IEICE Transactions on Communications

Article	Citations
Physical Status Representation in Multiple Administrative Optical Networks by Federated Unsupervised Learning	47
Model for Jointly Determining Service Function Chain Routes and Update Scheduling with State Consistency	23
Compensation of Transmitter Memory Nonlinearity by Post-Reception Blind Nonlinear Compensator with FDE	21
Mantle-Cloak Antenna by Controlling Surface Reactance of Dielectric-Loaded Dipole Antenna	21
D2EcoSys: Decentralized Digital Twin EcoSystem Empower Co-Creation City-Level Digital Twins	16
High Stability Code Tracking for Band-Limited DSSS Systems	14
Performance Modeling of Bitcoin Blockchain: Mining Mechanism and Transaction-Confirmation Process	13
RSSI-Based Localization Enhancement by Exploiting Interference Signals	13
Stochastic Geometry Analysis of Inversely Proportional Carrier Sense Threshold and Transmission Power for WLAN Spatial Reuse	12
Field Evaluation of 5G Low Latency and High Reliability Vehicle-to-Vehicle Direct Communication for Application to Truck Platooning	12
FOREWORD	11
Multi-Level Encrypted Transmission Scheme Using Hybrid Chaos and Linear Modulation	11
Generation of Surface Wave in C-Band Automotive On-Glass Antenna and an Easily Realizable Suppression Method for Improving Antenna Characteristics	10
Two-Stage Belief Propagation Detection with MMSE Pre-Cancellation for Overloaded MIMO	10
Energy Efficiency Based Multi Service Heterogeneous Access Network Selection Algorithm	10
Policy-Based Grooming, Route, Spectrum, and Operational Mode Planning in Dynamic Multilayer Networks	10
Direction-of-Arrival Estimation for Time-Varying Arrays Using FCN-Based Deep Learning	9
Self-Adaptive Traffic Anomaly Detection System for IoT Smart Home Environments	9
Frequency Resource Allocation Using Combined Evaluation Function in High Throughput Satellite Communication System	9
Critical Location of Communications Network with Power Grid Power Supply	9
Virtual Temporal Friendship Creation: Autonomous Decentralized Friendship Management for Improving Robustness in D2D-Based Social Networking Service	8
FOREWORD	8
A Survey on Spectrum Sensing and Learning Technologies for 6G	8
Field Evaluation of Adaptive Path Selection for Platoon-Based V2N Communications	7
Effectiveness of a Hybrid Method of Block Ack and Unsolicited Retry on Binary Data Lossless Groupcast over Wireless LANs	7

A Study on Decoupling Method for Two PIFAs Using Parasitic Elements and Bridge Line	7
Creation of Temporal Model for Prioritized Transmission in Predictive Spatial-Monitoring Using Machine Learning	7
Capacity and Reliability of Ionosphere Communication Channel Based on Multi-Carrier Modulation Technique and LUF-MUF Variation	7
Study in CSI Correction Localization Algorithm with DenseNet	7
A Hybrid Routing Algorithm for V2V Communication in VANETs Based on Blocked Q-Learning	7
Finite-State VoIP Traffic Model for Variable Voice Payload Size	7
A Study on the Rain Attenuation Characteristics Using Multiple Ku-Band Satellite Signals in Relation to Rain Area Motion	7
Cost-Efficient Citywide Neutral Host Design: A Micro-Operator Business Model for Expedited 5G and Beyond Network Infrastructure Rollout	7
SDNRCFII: An SDN-Based Reliable Communication Framework for Industrial Internet	7
Optical Fiber Connector Technology	6
A study on reverberation chamber using parallel-plate transverse electromagnetic antenna	6
An Algorithm Based on Distance Measurement for SAR Image Recognition	6
Fast-Converging Constant Modulus Algorithm with Variable Step Size for Multibeam Massive MIMO	6
Robust Bilinear Form Identification: A Subgradient Method with Geometrically Decaying Stepsize in the Presence of Heavy-Tailed Noise	6
Network Tomography Using Routing Probability for Undeterministic Routing	6
An SDN-Based Moving Target Defense as a Countermeasure to Prevent Network Scans	6
Performance Improvement of Radio-Wave Encrypted MIMO Communications Using Average LLR Clipping	5
Penalized and Decentralized Contextual Bandit Learning for WLAN Channel Allocation with Contention-Driven Feature Extraction	5
Physical layer cell ID detection performance using polarization receiver diversity for NR in 3GPP CDL channel models	5
Evaluation of Interference between 300 GHz Band Fronthaul Links Using Measured High Gain Antenna Radiation Patterns	5
Sensitivity Enhanced Edge-Cloud Collaborative Trust Evaluation in Social Internet of Things	5
A Rate-Based Congestion Control Method for NDN Using Sparse Explicit Rate Notification and AIMD-Based Rate Adjustment	5
Integrated environment sensing and green communication for non-terrestrial network	5
Parameter Selection for Radar Systems in Roadside Units	5
Network Tomography for Information-Centric Networking	5
Design and Optimization for Energy-Efficient Transmission Strategies with Full-Duplex Amplify-and-Forward Relaying	5
Distributed Detection of MIMO Spatial Multiplexed Signals in Terminal Collaborated Reception	5
Blind Signal Separation for Array Radar Measurement Using Mathematical Model of Pulse Wave Propagation	4
Signal Quality Improvement in Downlink Power Domain NOMA with Blind Nonlinear Compensator and Frequency Domain Equalizer	4
Power Allocation with QoS and Max-Min Fairness Constraints for Downlink MIMO-NOMA System	4
Global Navigation Satellite System Precise Positioning Technology	4
User Scheduling at Base Station Cluster Boundary for Massive MIMO Downlink Transmission	4
Feasibility Study of Wi-SUN JUTA Profile-Compliant F-RIT Protocol	4
User-Centric Design of Millimeter Wave Communications for Beyond 5G and 6G	4
Non-Orthogonal Physical Layer (NOPHY) Design towards 5G Evolution and 6G	4
On the Degrees of Freedom of a Propagation-Delay Based Multicast X Channel with Two Transmitters and Arbitrary Receivers	4
Backup Resource Allocation Model with Probabilistic Protection Considering Service Delay	4
Low-Complexity VBI-Based Channel Estimation for Massive MIMO Systems	4
Direction of Arrival Estimation Using a Single Dipole Antenna and a Rotating Metasurface Reflector	4
Performance of NR Physical Random Access Channel in the Presence of Carrier Frequency Offset in Millimeter-Wave Bands	4
Compensation of Communication Latency in Remote Monitoring Systems by Video Prediction	4
Evaluating Energy Consumption of Internet Services	3
Heuristic Service Chain Construction Algorithm Based on VNF Performances for Optimal Data Transmission Services	3
Radar Cross-Section Prediction of Electrically Large Target and Its Components by Using Scaling Model and Near-Field to Far-Field Transformation Based on Radar Imaging	3
Simulation of Radar Sea Clutter in Correlated Generalized Compound Distribution Based on Improved ZMNL	3
KBP: Kernel Enhancements for Low-Latency Networking for Virtual Machine and Container without Application Customization	3
Fast synchronization and cell identification via the overlapped fast fourier transform for the 5G new radio and V2X communications	3
A Study on Extreme Wideband 6G Radio Access Technologies for Achieving 100Gbps Data Rate in Higher Frequency Bands	3
Content Search Method Utilizing the Metadata Matching Characteristics of Both Spatio-Temporal Content and User Request in the IoT Era	3
Optimizing Edge-Cloud Cooperation for Machine Learning Accuracy Considering Transmission Latency and Bandwidth Congestion	3

Performance of Collaborative MIMO Reception with User Grouping Schemes	3
Accurate End-to-End Delay Bound Analysis for Large-Scale Network Via Experimental Comparison	3
An Optimistic Synchronization Based Optimal Server Selection Scheme for Delay Sensitive Communication Services	3
Time-Series Measurement of Parked Domain Names and Their Malicious Uses	3
Direct Spectrum Division Transmission Adapter of Burst Signal for Satellite Communications	3
Sub-Terahertz MIMO Spatial Multiplexing in Indoor Propagation Environments	3
Rain Attenuation Characteristics due to Typhoon Wind Velocities in Satellite Communications	3
Single UAV-Based Wave Source Localization in NLOS Environments	3
Novel Network Structure and its Clustering Scheme Based on Residual Power for Wireless Powered Wireless Sensor Networks	3
Detection and Tracking Method for Dynamic Barcodes Based on a Siamese Network	3
Polling Schedule Algorithms for Data Aggregation with Sensor Phase Control in In-Vehicle UWB Networks	3
Budget Allocation for Incentivizing Mobile Users for Crowdsensing Platform	3
A Lightweight Graph Neural Networks Based Enhanced Separated Detection Scheme for Downlink MIMO-SCMA Systems	3
Optimal Design of Multiuser mmWave LOS MIMO Systems Using Hybrid Arrays of Subarrays	3
Differential Active Self-Interference Cancellation for Asynchronous In-Band Full-Duplex GFSK	3
Dynamic VNF Scheduling: A Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach	3
A Survey of Information-Centric Networking: The Quest for Innovation	3
A Beam-Switchable Self-Oscillating Active Integrated Array Antenna Using Gunn Oscillator and Magic-T	3
A navigation-data-tolerated EKF carrier loop for GNSS signals	3
Detection Performance Analysis of Distributed-Processing Multistatic Radar System with Different Multivariate Dependence Models in Local Decisions	3
Performance Evaluation and Demonstration of Real-Time Vehicle Control Information Exchange Using 5G New Radio Sidelink for Automated Follower Truck Platooning	3
Inter-Core Crosstalk-Aware Backup Network Design Model against Probabilistic Link Failures in Multi-Core Fiber Optical Path Network	2
Performance Analysis on the Uplink of Massive MIMO Systems with Superimposed Pilots and Arbitrary-Bit ADCs	2
Adaptability of Breadcrumbs Routing to Geographical Locality of Content Popularity in Information Centric Networks	2
Macro Cell Switching of Transmit Antennas in Distributed Antenna Transmission	2
Bitstream-Quality-Estimation Model for Tile-Based VR Video Streaming Services	2
Long-Time Coherent Integration for Non-Radial Moving Target Based on Radon Fourier Transform with Modified Variant Angle	2
A Virtual Pre-Connection Scheme Enabling Fast Connection to Local Spot Cell in Private Cellular Network	2
4K 120fps HEVC Encoder with Multi-Chip Configuration	2
Analyzing the Effects of Social Network Structure on the Growth and Survival of Online Communities in Reddit	2
Reduction of Fiber Four-Wave Mixing Generated from Modulated Lights by Inserting Dispersive Elements	2
Non-Contact Reconstruction of ECG Signals Using FMCW Radar and SS-S2SA Network	2
Neural Processes-Based Node Modeling to Extrapolate Router Metrics	2
Small-Scale Demonstration of Remote Control of Patrol and Work Robot with Arms Employing Local 5G System	2
Transmission Time Scheduling for Stations with Different Packet Generation Periods in Smart Factory Environment: System Implementation and Experimental Evaluation	2
A Novel Phased Array Architecture with Mixed-Resolution Phase Shifters	2
The Effect of Multi-Directional on Remote Heart Rate Measurement Using PA-LI Joint ICEEMDAN Method with mm-Wave FMCW Radar	2
Data Gathering Method with High Accuracy of Environment Recognition Using Mathematical Optimization in Packet-Level Index Modulation	2
Sum Rate Maximization for Cooperative NOMA System with IQ Imbalance	2
Decoupling Method for Four Closely Spaced Planar Inverted-F Antennas Using Parasitic Elements and Bridge Lines	2
Ground Test of Radio Frequency Compatibility for Cn-Band Satellite Navigation and Microwave Landing System	2
Analysis of Signal Distribution in ASE-Limited Optical On-Off Keying Direct-Detection Systems	2
Flow Processing Optimization with Accelerated Flow Actions on High Speed Programmable Data Plane	2
Superposition Signal Input Decoding for Lattice Reduction-Aided MIMO Receivers	2
Joint Wireless and Computational Resource Allocation Based on Hierarchical Game for Mobile Edge Computing	2
A Nationwide 400-Gbps Backbone Network for Research and Education in Japan	2
FOREWORD	2
Modeling Polarization Caused by Empathetic and Repulsive Reaction in Online Social Network	2
Modeling and Statistical Characterization Analysis of Wideband Non-Stationary Channel for UAV Swarm Communication	2
An air-gap coupled planar patch array antenna	2
A New Method Based on Copula Theory for Evaluating Detection Performance of Distributed-Processing Multistatic Radar System	2
An Adaptive Energy-Efficient Uneven Clustering Routing Protocol for WSNs	2
Integration of Network and Artificial Intelligence toward the Beyond 5G/6G Networks	2
SLARS: Secure Lightweight Authentication for Roaming Service in Smart City	2
Uplink Overloaded MIMO Spatial Multiplexing with Iterative Colored Noise Cancellation in Massive MIMO Systems	2
Multi-Feature Fusion Sea Surface Floating Small Target Detection Based on Bagging Decision Tree	2
Sigma-Delta Beamformer DOA Estimation for Distributed Array Radar	2
Transmission Loss of Optical Fibers; Achievements in Half a Century	2
Combination of Phase Rotation SM-OOK and Rectangular, Cross, Octagonal SD-8QAMs for MIMO Systems	2
Characterizing Privacy Leakage in Encrypted DNS Traffic	2
Excess Path Loss Prediction of the Air to Ground Channel for Drone Small Cell	2
DRoF-Based Optical Video Re-Transmission System with Adaptive Combination Compression for Rain Attenuated Satellite Broadcast Signals	2
Low Complexity Resource Allocation in Frequency Domain Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access	2
Power-Based Criteria for Signal Reconstruction Using 1-bit Resolution DACs in Massive MU-MIMO OFDM Downlink	2
UE Set Selection for RR Scheduling in Distributed Antenna Transmission with Reinforcement Learning	2
Investigation of a Non-Contact Bedsore Detection System	2
A Satellite Handover Strategy Based on Heuristic Algorithm for LEO Satellite Networks	2
Adaptive Buffering Time Optimization for Path Tracking Control of Unmanned Vehicle by Cloud Server with Digital Twin	2
Flight Experiments for a Future Seamless Air-to-Ground Communications System for Air Traffic Management	2
Clustering for Signal Power Distribution Toward Low Storage Crowdsourced Spectrum Database	2
Localization of a Moving Target Using the Sequence of FOA Measurements by a Moving Observation Platform	2
Receive Beamforming Designed for Massive Multi-User MIMO Detection via Gaussian Belief Propagation	2
Deep Learning-Based Massive MIMO CSI Acquisition for 5G Evolution and 6G	2
Non-Contact PIM Measurement Method Using Balanced Transmission Lines for Impedance Matched PIM Measurement Systems	2
Parallel multi-relay selection method based on DRL in terminal cooperative communication	2
Analysis of the number of activated links and mode selection for full-duplex/half-duplex D2D-aided underlaying cellular networks	2
Highly Accurate Vegetation Loss Model with Seasonal Characteristics for High-Altitude Platform Station	1
Indoor Partition Attenuations and Base Station Deployments for the 5G Wireless Communications	1
Fault-Tolerant Controller Placement Model by Distributing Switch Load among Multiple Controllers in Software-Defined Network	1
Recent Progress in Visible Light Positioning and Communication Systems	1

Broadcast with Tree Selection from Multiple Spanning Trees on an Overlay Network	1
User Scheduling and Clustering for Distributed Antenna Network Using Quantum Computing	1
A Multi-Path Routing Method with Traffic Grooming Corresponding to Path Lengths in Elastic Optical Networks	1
Virtual Network Function Placement Model Considering Both Availability and Probabilistic Protection for Service Delay	1
Design of the Circularly Polarized Ring Microstrip Antenna with Shorting Pins	1
FOREWORD	1
Performance of Iterative Decision Feedback Channel Estimation in Turbo FDE for DFT-Spread OFDM	1
Image Enhancement in 26GHz-Band 1-Bit Direct Digital RF Transmitter Using Manchester Coding	1
A Network Design Scheme in Delay Sensitive Monitoring Services	1
Slotted Unsourced Random Access Using Massive MIMO over Frequency Selective Channels	1
A Beam Search Method with Adaptive Beam Width Control Based on Area Size for Initial Access	1
Robust Optimization Model for Primary and Backup Capacity Allocations against Multiple Physical Machine Failures under Uncertain Demands in Cloud	1
Peak Cancellation Signal Generation Considering Variance in Signal Power among Transmitter Antennas in PAPR Reduction Method Using Null Space in MIMO Channel for MIMO-OFDM Signals	1
Precoder Optimization Using Data Correlation for Wireless Data Aggregation	1
Spatial Anomaly Detection Using Fast xFlow Proxy for Nation-Wide IP Network	1
Modulation Recognition of Communication Signals Based on Cascade Network	1
An Efficient Resource Allocation Using Resource Abstraction for Optical Access Networks for 5G-RAN	1
Energy-Efficient KBP: Kernel Enhancements for Low-Latency and Energy-Efficient Networking	1
Reduction of Out-of-Band Radiation with Quantized Precoding Using Gibbs Sampling in Massive MU-MIMO-OFDM	1
Extension of ITU-R Site-General Path Loss Model in Urban Areas Based on Measurements from 2 to 66GHz Bands	1
Equivalent circuit model for simulating ESD discharge current in ESD damage test	1
Use of Cyclic-Delay Diversity (CDD) with Modified Channel Estimation for FER Improvement in OFDM Downlink	1
Overloaded Wireless MIMO Switching for Information Exchanging through Untrusted Relay in Secure Wireless Communication	1
Electromagnetic field analysis and EMI evaluation of radio altimeter and 5G sub-6 GHz band in aircraft environment	1
D4C: Fast and efficient container image updating for edge with delta encodings	1
Closed-Form Expression of Radiation Characteristics for Electrically Small Spherical Helix Antennas	1
Anomaly detection framework for rotational mechanisms in satellite laser communication based on periodic dilated convolution and channel attention networks	1
An IKEv2-Based Hybrid Authentication Scheme for Simultaneous Access Network and Home Network Authentication	1
Accurate Source-Number Estimation Using Denoising Preprocessing and Singular Value Decomposition	1
Accuracy Improvement in DOA Estimation with Deep Learning	1
IEICE Transactions on Communications: Editor's Message	1
Fast xFlow Proxy: Exploring and Visualizing Deep Inside of Carrier Traffic	1
Eigenvalue Based Relay Selection for XOR-Physical Layer Network Coding in Bi-Directional Wireless Relaying Networks	1
Out-of-Bound Signal Demapping for Lattice Reduction-Aided Iterative Linear Receivers in Overloaded MIMO Systems	1
Performance Evaluation of Classification and Verification with Quadrant IQ Transition Image	1
Achieving Hidden-Terminal-Free Channel Assignment in IEEE802.11-Based Multi-Radio Multi-Channel Wireless Mesh Networks	1
Demodulation Performance Comparison of High-Speed Coherent Nyquist Pulse Signal with Analog and Digital Demultiplexing Schemes	1
Analog-Circuit Domain Cancellation with Optimal Feedback Path Selection on Full-Duplex Relay Systems	1
ZigZag Antenna Configuration for MmWave V2V with Relay in Typical Road Scenarios: Design, Analysis and Experiment	1
Pattern Synthesis of Spatial Eigenmodes Exploiting Spherical Conformal Array	1
Spatial Degrees of Freedom Exploration and Analog Beamforming Designs for Signature Spatial Modulation	1
Grid-Loaded Step Reflector Antenna with TM01-Mode Excitation	1
Highly Reliable Radio Access Scheme by Duplicate Transmissions via Multiple Frequency Channels and Suppressed Useless Transmission under Interference from Other Systems	1
Image Generative Semantic Communication with Multi-Modal Similarity Estimation for Resource-Limited Networks	1
Cylindrical Massive MIMO System with Low-Complexity Angle-Based User Selection for High-Altitude Platform Stations	1
A Novel 3D Non-Stationary Vehicle-to-Vehicle Channel Model with Circular Arc Motions	1
Joint PAPR Reduction Using Null Space in MIMO Channel and Predistortion for MIMO-OFDM Signals in Multi-Antenna AF-Type Relay Transmission	1
Base Station Cooperation Technologies Using 28GHz-Band Digital Beamforming in High-Mobility Environments	1
A Survey on Research Activities for Deploying Cell Free Massive MIMO towards Beyond 5G	1
Random walk based similar content discovery	1
Service Deployment Model with Virtual Network Function Resizing Based on Per-Flow Priority	1
Detection Algorithms for FBMC/OQAM Spatial Multiplexing Systems	1
Field Trial of Dynamic Mode Switching for 5G New Radio Sidelink Communications towards Application to Truck Platooning	1
Multicell Distributed Beamforming Based on the Altruistic and Egoistic Strategy with Local Channel State Information	1
Experimental Evaluation of 920 MHz Band Air-to-Ground Radio Wave Propagation in Mountainous Areas	1
Effects of dispersion fluctuation on multi-eigenvalue communication	1
Automatic Planning Algorithms for 300GHz Wireless Backhaul Links	1
Bandwidth Efficient IoT Traffic Shaping Technique for Protecting Smart Home Privacy from Data Breaches in Wireless LAN	1
Pulse Doppler Radar with Antenna Arrays Estimating Angular Velocity	1
Highly Efficient Sensing Methods of Primary Radio Transmission Systems toward Dynamic Spectrum Sharing-Based 5G Systems	1
FOREWORD	1
Practical Uplink Multi-User MIMO Scheduling Based on Iterative Heuristic Search	1
An Intent-Based System Configuration Design for IT/NW Services with Functional and Quantitative Constraints	1
A Harvested Power-Oriented SWIPT Scheme in MIMO Communication Systems with Non-Linear Harvesters	1
High-Power Optical Fiber Transmission Technologies for Radio-Over-Fiber Networks	1
Estimation of Drone Payloads Using Millimeter-Wave Fast-Chirp-Modulation MIMO Radar	1
Status Update for Accurate Remote Estimation: Centralized and Decentralized Schemes	1
Robustness of Intensity-Modulation/Direct-Detection Secret Key Distribution against Spontaneous Raman Scattering in Wavelength-Multiplexed Systems with Existing Optical Transmission Signals	1
Gradient Descent Direction Random Walk MIMO Detection Using Intermediate Search Point	1
Metric-Combining Multiuser Detection Using Replica Cancellation with RTS and Enhanced CTS for High-Reliable and Low-Latency Wireless Communications	1
Physical Cell ID Detection Probability Using NB-IoT Synchronization Signals in 28-GHz Band	1
Fiber Nonlinearity Compensation Using Nonlinear Equalizer Based on Complex-Valued Reservoir Computing	1
HARQ Using Hierarchical Tree-Structured Random Access Identifiers in NOMA-Based Random Access	1
Analysis of Beamforming for OAM Communication Using Loop Antenna Arrays and Paraboloids	1
Dither Signal Design for PAPR Reduction in OFDM-IM Over a Rayleigh Fading Channel	1
FOREWORD	1
RMF-Net: Improving Object Detection with Multi-Scale Strategy	1
Long-Term Adaptive Bitrate Control Mechanism	1
A Robust RIS-Enabled Spectrum Sensing Algorithm for Cognitive Radio Networks	1
Low Complexity Overloaded MIMO Non-Linear Detector with Iterative LLR Estimation	1
Quality of Experience (QoE) Studies: Present State and Future Prospect	1
Channel Arrangement Design in Lumped Amplified WDM Transmission over NZ-DSF Link with Nonlinearity Mitigation Using Optical Phase Conjugation	1
Doppler Velocity Decomposition Based Radar Imaging by 79 GHz Band Millimeter Wave Radar	1
Analysis and Identification of Root Cause of 5G Radio Quality Deterioration Using Machine Learning	1
A Novel Low Complexity Scheme for Multiuser Massive MIMO Systems	1
A Study on Gain Enhanced Leaf-Shaped Bow-Tie Slot Array Antenna within Quasi-Millimeter Wave Band	1
1-D and 2-D Beam Steering Arrays Antennas Fed by a Compact Beamforming Network for Millimeter-Wave Communication	1
FOREWORD	1
Demonstration Experiment of a 5G Touchless Gate Utilizing Directional Beam and Mobile Edge Computing	1
Experimental Extraction Method for Primary and Secondary Parameters of Shielded-Flexible Printed Circuits	1
Computation-free phase rotation by shifted circular repetition for DFT-precoding scheme to peak power reduction of OFDM signals	1
NOMA-Based Highly-Efficient Low-Latency HARQ with Inter-Base Station Cooperation for URLLC	1
UAV-BS Operation Plan Using Reinforcement Learning for Unified Communication and Positioning in GPS-Denied Environment	1
Query Transfer Method Using Different Two Skip Graphs for Searching Spatially-Autocorrelated Data	1
Flexi COCOA: Flexible Weight Based RTO Computation Approach for COCOA	1