OOIR: Observatory of International Research

Papers

(The median citation count of Artificial Intelligence and Law is 2. The table below lists those papers that are above that threshold based on CrossRef citation counts [max. 250 papers]. The publications cover those that have been published in the past four years, i.e., from 2021-11-01 to 2025-11-01.)

Article	Citations
Attentive deep neural networks for legal document retrieval	52
Bridging the divide: technical research and application on legal judgment prediction	49
Using GPT-4o as a factor extractor for Brazilian consumer law judgments*	41
Integrating legal event and context information for Chinese similar case analysis	39
How to justify a backing’s eligibility for a warrant: the justification of a legal interpretation in a hard case	36
Graph contrastive learning networks with augmentation for legal judgment prediction	33
Effectiveness in retrieving legal precedents: exploring text summarization and cutting-edge language models toward a cost-efficient approach	28
Joining metadata and textual features to advise administrative courts decisions: a cascading classifier approach	25
The potential of an artificial intelligence (AI) application for the tax administration system’s modernization: the case of Indonesia	25
System for the anonymization of Romanian jurisprudence	25
The winter, the summer and the summer dream of artificial intelligence in law	23
Understanding unnecessary stops and police use of force in NYPD Stop, Question, and Frisk with machine learning techniques	23
Policing based on automatic facial recognition	22
MARRO: multi-headed attention for rhetorical role labeling in legal documents	21
Topic classification of case law using a large language model and a new taxonomy for UK law: AI insights into summary judgment	19
Analogical lightweight ontology of EU criminal procedural rights in judicial cooperation	19
A formalization of the Protagoras court paradox in a temporal logic of epistemic and normative reasons	19
The black box problem revisited. Real and imaginary challenges for automated legal decision making	18
Thirty years of Artificial Intelligence and Law: the first decade	17
Towards a simple mathematical model for the legal concept of balancing of interests	17
Self-training improves few-shot learning in legal artificial intelligence tasks	17
Investigating legal question generation using large language models	15
Exploring explainable AI in the tax domain	15
Combining prompt-based language models and weak supervision for labeling named entity recognition on legal documents	14
A support system for the detection of abusive clauses in B2C contracts	13

Judicial knowledge-enhanced magnitude-aware reasoning for numerical legal judgment prediction	13
Correction: Using attention methods to predict judicial outcomes	13
Automated legal reasoning with discretion to act using s(LAW)	13
A sentence is known by the company it keeps: Improving Legal Document Summarization Using Deep Clustering	12
A collaboration between judge and machine to reduce legal uncertainty in disputes concerning ex aequo et bono compensations	11
Comprehensive research on semantic understanding, applicability, and impact analysis of legal provisions based on deep learning and natural language processing	10
Agents preserving privacy on intelligent transportation systems according to EU law	10
Identifying open-texture in regulations using LLMs	9
Improving abstractive summarization of legal rulings through textual entailment	9
Thirty years of Artificial Intelligence and Law: the second decade	8
Patterns for legal compliance checking in a decidable framework of linked open data	8
Enhancing legal judgment summarization with integrated semantic and structural information	8
Reasoning with inconsistent precedents	8
Law Smells	7
Catala: Moving towards the future of legal expert systems	7
A large scale benchmark for session-based recommendations on the legal domain	7
The digital transformation of jurisprudence: an evaluation of ChatGPT-4’s applicability to solve cases in business law	7
Legal text classification in Korean sexual offense cases: from traditional machine learning to large language models with XAI insights	6
LegItBART: a summarization model for Italian legal documents	6
Correction to: Code is law: how COMPAS affects the way the judiciary handles the risk of recidivism	6
Correction: thirty years of Artificial Intelligence and Law: the second decade	6
Re-evaluating GPT-4’s bar exam performance	6
Information extraction from employment tribunal judgments using a large language model	6
R2GQA: retriever-reader-generator question answering system to support students understanding legal regulations in higher education	5
Integrating text mining and system dynamics to evaluate financial risks of construction contracts	5
Causality-inspired legal provision selection with large language model-based explanation	5
Empirical analysis of binding precedent efficiency in Brazilian Supreme Court via case classification	5
Using machine learning to create a repository of judgments concerning a new practice area: a case study in animal protection law	5
An LLMs-based neuro-symbolic legal judgment prediction framework for civil cases	5
Thirty years of artificial intelligence and law: the third decade	5
Legal sentence boundary detection using hybrid deep learning and statistical models	5
Thirty years of Artificial Intelligence and Law: Editor’s Introduction	5
An interdisciplinary account of the terminological choices by EU policymakers ahead of the final agreement on the AI Act: AI system, general purpose AI system, foundation model, and generative AI	5
Correction: A support system for the detection of abusive clauses in B2C contracts	5
Deciphering disagreement in the annotation of EU legislation	4
LAWSUIT: a LArge expert-Written SUmmarization dataset of ITalian constitutional court verdicts	4
Compliance checking on first-order knowledge with conflicting and compensatory norms: a comparison among currently available technologies	4
DeepRhole: deep learning for rhetorical role labeling of sentences in legal case documents	4
Changing meaning of the rule of law	4
Ant: a process aware annotation software for regulatory compliance	4
Automating petition classification in Brazil’s legal system: a two-step deep learning approach	4
Advancing legal recommendation system with enhanced Bayesian network machine learning	4
Detecting the influence of the Chinese guiding cases: a text reuse approach	4
Bringing legal knowledge to the public by constructing a legal question bank using large-scale pre-trained language model	3
A method of legal judgment prediction via prompt learning and charge keywords fusion	3
Code is law: how COMPAS affects the way the judiciary handles the risk of recidivism	3
LegalAnalytics: bridging visual explanations and workload streamline in Brazilian Supreme Court appeals	3
Advancing prompt-based language models in the legal domain: adaptive strategies and research challenges	3
Definitions of intent suitable for algorithms	3
Masked prediction and interdependence network of the law using data from large-scale Japanese court judgments	3

Make privacy policies longer and appoint LLM readers	3
Mapping the Issues of Automated Legal Systems: Why Worry About Automatically Processable Regulation?	3
ARDI: a new dataset for automatic advocate recommendation in the Indian Legal System	3
Decision support for detecting sensitive text in government records	3
SM-BERT-CR: a deep learning approach for case law retrieval with supporting model	3
Lessons learned building a legal inference dataset	3
Trace clustering for judicial process simplification: identifying patterns and enhancing anaslysis	3
Segmenting Brazilian legislative text using weak supervision and active learning	3
Thirty years of Artificial Intelligence and Law: overviews	3
DiscoLQA: zero-shot discourse-based legal question answering on European Legislation	3
Measuring evidential phenomena for complex reasoning patterns about a mass of evidence	2
Toward representing interpretation in factor-based models of precedent	2
Japanese tort-case dataset for rationale-supported legal judgment prediction	2
Combining topic modelling and citation network analysis to study case law from the European Court of Human Rights on the right to respect for private and family life	2
A neural network to identify requests, decisions, and arguments in court rulings on custody	2
A novel MRC framework for evidence extracts in judgment documents	2
M-LAMAC: a model for linguistic assessment of mitigating and aggravating circumstances of criminal responsibility using computing with words	2
SIM-GCN: similarity graph convolutional networks for charges prediction	2
A Bayesian model of legal syllogistic reasoning	2
Encoding legislation: a methodology for enhancing technical validation, legal alignment and interdisciplinarity	2
Extractive summarization of Indian legal judgements using unsupervised role labelling	2
LegisSearch: navigating legislation with graphs and large language models	2
Enhancing Indian legal judgment classification with embeddings, feature selection, and ensemble strategies	2
GPT vs human legal texts annotations: A comparative study with privacy policies	2
Smart criminal justice: exploring the use of algorithms in the Swiss criminal justice system	2
Leveraging large language models for abstractive summarization of Italian legal news	2
Intermediate factors and precedential constraint	2
Jurisprudence in hard and soft law output of international organizations: a network analysis of the use of precedent in UN Security Council and general assembly resolutions	2