Small Ruminant Research

Article	Citations
Using ultrasound to predict fat deposition in growing lambs of different South African sheep breed types	31
Editorial Board	28
Pharmacokinetics of oxfendazole and oxyclozanide following single and combined oral administration in goats	23
Editorial Board	23
Population structure and genomic analyses of carcass back Length, shoulder width and leg width in purebred and crossbred German Merino sheep	21
Oral selenium supplementation improves the reproductive performance of rams: A systematic review and meta-analysis	19
Population viability analysis on the Iranian endangered goat breeds	18
Litter size affects ovulation and pregnancy rate after a hormonal treatment without influencing expression of estrus in the anestrous season in ewes	17
Advances in photoperiodic and bio-stimulations of seasonal reproduction in small ruminants	17
Essential oil from Arnica montana alters the protein metabolism in lambs fed with high-concentrate diets	16
First report on molecular characterization and in silico analysis of caprine TCIM gene	16
Neuroprotective effect of goat milk	15
The use of condensed tannin in lambs' diet alters the rumen protozoa population without affecting growth performance	14
The role of foot conformation in susceptibility of Merino sheep to footrot	14
Effect of heat stress and herbal products supplementation on the immune response related gene expression patterns in Kenguri ewes	14
Evaluating differential lipopolysaccharide-induced behavioral, immune and plasma metabolome responses of St. Croix and Suffolk sheep	14
Age of eruption of the first permanent incisors varies between Merino genotypes and is related to liveweight	13
Effect of post-mating GnRH or TAK-683 (Kisspeptin analog) treatment on the reproductive performance and serum progesterone concentration in ewes during the non-breeding season	13
Milkability traits across milk flow curve types in Sarda sheep	13
Effects of dietary concentrate level and feeding length on nutrient digestibility, rumen hydrolytic enzymes activity, intermediary metabolites, and feeding behavior in growing fat-tailed lambs: Irania	13
Substitution effects of soybean meal by Lathyrus sativus L. (grass pea) on nutrient digestibility, growth performances, carcass traits and meat quality of lambs grazing on saline area	13
Evaluation of careers and performances of goats with extended lactations	13
Effect of solar radiation on thermoregulatory responses of Santa Inês sheep and their crosses with wool and hair Dorper sheep	13
Summer season induced heat stress associated changes on meat production and quality characteristics, myostatin and HSP70 gene expression patterns in indigenous goat	13
The occupied proportion of hair follicle group in Inner Mongolia cashmere goat (Capra hircus)	12

Biotic potential and pathogenicity of a Haemonchus contortus susceptible laboratory isolate compared to a resistant field isolate in Brazil	12
The effects of accustoming to handling during the finishing period and weaning status on stress responses to transport, and carcass and meat quality in Kivircik lambs	12
Analysis of genetic diversity in Latvian Darkheaded sheep population	11
Postprocedural clinical and laboratory evaluation of sheep submitted to different intrabdominal pressures during laparoscopy	11
Feed intake, feeding behavior, growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and carcass characteristics of goats fed pelleted total mixed rations with varying Rhodes hay levels	11
Effects of an array of dietary treatments and length of feeding on ruminal methane emission and other variables in hair sheep	11
Extended effects of an aggressive spring-time anthelmintic treatment on Haemonchus contortus in sheep from a North America cold winter climate	11
Examining across year genotype by environment interactions for production and reproduction traits in Merino sheep	11
Morphological characterization of indigenous goat population in Ethiopia using canonical discriminant analysis	11
Nutrient digestibility, blood metabolites, and production performance of peripartal ewes fed dietary plant extract and monensin	11
Exploring gelatin from Black Bengal and Native Deccani Goat skin: Specialty meat breeds of India	10
Association of ovine follistatin gene polymorphisms with body measurements, fat-tail traits and morphometric of head in Iranian Mehraban sheep	10
Polymorphisms of PRKAA1 and FABP4 genes and their association with feed efficiency in Hu sheep	10
Tissue composition and meat quality of lambs fed diets containing whole-plant sesame silage as a replacement for whole-plant corn silage	10
Effects of sheep breed and grass silage quality on voluntary feed intake and enteric methane emissions in adult dry ewes	10
Study of milkability and associated factors in hand milked Indian Dromedary Camel	10
Determinants of motives for keeping small ruminants: Evidence from the Northern Ghana	10
Genetic diversity of native Bulgarian sheep breeds based on the mitochondrial D-loop sequence analysis	10
Effect of polymorphisms in the FAM151B gene on testis-related trait parameters in Hu sheep	10
Prevalence and risk factors of Haemonchus contortus in small ruminants in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis	10
Oral sugar and vasopressin: Possible alternative in the management of ovine pregnancy toxemia	9
Changes in markets for lamb in livestock family farming in Brazil	9
Crude glycerin and cottonseed cake replacing common energy and protein sources on the metabolism of feedlot lambs	9
Sugarcane replaced by cactus cladodes improves the ruminal dynamics of sheep	9
Climate resilience of goat breeds in India: A review	9
Adipose tissues of fat-tailed sheep reared in highland or lowland: Fatty acids and volatile compounds	9
Study of melanin distribution in the hair cells of Karakul lambs of different colours	9
Development of a routine genetic evaluation and a total merit index for sheep breeds with focus on meat production	9
Association of POU1F1 gene polymorphism with pre-pubertal body weight in Attappady Black goats of India	9
Evaluation of the genotype and slaughter weight effect on the meat production traits: Comparison of fattening, slaughter, and carcass characteristics between two native sheep	9
Evaluation of nonlinear models to define growth curve in Lohi sheep	9
Association of the LPL gene polymorphisms with fatty acid composition in the longissimus dorsi muscle of Hu sheep	9
QTLs detection for mohair traits in Iranian Angora goats (Markhoz goats)	9
Two-dimensional, m-mode and doppler-derived echocardiographic parameters in standing healthy dorper sheep	9
Supplementing a phytogenic-rich herbal mixture to heat-stressed lambs: Growth performance, carcass yield, and muscle and liver antioxidant status	9
Effect of prolific breed type and silage type on ewe performance during late pregnancy	9
Comparison of susceptibility of different goat breeds to live attenuated goatpox vaccine	9
Effects of prepartum melatonin treatment and suckling on postpartum reproductive performance of Beetal goats under subtropical conditions	9
Serodiagnosis of hydatidosis in sheep and goats in Siirt province, Türkiye, and an alternative approach to the interpretation of serology results	9
Production evaluation of Booroola fecundity (FecB) gene introgressed Avishaan sheep in semi-arid tropics of India	8
Fertilization potential test of sperm from nano monoclonal antibody injected goats	8
Reactions of Alpacas to Shearing and Accompanying Procedures	8
Factors affecting birth weight and pre-weaning growth rate of lambs from the Icelandic sheep breed	8
The use of PCR method for adulteration detection of goat dairy products manufactured by smallholders	8
Estimation of the intake capacity of Lacaune dairy ewes at maintenance	8
Lactate dehydrogenase: Detecting high bacterial and somatic cells counts in goats from whole milk samples	8
The extent of placental pathology is negatively correlated to birth weight in ewes infected with the wild-type strain of Chlamydia abortus	8
Livelihood and production strategies of livestock keepers and their perceptions on climate change in the Central Peruvian Andes	8
Foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.) silage compared peanut vine hay (Arachis hypogaea L.) exhibits greater feed efficiency via enhancing nutrient digestion and promoting rumen fermentation more effici	8
All-Editors' choice for 2023	8

GnRH administration after estrus induction protocol decreases the pregnancy rate of recipient ewes following transfer of frozen-thawed embryos	8
An assessment of small ruminant production, marketing, and investment options in Somaliland: A system dynamics approach	8
Challenges using serological diagnostics in elimination of visna/maedi: Serological results from two outbreaks in Norwegian sheep	8
The impact of genetic selection for increased production on fitness traits of small ruminants	8
Gas therapies improve chronic osteoarthritis and productivity in SRLV-infected dairy goats	7
Investigation of the effects of pulmonary adenomatosis on oxidative dna damage, inflammation, apoptosis, and autophagy in lung tissues in sheep	7
Invited review. Milk clotting enzymes: A transcendental decision in goat´s milk cheese quality	7
Evaluation of terminal sire breeds for hair sheep production systems: Forage environment	7
Typology of German sheep farms - Differences in structure, characteristics, challenges and the provision of goods and services	7
Use of real-time ultrasound measurements of fat thickness and longissimus thoracis muscle characteristics for predicting body fat depots in crossbred hair ewes	7
Effect of short-term radiation stress on physiological and hematological parameters in Pelibuey sheep in Cuba	7
Use of in vivo video image analysis as a substitute for manual biometric measurements on the prediction of qualitative and quantitative carcass characteristics of hair sheep lambs	7
Editorial Board	7
Effect of age and gender of animal on physicomechanical properties of Bangladeshi goat leather	7
Anti-mullerian hormone as a predictive endocrine marker for selection of White Dorper ewe lambs at prepubertal age	7
A life cycle perspective of lamb meat production systems from Turkey and the EU	7
Comparative Study of The Outcome of Yogurt-Type Fermentation of Lactose-Containing and Lactose-Free Cow and Sheep Milk	7
Effect of supplementation of bioactive rich tree leaves on nutrient utilization, growth performance, methane emission and fatty acid profile in finisher lambs fed energy dense diet	7
Analysis of inbreeding of the Latvian local goat breed	7
Editorial Board	7
Formulation of a protein fortified drink based on goat milk whey for athletes	7
Development of breed traceability for autochthonous attappady black goats of South India	6
Introgression in domestic camelid productive systems in Bolivia	6
Production efficiency, milk yield, and milk composition and fatty acids profile of lactating goats feeding formaldehyde-treated canola meal in two levels of dietary crude protein	6
Proteomics analysis of the secondary hair follicle cycle in Liaoning cashmere goat	6
The candidate genes and pathways affecting litter size in sheep	6
Diplotype-based assessment of GNRHR gene polymorphisms and their role in determining litter size at birth in the Malabari goat population of South India	6
Effects of the concentration of plasma platelet on the cryopreservation of ram semen	6
Relationship between subclinical mastitis and reproduction in Lacaune sheep	6
Discarded pecan seeds as an alternative feedstuff in lamb diets: Effects on intake, growth performance, carcass weights, and meat quality	6
Genetic analysis of parent-of-origin effects on growth traits and yearling greasy fleece weight in Raeini Cashmere goat	6
Prediction of associative effects between forages and supplements in goats	6
Editorial Board	6
Microsatellite and mitochondrial DNA markers unveil the genetic structure of Nellore Palla sheep of India	6
Efficacy of formic acid, enzymes, and microbial additives in silage on the performance of sheep: Systematic review and meta-analysis	6
Effects of nitroglycerin and flunixin meglumine on circulating inflammatory, cardiovascular and hepatorenal biomarkers of ovine experimental endotoxemia model	6
Prevalence, molecular detection, and pathological characterization of small ruminant lentiviruses in goats from Mexico	6
The estimation of genetic parameters and genetic trends for growth traits in Markhoz goats	6
Cocoa husks fed to lactating dairy ewes affect milk fatty acid profile and oxidative status of blood and milk	6
Microhistological epidermal atlas for identifying plants consumed by South American camelids in the dry Peruvian Puna	6
Editorial Board	6
A homozygosity-based investigation of the South African feral Tankwa goat population	6
Effect of fibrolytic enzyme supplementation of urea-treated wheat straw on nutrient intake, digestion, growth performance, and blood parameters of growing lambs	6
Plasminogen activator activity and plasminogen activator inhibition in the uterus of ewes after the induction of oestrus synchronization or superovulation, involving eCG	6
Evaluation of the skeletal ossification of sheep fetuses at different gestational ages (20–95 days) using radiography and whole-mount skeletal staining	6
Performance, fecal egg count and feeding behavior of lambs grazing elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) with increased levels of protein supplementation	6
Improving foot-and-mouth disease control through the evaluation of goat movement patterns within the FMD protection zone of South Africa	6
Drinking behaviour of llamas (Lama glama) in choice tests for fresh or saline water	6
Rearing system, socio-economic status and common diseases frequency of goats in the Northern part of Bangladesh	6
In vitro and in vivo evaluation of some tree leaves as forage sources in the diet of Baluchi male lambs	6
Genetic diversity and maternal origins of indigenous sheep populations in north Ethiopia	6
Comparative evaluation of different animal models for genetic analysis of body weight traits in an organized Corriedale sheep population	6
Elucidating genetic diversity and population structure of Alpine x Beetal goats using pedigree analysis	6
Bovine amniotic membrane stem cell-conditioned medium improves the culture conditions for in vitro produced ovine embryos	6
Effect of whole sesame seeds on the expression of key genes in monocytes of dairy goats	6
Antioxidant effects of zinc-oxide nanoparticles on post-thaw quality and in vivo fertility of Beetal buck spermatozoa	6
Influence of feeding system on Longissimus thoracis et lumborum volatile compounds of an Iberian local lamb breed	5
Effects of medetomidine and dexmedetomidine on intraocular pressure, pupil size, and tear secretion in clinically normal Ghezel sheep	5
Effect of Lippia alba hay as phytogenic feed additive on the lactation performance, milk composition, and rumen and blood parameters of Alpine goats	5
Nutrient restriction during pregnancy and litter size affect the feeding behaviour, feed preference and welfare of the aged ewe’s offspring	5
Is selection for resistance and resilience to Haemonchus contortus possible in Morada Nova sheep?	5
Comparison of interferon-gamma, neopterin, interleukin-10 and antibody levels in sheep with and without Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis	5
Seeing beyond gait: A case study identifying chronic laminitis in 3 goats	5
Estimates of genetic parameters and genetic trends for growth traits in Menz sheep under community-based breeding programs	5
Editorial Board	5
Short-term energy supplementation before lambing improves maternal behaviour, udder volume, colostrum viscosity and lamb birthweight in ewes under extensive grazing	5
Comparison of non-linear models and genetic parameter estimation for growth curve traits in the Murciano-Granadina goat breed	5
In fat-tailed sheep, variation of energy intake affected growth performances, carcass muscle and tail fat, without modifying carcass fat: A meta-analysis	5
High accumulation of lipofuscin is observed in preantral follicles of adult goat ovaries: Is it a senescence sign?	5
The effect of probiotic supplementation in Kamieniec lambs on meat quality	5
Effect of NDF levels of complete pelleted diet and dietary transition period on rumen pH, growth performance, digestibility, and blood indices in fattening male goats	5
Community-based vicuña (Vicugna vicugna) shearing in the arid Puna of Argentina: Body weight and fiber traits obtained during the chakus	5
Editorial Board	5
Recessive mutation for low fibre curvature in the wool of sheep	5
Genetic diversity analysis of Indonesian indigenous goat breeds based on microsatellite markers	5
Characterization of a 7 bp indel in MARCH1 promoter associated with reproductive traits in Malabari and Attappady Black goats of India	5
Editorial Board	5
Editorial Board	5
Dexmedetomidine and xylazine in sheep: A study of cardiopulmonary, hematological, and gastrointestinal effects	5
Relationship between transport-induced stress and the expression levels of some genes in the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling pathway in Kivircik lambs	5

Insulin like growth factor I plasma concentration assessment during the luteal phase in pregnant and non pregnant llamas	5
Sensory and volatile aromatic compound differences of paired lamb loins with 0 or 14 day dry aging	5
Abomasal ulcers: Do ranitidine or omeprazole prevent phenylbutazone-induced lesions in sheep?	5
Inversion of a paradigm: The positive roles of plant phenolics in dairy goat nutrition	5
Preference and discrimination behaviour of llamas to saline drinking water	5
Conventional and alternative treatment of mastitis in dairy goats	5
Validation of a portable glucose meter in blood glucose measurement in normoglycemic goats induced to hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia	5
Effects of tannins supplementation to sheep diets on their performance, carcass parameters and meat fatty acid profile: A meta-analysis study	5
Physiological responses, ethology, and ingestive behavior of Anglo-Nubiana goats submitted to different air temperatures	5
Seroprevalence of brucellosis and chlamydiosis in sheep and goats with history of abortion in Iran	5
Obtaining and evaluating goat milk powder derived from milk of local producers in northwestern Argentina	5
Muscle cellular characteristics of male kids from Turkish indigenous goat breeds	5
Typification of ovine and caprine production systems in the Colombian dry tropic	5
Follow-up investigation revealed that sheep may play an important role in the transmission of Leptospira spp. infection in Caatinga biome field conditions	5
Bottlenecks analysis using analytic hierarchy process (AHP) throughout the value chain of small ruminants in India	5
Editorial Board	5
Whole genome sequencing identified candidate genes related to litter size of Qinghai fine wool sheep under artificial selection	5
Editorial Board	5
Dietary supplementation of saffron petal elicits positive effects on performance, antioxidant status, and health of dairy goats	5
The role of non-aureus Staphylococcus in small ruminant mastitis: A systemic review on etiological agents, risk factors, virulence determinants, and novel treatments	5
Breed and crossbreeding effects on growth, fitness and reproduction of commercial sheep in South Africa	5
Genetic characterization and bottleneck analysis of Molai Adu and Pallai Adu goats from Southern India	5
Fatty acids composition and health indices in different fat and muscle locations of lambs from crossbreeding between Lori-Bakhtiari and Romanov sheep breeds	5
Milk yield, composition and immune status of dairy goats and respective goat kids fed diets with selenium and vitamin E supplementation	5
On farm welfare assessment of European fattening lambs	4
Effect of sire fecal egg count estimated breeding value on Katahdin lamb parasite resistance in pasture-based system	4
The effects of age of castration on carcass characteristics, meat quality and fatty acid profile of finishing South African Mutton Merino lambs	4
Effect of dietary inclusion of urea encapsulated in low-trans vegetable fat microspheres on fatty acids intake, carcass traits, quality, and fatty acid composition of lamb meat	4
Meta-analysis of organic chromium dietary supplementation on growth performance, carcass traits, and serum metabolites of lambs	4
Nutrient intake, in vivo digestibility, growth performance and carcass quality of growing lambs fed concentrate diets containing sweet lupin grain (Lupinus angustifolius)	4
Editorial Board	4
Effect of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes supplementation on voluntary intake, availability of nutrients and growth performance in Black Bengal kids (Capra hircus)	4
Physiological responses of Santa Inês x Dorper ewes and lambs to thermal environment of silvopasture and open pasture systems	4
Genetic parameters for body weight and morphometric traits in Santa Ines sheep using Bayesian inference	4
Effects of mild water restriction on nutrient digestion and protein metabolism in desert-adapted goats	4
Does the gender of farmers matter for improving small ruminant productivity? A Kenyan case study	4
One intron variant in the oocyte expressed protein (OOEP) gene is associated with twinning rate, prolificacy, and several body measurement traits in Awassi ewes	4
Ultrasound changes in meat yield of shami goats (Capra aegagrus hircus) fed diet supplemented with zinc oxide nanoparticles	4
Typology of dairy goat production systems in a semiarid region of Brazil	4
A protocol to assess the welfare of dairy ewes: From science to the field	4
The effect of an antioxidant supplement based on selenium, electrolytes, and vitamins on relieving transportation stress in goats	4
The bargaining reality and safety issues of goat marketing at the marketplace in Bangladesh	4
Effects of Pistacia atlantica gum essential oil on ruminal methanogen, protozoa, selected bacteria species and fermentation characteristics in sheep	4
Editorial Board	4
The impact of autologous platelet-rich plasma supplement on Ossimi ram semen quality and fertility: In vivo fertility of freshly diluted and frozen-thawed spermatozoa	4
A novel 4-bp insertion within the goat CFAP43 gene and its association with litter size	4
Does phytogenic natural compound improve growth, physiological status, antioxidant parameters, digestibility and nutritive value of Ossimi lambs	4
Influence of management and farm characteristics on microbiological quality and physico-chemical features of sheep milk produced in Tuscany farms (Italy)	4
Group structure in vicuña (Vicugna vicugna mensalis) subject to chaku management in central Andes, Peru	4
Genetic variations of α-casein and K-casein genes associated with milk composition in goats	4
Effect of technical cashew nut shell liquid on growth, physicochemical and fatty acid composition of lamb meat	4
Identification of the association of the GH, IGF-I and Pit-I gene polymorphism with growth traits in Saanen, Alpine and Boer goat breed	4
Nutrition of lambs with chromium propionate and its effects on metabolism, performance and meat quality	4
The global seroprevalence of Neospora caninum infection in deer: a systematic review and meta-analysis study	4
Short duration heatwaves increase body temperature and alter blood gas balance but may not cause oxidative stress and intestinal structure variations in lambs	4
The novel candidate gene Grb10 regulates the growth performance of Guizhou white goats	4
Investigation of ischemia-modified albumin and thiol/disulfide homeostasis for the determination of oxidative stress in sheep with toxoplasmosis	4
Editorial Board	4
Lamb survival and ewe longevity in a crossbreeding program between indigenous and exotic sheep in semi-arid lands	4
A study on the genetic diversity and subpopulation structure of three Bulgarian mountainous sheep breeds, based on genotyping of microsatellite markers	4
Supplementation of macro algae (Azolla pinnata) in a finishing ration alters feed efficiency, blood parameters, carcass traits and meat sensory properties in lambs	4
Evaluation of new formulations of nematophagous fungi Duddingtonia flagrans to control gastrointestinal nematodes in post-weaning lambs in Colombia Andean region	4
Behavioural biology of South American domestic camelids: An overview from a welfare perspective	4
Prevalence and risk factors of Brucella spp. in goats in Borana pastoral area, Southern Oromia, Ethiopia	4
Assessment of lamb meat quality in two cooking methods: Water bath versus oven cooking	4
Analysis of goat production and marketing among smallholder farmers Zambia	4
Identification of two novel SNPs in the myocyte enhancer factor 2B (MEF2B) gene and its association with growth traits in two breeds of Turkish sheep	4
Preliminary validation of a single-spot version of a solid-phase competition ELISA for the detection of southern African territories foot-and-mouth disease serotype exposure in goats	4
Cactus-alfalfa blend silage as an alternative feedstuff for Saanen dairy goats: Effect on feed intake, milk yield and components, blood and rumen parameters	4
How does maternal genetic merit and country of origin impact lamb performance pre- and post-weaning?	4
Opportunities and challenges for the integration of sheep and crops in the Rio de la Plata region of South America	4
A novel SNP within LIPE gene is highly associated with sheep intramuscular fat content	4
Dietary supplementation improves animal performance and reduces methane emission intensity in young llamas grazing natural forages	4
Evaluation of rheological properties of plant extracts from Mediterranean flora in goat milk	4
Coconut water-based extender for seminal preservation in small ruminants: A meta-analysis study	4
Changes in the testicular histomorphometry and their association with genes expression pattern of testes from birth to puberty in Beetal goat kids	4
Metabolic and behavior responses of lactating goats under heat stress	4
Milk replacer and linseed supplementation promotes puberty and semen quality in growing male lambs	4
Clinicopathological findings and etiological characterization in caprine gangrenous mastitis	4
Discovery of novel insertion SNPs in the ADRB2 gene associated with sheep growth performance	4
Effect of complete diets containing different dual-purpose sorghum stovers on nutrient utilization and growth performance in sheep	4
Characteristics of indigenous goats and the effects of crossbreeding on goat performance for rural livelihoods sustainability	4
Ovarian activity, metabolic and physiological parameters of canindé goats submitted to short-term supplementation with licuri oil	4
Development and validation of an indirect ELISA for the serodiagnosis of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia in goats	4
Autosomal and sex-linked genetic parameters for body weight gain and its relationship with efficiency-related traits in sheep	3
Adaptive performance of hairy thin-tailed (Yankasa) and wooly fat-tailed (Ossimi) sheep in tropical hot-dry season	3
Does fat-tail docking and Zilpaterol hydrochloride (ZH) supplementation affect feedlot performance and carcass characteristics of finishing lambs?	3
Effects of whole-plant corn silage relocation on quality, chemical composition, and intake, digestibility, and nitrogen balance in sheep	3
Exploring the genetic diversity: A review of germplasm in Nigerian indigenous goat breeds	3
Lipid supplementation with macadamia by-product reduces methane emissions by sheep	3
Dose-response of Asparagopsis extract and diet quality effects enteric methane emissions for sheep fed high-forage diets	3
Adding dried distillers grains with solubles influences the rumen microbiome of meat goats fed lespedeza or alfalfa-based diets	3
The effect of fresh bergamot pulp on fatty acid composition of suckling kids	3
Editorial Board	3
Gene expression profiles in the oocyte and granulosa cells and concomitant follicular fluid steroid hormone concentrations in pregnant versus non-pregnant she-camels	3