics to the study of lamprey development and sea lamprey population control	10
A river reborn: The fulfillment of the project partnership agreement for the removal of Sabin Dam	10
Genetic control of invasive sea lamprey in the Great Lakes	10
Advances in the use of lampricides to control sea lampreys in the Laurentian Great Lakes, 2000–2019	10
Population structure in anadromous lampreys: Patterns and processes	10
Mercury bioaccumulation in the aquatic food webs from Lakes Huron, Erie, and Ontario in North America	10
Passage and freshwater habitat requirements of anadromous lampreys: Considerations for conservation and control	10
Genetic pedigree analyses of Arctic grayling offspring produced to initiate the Michigan reintroduction program	10
Targeted screening of passive samplers as an “Early Warning” of novel contaminants in the Great Lakes Basin	9
Foreword: Stressors and successes, Lake Ontario CSMI intensive year 2018	9
Morphology and blood metabolites reflect recent spatial and temporal differences among Lake Winnipeg walleye, Sander vitreus	9
Interactions between light and wave exposure differentially affect epilithic algal biomass and productivity in two large lakes of different trophy	9
Temporal dynamics and drivers of lake ecosystem metabolism using high resolution observations in a shallow, tropical, eutrophic lake (Laguna Lake, Philippines)	9
Species in Ancient Lakes 9: An introduction to the conference and special section	9
Foredune dynamics at a Lake Michigan site during rising and high lake levels	9
Microplastics in freshwater copepods of Lake Baikal	9
Hydrodynamics of a large lake with complex geometry and topography: Lake of the Woods	9
Impacts of a changing climate on native lamprey species: From physiology to ecosystem services	9
Whole-lake food web model indicates alewife invasion fueled lake trout restoration and altered patterns of trophic flow Lake Champlain	9
Tritium in Laurentian Great Lakes surface waters	9

Coldwater, stenothermic fish seem bound to suffer under the spectre of future warming	9
Lake Superior fish community and fisheries, 2001–2022: An era of stability	9
Two-year follow-up on an environmental health literacy software intervention for Anishinaabe Native Americans	9
Application of dynamic contributing area for modelling the hydrologic response of the Assiniboine River Basin to a changing climate	9
Seasonal offshore/inshore migration of round gobies	9
Spatial, seasonal, and historical variation of phytoplankton production in Lake Michigan	9
Chloride trends in Ontario’s surface and groundwaters	8
A seasonal electric barrier blocks invasive adult sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) and reduces production of larvae	8
Impacts of climate change on groundwater in the Great Lakes Basin: A review	8
100 years of sea lampreys above Niagara Falls: A reflection on what happened and what we learned	8
Life history evolution of sea lamprey is predicted to reduce the effectiveness of pesticide control	8
Comparing three common nest survey methods, using double-crested cormorants as a proposed sentinel for monitoring plastic pollution in freshwater environments	8
Five decades of smallmouth bass monitoring reveal the potential benefits of catch-and-release angling practices in a Great Lakes connecting water	8
The aggregate economic value of Great Lakes recreational fishing trips	8
Phosphorus loading to nearshore waters from legacy septic system groundwater plumes in a Great Lakes coastal community	8
Shining a light on Laurentian Great Lakes cisco (Coregonus artedi): How ice coverage may impact embryonic development☆	8
A watershed model predicts the effects of cover crops on river flows, sediment transport, and nutrient loss to Lake Michigan	8
Prioritizing lampricide treatments in Great Lakes tributaries and lentic areas during 2000–2017	8
Incorporation of non-native species in the diets of cisco (Coregonus artedi) from eastern Lake Ontario	8
Anthropogenic litter pollution in selected African transboundary and Great Rift Valley lakes	8
Can otolith microchemistry identify the natal origin of larval lake whitefish Coregonus clupeaformis in the waters of Green Bay?	8
New method for identification of natural and anthropogenic organic matter in receiving waters of pulp and paper mill discharge	8
Groundwater as a source and pathway for road salt contamination of surface water in the Lake Ontario Basin: A review	8
Spatio-temporal trends in the density and condition of a secondary consumer, Bythotrephes, in southern Lake Michigan	8
Patterns of geospatial data and imagery use within coastal communities along the Great Lakes of the United States	8
Assessing impaired benthic communities using sediment toxicity and contaminant concentrations from reference sites inside the Niagara River Area of Concern	8
Quantifying the increase in shoreline armoring along Michigan’s Lake Michigan coast associated with rising lake level (2014–2020)	8
Sediment transport and budget influenced by harbor jetties in storm events	8
Lamprey aquaculture successes and failures: A path to production for control and conservation	8
The influence of conditions in Lake Superior and the Bois Brule River, Wisconsin on returns of migratory rainbow trout	8
Regional predatory fish diets following a regime shift in Lake Huron	8
Documentation of a probable spawning run of cisco Coregonus artedi in the Spanish River, Ontario, Canada	8
Spatial ecology of Bay of Quinte walleye (Sander vitreus): Annual timing, extent, and patterns of migrations in eastern Lake Ontario	8
Global resemblance, local divergence? – A comparison of meiobenthic invertebrate communities dwelling in ancient lakes Malawi, Ohrid and Baikal	8
New Associate Editor Lewis Sitoki	8
Spatial and seasonal variability in trophic relationships and carbon sources of two key invertebrate species in Lake Ontario	8
Editorial Board	7
Updated census in the Laurentian Great Lakes Watershed: A framework for determining the relationship between the population and this aquatic resource	7
Comparison of catch in multifilament and monofilament gill nets in a long-term survey on Lake Michigan	7
An abrupt decline in springtime zooplankton diel vertical migration due to a shift in stratification regime	7
Climate Change: A bibliometric study of the Great Lakes Basin	7
Compositions, sources, and bioavailability of colloidal organic matter in Lake Taihu	7
Contemporary genetic structure of walleye (Sander vitreus) reflects a historical inter-basin river diversion	7
Thermodynamic exposure reductions of PCBs available to Lumbriculus variegatus in Lake Erie region sediments amended with activated carbon	7
Larval lake whitefish distribution in the open waters of Green Bay, Lake Michigan	7
First insights into the diversity and ecology of non-biting midges (Diptera: Chironomidae) of the unique ancient Skadar Lake basin (Montenegro/Albania)	7
A comparison of stable isotopes and polychlorinated biphenyls among genetic strains of Lake Ontario lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush)	7
Decreasing trends in total suspended solids and cumulative effects of nonpoint source projects in the Cuyahoga River Watershed, OH	7
Phytoplankton blooms and fish kills in Lake Tanganyika related to upwelling and the limnological cycle	7
Enhancing Great Lakes coastal ecosystems research by initiating engagement between scientists and decision-makers	7
Adfluvial smallmouth bass in a tributary of Lake Huron	7
Turbidity associated with the beneficial placement of dredged sediment in the dynamic littoral zone at Fairport Harbor, Ohio	7
The bricks and mortar of collaborative ecosystem-based restoration and management	7
The distribution, density, and biomass of the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) on natural substrates in Lake Winnipeg 2017–2019	7
Rapid water level rise drives unprecedented coastal habitat loss along the Great Lakes of North America	7
Reduced sediment export to the Pennsylvania Lake Erie littoral zone during an era of average lake levels	7
Results of the collaborative Lake Ontario bloater restoration stocking and assessment, 2012–2020	7
White and longnose sucker diet composition in Lake Michigan and Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron	7
Long-term trends in particulate nutrients in offshore waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes	7
On the survival and habitat use of hatchery-reared cisco (Coregonus artedi) in Lake Erie	7
Veliger density and environmental conditions control quagga mussel colonization rates in two perialpine lakes	7
Where you trap matters: Implications for integrated sea lamprey management	7
An evaluation of sanitary and environmental survey use to protect beaches in the Great Lakes basin	7
Alkalinity, pH, and pCO2 in the Laurentian Great Lakes: An initial view of seasonal and inter-annual trends	7
Retraction notice to “Comparison of thiaminase activity in fish using the radiometric and 4-nitrothiophenol colorimetric methods” [J. Great Lakes Res. 36 (2010) 641–645]	7
Larval coregonine density and diet composition along beaches of northern Lake Michigan	7
First documentation of grass carp spawning in Lake Erie’s Central Basin	7
Rehabilitation progress can’t be assessed without a measuring stick: Development of a recruitment index survey for lake sturgeon in Lake Superior	7
Restoring relationships: Water heritage, sense of place, and community engagement	6
Large-scale variation in lakebed properties interpreted from single-beam sonar in two Laurentian Great Lakes	6
Editorial Board	6
Groundwater contributions to surface water in the Assiniboine Delta Aquifer (ADA): A water quantity and quality perspective	6
Rainbow smelt population responses to species invasions and change in environmental condition	6
Using remote sensing to assess how intensive agriculture impacts the turbidity of a fluvial lake floodplain	6
Stewardship after delisting: Sustaining long-term progress in Michigan’s Areas of Concern	6
Lampricide bioavailability and toxicity to invasive sea lamprey and non-target fishes: The importance of alkalinity, pH, and the gill microenvironment	6
Setting and tracking suppression targets for sea lampreys in the Great Lakes	6
Editorial Board	6
Temporal variations in the pelagic fish community of Lake Winnipeg from 2002 to 2019	6
Assessing water clarity status and long-term trends in North America’s largest lakes using ESA’s Ocean Colour Climate Change Initiative (OC-CCI) products	6
Impacts of weathered microplastic ingestion on gastrointestinal microbial communities and health endpoints in fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas)	6
Long-term dynamics of dissolved oxygen and isotopic composition in Lake Erie and Lake Ontario: Implications for eutrophication and ecosystem health	6
The path toward consistent achievement of sea lamprey abundance and lake trout marking targets in Lake Ontario, 2000–2019	6
Land cover and water quality of drowned river mouths: Evidence of an environmental gradient along the eastern Lake Michigan shoreline	6
A review of lake sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens spawning sites in the Lower St. Lawrence and Ottawa river systems	6
The effects of beach energy on sediment entrainment within the nearshore ice complex	6
Nearshore ice-complex morphodynamics within an urban embayment, Southwestern Lake Michigan: Insights from a winter 2021–2022 monitoring study	6
Routine metabolism of larval and early juvenile lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) and cisco (C. artedi) at three temperatures	6
Winter thermal structure across the Laurentian Great Lakes	6
A machine learning approach to nearshore wave modeling in large lakes using land-based wind observations	6
Genetic population structure of cisco, Coregonus artedi, in the Laurentian Great Lakes	6
The spatiotemporal distribution of potential saxitoxin-producing cyanobacteria in western Lake Erie	6
Limitations for informed decision making and better management of the transboundary Lake Albert fisheries resources	6
Influences of meteorological conditions, runoff, and bathymetry on summer thermal regime of a Great Lakes estuary	5
Fatty acid ecological tracers highlight the role of diet in perfluoroalkyl acid contaminant exposure in eggs of an omnivorous bird	5