Small Ruminant Research

Article	Citations
Using ultrasound to predict fat deposition in growing lambs of different South African sheep breed types	45
Editorial Board	29
Pharmacokinetics of oxfendazole and oxyclozanide following single and combined oral administration in goats	25
Editorial Board	25
Evaluating differential lipopolysaccharide-induced behavioral, immune and plasma metabolome responses of St. Croix and Suffolk sheep	23
Oral selenium supplementation improves the reproductive performance of rams: A systematic review and meta-analysis	22
Advances in photoperiodic and bio-stimulations of seasonal reproduction in small ruminants	17
Population viability analysis on the Iranian endangered goat breeds	17
Litter size affects ovulation and pregnancy rate after a hormonal treatment without influencing expression of estrus in the anestrous season in ewes	16
First report on molecular characterization and in silico analysis of caprine TCIM gene	15
Effect of post-mating GnRH or TAK-683 (Kisspeptin analog) treatment on the reproductive performance and serum progesterone concentration in ewes during the non-breeding season	15
Essential oil from Arnica montana alters the protein metabolism in lambs fed with high-concentrate diets	15
Substitution effects of soybean meal by Lathyrus sativus L. (grass pea) on nutrient digestibility, growth performances, carcass traits and meat quality of lambs grazing on saline area	14
Effect of solar radiation on thermoregulatory responses of Santa Inês sheep and their crosses with wool and hair Dorper sheep	14
The role of foot conformation in susceptibility of Merino sheep to footrot	13
Neuroprotective effect of goat milk	13
The use of condensed tannin in lambs' diet alters the rumen protozoa population without affecting growth performance	13
Summer season induced heat stress associated changes on meat production and quality characteristics, myostatin and HSP70 gene expression patterns in indigenous goat	13
Population structure and genomic analyses of carcass back Length, shoulder width and leg width in purebred and crossbred German Merino sheep	13
The occupied proportion of hair follicle group in Inner Mongolia cashmere goat (Capra hircus)	12
Age of eruption of the first permanent incisors varies between Merino genotypes and is related to liveweight	12
Evaluation of careers and performances of goats with extended lactations	12
Effect of polymorphisms in the FAM151B gene on testis-related trait parameters in Hu sheep	12
Milkability traits across milk flow curve types in Sarda sheep	12
Effects of dietary concentrate level and feeding length on nutrient digestibility, rumen hydrolytic enzymes activity, intermediary metabolites, and feeding behavior in growing fat-tailed lambs: Irania	12

The effects of accustoming to handling during the finishing period and weaning status on stress responses to transport, and carcass and meat quality in Kivircik lambs	12
Study of milkability and associated factors in hand milked Indian Dromedary Camel	11
Effects of an array of dietary treatments and length of feeding on ruminal methane emission and other variables in hair sheep	11
Postprocedural clinical and laboratory evaluation of sheep submitted to different intrabdominal pressures during laparoscopy	11
Association of ovine follistatin gene polymorphisms with body measurements, fat-tail traits and morphometric of head in Iranian Mehraban sheep	11
Tissue composition and meat quality of lambs fed diets containing whole-plant sesame silage as a replacement for whole-plant corn silage	10
Molecular detection and genetic characterization of ovine gammaherpesvirus-2 (OvHV-2) in sheep in the Philippines	10
Nutrient digestibility, blood metabolites, and production performance of peripartal ewes fed dietary plant extract and monensin	10
Analysis of genetic diversity in Latvian Darkheaded sheep population	10
Extended effects of an aggressive spring-time anthelmintic treatment on Haemonchus contortus in sheep from a North America cold winter climate	10
Exploring gelatin from Black Bengal and Native Deccani Goat skin: Specialty meat breeds of India	10
Examining across year genotype by environment interactions for production and reproduction traits in Merino sheep	10
Feed intake, feeding behavior, growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and carcass characteristics of goats fed pelleted total mixed rations with varying Rhodes hay levels	10
Effects of sheep breed and grass silage quality on voluntary feed intake and enteric methane emissions in adult dry ewes	10
Determinants of motives for keeping small ruminants: Evidence from the Northern Ghana	9
Morphological characterization of indigenous goat population in Ethiopia using canonical discriminant analysis	9
Evaluation of the genotype and slaughter weight effect on the meat production traits: Comparison of fattening, slaughter, and carcass characteristics between two native sheep	9
Development of a routine genetic evaluation and a total merit index for sheep breeds with focus on meat production	9
QTLs detection for mohair traits in Iranian Angora goats (Markhoz goats)	9
Biotic potential and pathogenicity of a Haemonchus contortus susceptible laboratory isolate compared to a resistant field isolate in Brazil	9
Sugarcane replaced by cactus cladodes improves the ruminal dynamics of sheep	9
Changes in markets for lamb in livestock family farming in Brazil	9
Evaluation of nonlinear models to define growth curve in Lohi sheep	9
Polymorphisms of PRKAA1 and FABP4 genes and their association with feed efficiency in Hu sheep	9
Prevalence and risk factors of Haemonchus contortus in small ruminants in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis	9
Association of POU1F1 gene polymorphism with pre-pubertal body weight in Attappady Black goats of India	9
Distal paravertebral nerve block in goats undergoing reproductive laparoscopy: Are 1% and 2% lidocaine hydrochloride equally effective?	9
All-Editors' choice for 2023	8
GnRH administration after estrus induction protocol decreases the pregnancy rate of recipient ewes following transfer of frozen-thawed embryos	8
An assessment of small ruminant production, marketing, and investment options in Somaliland: A system dynamics approach	8
Study of melanin distribution in the hair cells of Karakul lambs of different colours	8
Effect of prolific breed type and silage type on ewe performance during late pregnancy	8
Supplementing a phytogenic-rich herbal mixture to heat-stressed lambs: Growth performance, carcass yield, and muscle and liver antioxidant status	8
Estimation of the intake capacity of Lacaune dairy ewes at maintenance	8
Production evaluation of Booroola fecundity (FecB) gene introgressed Avishaan sheep in semi-arid tropics of India	8
Proteome of milk fat globule membrane and mammary gland tissue in goat fed different lipid supplementation	8
The extent of placental pathology is negatively correlated to birth weight in ewes infected with the wild-type strain of Chlamydia abortus	8
Challenges using serological diagnostics in elimination of visna/maedi: Serological results from two outbreaks in Norwegian sheep	8
Oral sugar and vasopressin: Possible alternative in the management of ovine pregnancy toxemia	8
Serodiagnosis of hydatidosis in sheep and goats in Siirt province, Türkiye, and an alternative approach to the interpretation of serology results	8
Climate resilience of goat breeds in India: A review	8
Association of the LPL gene polymorphisms with fatty acid composition in the longissimus dorsi muscle of Hu sheep	8
Lactate dehydrogenase: Detecting high bacterial and somatic cells counts in goats from whole milk samples	8
Fertilization potential test of sperm from nano monoclonal antibody injected goats	8
Adipose tissues of fat-tailed sheep reared in highland or lowland: Fatty acids and volatile compounds	8
Two-dimensional, m-mode and doppler-derived echocardiographic parameters in standing healthy dorper sheep	8
Crude glycerin and cottonseed cake replacing common energy and protein sources on the metabolism of feedlot lambs	8
Comparison of susceptibility of different goat breeds to live attenuated goatpox vaccine	8
Effects of prepartum melatonin treatment and suckling on postpartum reproductive performance of Beetal goats under subtropical conditions	8
Use of in vivo video image analysis as a substitute for manual biometric measurements on the prediction of qualitative and quantitative carcass characteristics of hair sheep lambs	7

Proteomics analysis of the secondary hair follicle cycle in Liaoning cashmere goat	7
Gas therapies improve chronic osteoarthritis and productivity in SRLV-infected dairy goats	7
Editorial Board	7
Foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.) silage compared peanut vine hay (Arachis hypogaea L.) exhibits greater feed efficiency via enhancing nutrient digestion and promoting rumen fermentation more effici	7
Use of real-time ultrasound measurements of fat thickness and longissimus thoracis muscle characteristics for predicting body fat depots in crossbred hair ewes	7
The use of PCR method for adulteration detection of goat dairy products manufactured by smallholders	7
Analysis of inbreeding of the Latvian local goat breed	7
Formulation of a protein fortified drink based on goat milk whey for athletes	7
The estimation of genetic parameters and genetic trends for growth traits in Markhoz goats	7
Anti-mullerian hormone as a predictive endocrine marker for selection of White Dorper ewe lambs at prepubertal age	7
The impact of genetic selection for increased production on fitness traits of small ruminants	7
Evaluation of terminal sire breeds for hair sheep production systems: Forage environment	7
Reactions of Alpacas to Shearing and Accompanying Procedures	7
Invited review. Milk clotting enzymes: A transcendental decision in goat´s milk cheese quality	7
Effect of short-term radiation stress on physiological and hematological parameters in Pelibuey sheep in Cuba	7
Factors affecting birth weight and pre-weaning growth rate of lambs from the Icelandic sheep breed	7
Effect of supplementation of bioactive rich tree leaves on nutrient utilization, growth performance, methane emission and fatty acid profile in finisher lambs fed energy dense diet	7
Editorial Board	7
Typology of German sheep farms - Differences in structure, characteristics, challenges and the provision of goods and services	7
Investigation of the effects of pulmonary adenomatosis on oxidative dna damage, inflammation, apoptosis, and autophagy in lung tissues in sheep	7
Effect of age and gender of animal on physicomechanical properties of Bangladeshi goat leather	7
Livelihood and production strategies of livestock keepers and their perceptions on climate change in the Central Peruvian Andes	7
A life cycle perspective of lamb meat production systems from Turkey and the EU	7
Introgression in domestic camelid productive systems in Bolivia	7
Editorial Board	6
Comparative evaluation of different animal models for genetic analysis of body weight traits in an organized Corriedale sheep population	6
Bovine amniotic membrane stem cell-conditioned medium improves the culture conditions for in vitro produced ovine embryos	6
Genetic analysis of parent-of-origin effects on growth traits and yearling greasy fleece weight in Raeini Cashmere goat	6
Performance, fecal egg count and feeding behavior of lambs grazing elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) with increased levels of protein supplementation	6
Evaluation of the skeletal ossification of sheep fetuses at different gestational ages (20–95 days) using radiography and whole-mount skeletal staining	6
Improving foot-and-mouth disease control through the evaluation of goat movement patterns within the FMD protection zone of South Africa	6
Production efficiency, milk yield, and milk composition and fatty acids profile of lactating goats feeding formaldehyde-treated canola meal in two levels of dietary crude protein	6
Microsatellite and mitochondrial DNA markers unveil the genetic structure of Nellore Palla sheep of India	6
Fatty acid composition of lamb meat from Italian and German local breeds	6
Relationship between subclinical mastitis and reproduction in Lacaune sheep	6
Discarded pecan seeds as an alternative feedstuff in lamb diets: Effects on intake, growth performance, carcass weights, and meat quality	6
Wool characteristics of Changthangi sheep	6
Physiological state and photoperiod exposures differentially influence circadian rhythms of body temperature and prolactin and relate to changes in mammary PER1 expression in late pregnant and early l	6
Drinking behaviour of llamas (Lama glama) in choice tests for fresh or saline water	6
Effect of whole sesame seeds on the expression of key genes in monocytes of dairy goats	6
A homozygosity-based investigation of the South African feral Tankwa goat population	6
Effect of fibrolytic enzyme supplementation of urea-treated wheat straw on nutrient intake, digestion, growth performance, and blood parameters of growing lambs	6
Efficacy of formic acid, enzymes, and microbial additives in silage on the performance of sheep: Systematic review and meta-analysis	6
Prevalence, molecular detection, and pathological characterization of small ruminant lentiviruses in goats from Mexico	6
The candidate genes and pathways affecting litter size in sheep	6
Editorial Board	6
Comparison of non-linear models and genetic parameter estimation for growth curve traits in the Murciano-Granadina goat breed	6
In vitro and in vivo evaluation of some tree leaves as forage sources in the diet of Baluchi male lambs	6
Antioxidant effects of zinc-oxide nanoparticles on post-thaw quality and in vivo fertility of Beetal buck spermatozoa	6
Plasminogen activator activity and plasminogen activator inhibition in the uterus of ewes after the induction of oestrus synchronization or superovulation, involving eCG	6
Prediction of associative effects between forages and supplements in goats	6
Development of breed traceability for autochthonous attappady black goats of South India	6
Rearing system, socio-economic status and common diseases frequency of goats in the Northern part of Bangladesh	6
Effects of nitroglycerin and flunixin meglumine on circulating inflammatory, cardiovascular and hepatorenal biomarkers of ovine experimental endotoxemia model	6
Diplotype-based assessment of GNRHR gene polymorphisms and their role in determining litter size at birth in the Malabari goat population of South India	6
Inversion of a paradigm: The positive roles of plant phenolics in dairy goat nutrition	6
Obtaining and evaluating goat milk powder derived from milk of local producers in northwestern Argentina	5
Muscle cellular characteristics of male kids from Turkish indigenous goat breeds	5
Sensory and volatile aromatic compound differences of paired lamb loins with 0 or 14 day dry aging	5
Editorial Board	5
Relationship between transport-induced stress and the expression levels of some genes in the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling pathway in Kivircik lambs	5
The role of non-aureus Staphylococcus in small ruminant mastitis: A systemic review on etiological agents, risk factors, virulence determinants, and novel treatments	5
Physiological responses, ethology, and ingestive behavior of Anglo-Nubiana goats submitted to different air temperatures	5
Cocoa husks fed to lactating dairy ewes affect milk fatty acid profile and oxidative status of blood and milk	5
Elucidating genetic diversity and population structure of Alpine x Beetal goats using pedigree analysis	5
Effects of tannins supplementation to sheep diets on their performance, carcass parameters and meat fatty acid profile: A meta-analysis study	5
Milk yield, composition and immune status of dairy goats and respective goat kids fed diets with selenium and vitamin E supplementation	5
Ultrastructural changes in immature ovine cumulus-oocyte complexes vitrified in conventional and open pulled straws	5
Breed and crossbreeding effects on growth, fitness and reproduction of commercial sheep in South Africa	5
Editorial Board	5
In fat-tailed sheep, variation of energy intake affected growth performances, carcass muscle and tail fat, without modifying carcass fat: A meta-analysis	5
Genetic characterization and bottleneck analysis of Molai Adu and Pallai Adu goats from Southern India	5
Genetic diversity analysis of Indonesian indigenous goat breeds based on microsatellite markers	5
Microhistological epidermal atlas for identifying plants consumed by South American camelids in the dry Peruvian Puna	5
Genetic diversity and maternal origins of indigenous sheep populations in north Ethiopia	5
High accumulation of lipofuscin is observed in preantral follicles of adult goat ovaries: Is it a senescence sign?	5
Seroprevalence of brucellosis and chlamydiosis in sheep and goats with history of abortion in Iran	5
Is selection for resistance and resilience to Haemonchus contortus possible in Morada Nova sheep?	5
Recessive mutation for low fibre curvature in the wool of sheep	5
Seeing beyond gait: A case study identifying chronic laminitis in 3 goats	5

Editorial Board	5
Effects of medetomidine and dexmedetomidine on intraocular pressure, pupil size, and tear secretion in clinically normal Ghezel sheep	5
Effect of NDF levels of complete pelleted diet and dietary transition period on rumen pH, growth performance, digestibility, and blood indices in fattening male goats	5
Conventional and alternative treatment of mastitis in dairy goats	5
Improved response to selection in dairy goat breeding programme through reproductive technology and genomic selection in the tropics	5
Effects of the concentration of plasma platelet on the cryopreservation of ram semen	5
Influence of feeding system on Longissimus thoracis et lumborum volatile compounds of an Iberian local lamb breed	5
Editorial Board	5
Effect of Lippia alba hay as phytogenic feed additive on the lactation performance, milk composition, and rumen and blood parameters of Alpine goats	5
A novel 4-bp insertion within the goat CFAP43 gene and its association with litter size	4
Does phytogenic natural compound improve growth, physiological status, antioxidant parameters, digestibility and nutritive value of Ossimi lambs	4
Effects of mild water restriction on nutrient digestion and protein metabolism in desert-adapted goats	4
Prevalence and risk factors of Brucella spp. in goats in Borana pastoral area, Southern Oromia, Ethiopia	4
Dietary supplementation improves animal performance and reduces methane emission intensity in young llamas grazing natural forages	4
Preference and discrimination behaviour of llamas to saline drinking water	4
A novel SNP within LIPE gene is highly associated with sheep intramuscular fat content	4
Behavioural biology of South American domestic camelids: An overview from a welfare perspective	4
Community-based vicuña (Vicugna vicugna) shearing in the arid Puna of Argentina: Body weight and fiber traits obtained during the chakus	4
Estimates of genetic parameters and genetic trends for growth traits in Menz sheep under community-based breeding programs	4
Abomasal ulcers: Do ranitidine or omeprazole prevent phenylbutazone-induced lesions in sheep?	4
Validation of a portable glucose meter in blood glucose measurement in normoglycemic goats induced to hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia	4
Dietary supplementation of saffron petal elicits positive effects on performance, antioxidant status, and health of dairy goats	4
A study on the genetic diversity and subpopulation structure of three Bulgarian mountainous sheep breeds, based on genotyping of microsatellite markers	4
Evaluation of new formulations of nematophagous fungi Duddingtonia flagrans to control gastrointestinal nematodes in post-weaning lambs in Colombia Andean region	4
Typology of dairy goat production systems in a semiarid region of Brazil	4
Effect of sire fecal egg count estimated breeding value on Katahdin lamb parasite resistance in pasture-based system	4
Typification of ovine and caprine production systems in the Colombian dry tropic	4
Nutrient intake, in vivo digestibility, growth performance and carcass quality of growing lambs fed concentrate diets containing sweet lupin grain (Lupinus angustifolius)	4
One intron variant in the oocyte expressed protein (OOEP) gene is associated with twinning rate, prolificacy, and several body measurement traits in Awassi ewes	4
Ovarian activity, metabolic and physiological parameters of canindé goats submitted to short-term supplementation with licuri oil	4
Assessment of lamb meat quality in two cooking methods: Water bath versus oven cooking	4
Preliminary validation of a single-spot version of a solid-phase competition ELISA for the detection of southern African territories foot-and-mouth disease serotype exposure in goats	4
The novel candidate gene Grb10 regulates the growth performance of Guizhou white goats	4
Physiological responses of Santa Inês x Dorper ewes and lambs to thermal environment of silvopasture and open pasture systems	4
Effect of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes supplementation on voluntary intake, availability of nutrients and growth performance in Black Bengal kids (Capra hircus)	4
Clinicopathological findings and etiological characterization in caprine gangrenous mastitis	4
The global seroprevalence of Neospora caninum infection in deer: a systematic review and meta-analysis study	4
Dexmedetomidine and xylazine in sheep: A study of cardiopulmonary, hematological, and gastrointestinal effects	4
The bargaining reality and safety issues of goat marketing at the marketplace in Bangladesh	4
Insulin like growth factor I plasma concentration assessment during the luteal phase in pregnant and non pregnant llamas	4
Short-term energy supplementation before lambing improves maternal behaviour, udder volume, colostrum viscosity and lamb birthweight in ewes under extensive grazing	4
The effect of probiotic supplementation in Kamieniec lambs on meat quality	4
Effect of complete diets containing different dual-purpose sorghum stovers on nutrient utilization and growth performance in sheep	4
Editorial Board	4
Whole genome sequencing identified candidate genes related to litter size of Qinghai fine wool sheep under artificial selection	4
Development and validation of an indirect ELISA for the serodiagnosis of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia in goats	4
Ultrasound changes in meat yield of shami goats (Capra aegagrus hircus) fed diet supplemented with zinc oxide nanoparticles	4
Editorial Board	4
Characteristics of indigenous goats and the effects of crossbreeding on goat performance for rural livelihoods sustainability	4
Coconut water-based extender for seminal preservation in small ruminants: A meta-analysis study	4
Effects of Pistacia atlantica gum essential oil on ruminal methanogen, protozoa, selected bacteria species and fermentation characteristics in sheep	4
The impact of autologous platelet-rich plasma supplement on Ossimi ram semen quality and fertility: In vivo fertility of freshly diluted and frozen-thawed spermatozoa	4
Effect of dietary inclusion of urea encapsulated in low-trans vegetable fat microspheres on fatty acids intake, carcass traits, quality, and fatty acid composition of lamb meat	4
The effect of an antioxidant supplement based on selenium, electrolytes, and vitamins on relieving transportation stress in goats	4
Nutrition of lambs with chromium propionate and its effects on metabolism, performance and meat quality	4
Effect of technical cashew nut shell liquid on growth, physicochemical and fatty acid composition of lamb meat	4
Follow-up investigation revealed that sheep may play an important role in the transmission of Leptospira spp. infection in Caatinga biome field conditions	4
Group structure in vicuña (Vicugna vicugna mensalis) subject to chaku management in central Andes, Peru	4
Bottlenecks analysis using analytic hierarchy process (AHP) throughout the value chain of small ruminants in India	4
Supplementation of macro algae (Azolla pinnata) in a finishing ration alters feed efficiency, blood parameters, carcass traits and meat sensory properties in lambs	4
Metabolic and behavior responses of lactating goats under heat stress	4
Fatty acids composition and health indices in different fat and muscle locations of lambs from crossbreeding between Lori-Bakhtiari and Romanov sheep breeds	4
Characterization of a 7 bp indel in MARCH1 promoter associated with reproductive traits in Malabari and Attappady Black goats of India	4
Comparison of interferon-gamma, neopterin, interleukin-10 and antibody levels in sheep with and without Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis	4
Analysis of goat production and marketing among smallholder farmers Zambia	4
A protocol to assess the welfare of dairy ewes: From science to the field	4
On-farm testing of FibreLux Micron Meter and OFDA2000 compared to Sirolan Laserscan in the laboratory	4
How does maternal genetic merit and country of origin impact lamb performance pre- and post-weaning?	4
On farm welfare assessment of European fattening lambs	4
Nutrient restriction during pregnancy and litter size affect the feeding behaviour, feed preference and welfare of the aged ewe’s offspring	4
Autosomal and sex-linked genetic parameters for body weight gain and its relationship with efficiency-related traits in sheep	3
Physicochemical composition of the milk and cheese yield of sheep supplemented with concentrate based on corn grain or whole cottonseed	3
Genetic parameters for Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae nasal DNA copy number provide progress to promote domestic and bighorn sheep coexistence on public lands	3
Improving the marketing of goat meat to youths in South Africa	3
Editorial Board	3
Effects of feed efficiency and diet on performance and carcass characteristics in growing wether lambs	3
Effectiveness of human recombinant FSH for enhancing reproductive performance of ewes in progesterone injection-based estrus synchronization program	3
Linkage disequilibrium, historical effective population size and haplotype blocks in selected native sheep breeds	3
Exploring the genetic diversity: A review of germplasm in Nigerian indigenous goat breeds	3
Effect of cooling rate, extender type, and storage temperature on chilled sperm quality and pregnancy rate in Kail sheep	3
Arthropod biodiversity associated to European sheep production systems	3
Inferring causal relationships among growth curve traits of Lori-Bakhtiari sheep using structural equation models	3
Carcass traits, commercial cuts, and edible non-carcass components of lambs fed a blend of residue from the candy industry and corn gluten feed by replacing ground corn	3
Comparison of nonlinear models for describing the pre-weaning growth of Timahdite lambs and genetic and non-genetic effects for curve parameters	3
Empirical equations for drinking water intake prediction of growing lambs: Meta-analysis	3
Effects of melatonin implants in late gestation and at lambing on colostrum and milk quality of ewes, birth temperature and growth performance of their lambs	3
Seasonal weight loss effect in the hepatic fatty acid composition in Australian Merino, Damara and Dorper sheep	3
The effect of fresh bergamot pulp on fatty acid composition of suckling kids	3
The polymorphism of insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) gene in meat-type Lambs in Turkey: I. Effect on growth traits and body measurements	3
Nitrate and nitrite absorption, recycling and retention in tissues of sheep	3
Editorial Board	3
Detection and characterization of nuclear mitochondrial DNA (NUMTs) in the alpaca genome	3
Comparative transcriptome analyses of cardiac tissue reveals differential gene expression profiles in sheep in response to altitudinal adaptation	3
Comparison of kinship estimates in Santa Inês sheep using microsatellite and genome-wide SNP markers	3
Cryoprotectant-free vitrification of llama spermatozoa: cryoloop vs sphere method, warmed rapidly or ultra-rapidly	3