OOIR: Observatory of International Research

Papers

(The median citation count of Artificial Intelligence and Law is 2. The table below lists those papers that are above that threshold based on CrossRef citation counts [max. 250 papers]. The publications cover those that have been published in the past four years, i.e., from 2021-09-01 to 2025-09-01.)

Article	Citations
Bridging the divide: technical research and application on legal judgment prediction	45
Integrating legal event and context information for Chinese similar case analysis	43
Using GPT-4o as a factor extractor for Brazilian consumer law judgments*	40
Attentive deep neural networks for legal document retrieval	34
System for the anonymization of Romanian jurisprudence	33
How to justify a backing’s eligibility for a warrant: the justification of a legal interpretation in a hard case	33
Graph contrastive learning networks with augmentation for legal judgment prediction	28
Joining metadata and textual features to advise administrative courts decisions: a cascading classifier approach	26
The winter, the summer and the summer dream of artificial intelligence in law	24
Effectiveness in retrieving legal precedents: exploring text summarization and cutting-edge language models toward a cost-efficient approach	23
The potential of an artificial intelligence (AI) application for the tax administration system’s modernization: the case of Indonesia	21
Understanding unnecessary stops and police use of force in NYPD Stop, Question, and Frisk with machine learning techniques	19
Policing based on automatic facial recognition	18
MARRO: multi-headed attention for rhetorical role labeling in legal documents	18
A formalization of the Protagoras court paradox in a temporal logic of epistemic and normative reasons	18
The black box problem revisited. Real and imaginary challenges for automated legal decision making	17
Analogical lightweight ontology of EU criminal procedural rights in judicial cooperation	17
Topic classification of case law using a large language model and a new taxonomy for UK law: AI insights into summary judgment	17
Towards a simple mathematical model for the legal concept of balancing of interests	16
Self-training improves few-shot learning in legal artificial intelligence tasks	16
Investigating legal question generation using large language models	15
Combining prompt-based language models and weak supervision for labeling named entity recognition on legal documents	15
Exploring explainable AI in the tax domain	14
Thirty years of Artificial Intelligence and Law: the first decade	13
Correction: Using attention methods to predict judicial outcomes	13

A sentence is known by the company it keeps: Improving Legal Document Summarization Using Deep Clustering	12
Automated legal reasoning with discretion to act using s(LAW)	11
Judicial knowledge-enhanced magnitude-aware reasoning for numerical legal judgment prediction	11
A support system for the detection of abusive clauses in B2C contracts	11
A collaboration between judge and machine to reduce legal uncertainty in disputes concerning ex aequo et bono compensations	10
Agents preserving privacy on intelligent transportation systems according to EU law	9
Comprehensive research on semantic understanding, applicability, and impact analysis of legal provisions based on deep learning and natural language processing	9
Identifying open-texture in regulations using LLMs	9
Improving abstractive summarization of legal rulings through textual entailment	8
Thirty years of Artificial Intelligence and Law: the second decade	8
Enhancing legal judgment summarization with integrated semantic and structural information	8
Reasoning with inconsistent precedents	8
The digital transformation of jurisprudence: an evaluation of ChatGPT-4’s applicability to solve cases in business law	7
A large scale benchmark for session-based recommendations on the legal domain	7
Patterns for legal compliance checking in a decidable framework of linked open data	7
Law Smells	7
LegItBART: a summarization model for Italian legal documents	6
Legal text classification in Korean sexual offense cases: from traditional machine learning to large language models with XAI insights	6
Catala: Moving towards the future of legal expert systems	6
Contract as automaton: representing a simple financial agreement in computational form	6
Correction to: Code is law: how COMPAS affects the way the judiciary handles the risk of recidivism	6
Re-evaluating GPT-4’s bar exam performance	6
Correction: thirty years of Artificial Intelligence and Law: the second decade	6
Legal sentence boundary detection using hybrid deep learning and statistical models	5
Thirty years of Artificial Intelligence and Law: Editor’s Introduction	5
An LLMs-based neuro-symbolic legal judgment prediction framework for civil cases	5
R2GQA: retriever-reader-generator question answering system to support students understanding legal regulations in higher education	5
Causality-inspired legal provision selection with large language model-based explanation	5
Integrating text mining and system dynamics to evaluate financial risks of construction contracts	5
Information extraction from employment tribunal judgments using a large language model	5
Using machine learning to create a repository of judgments concerning a new practice area: a case study in animal protection law	5
An interdisciplinary account of the terminological choices by EU policymakers ahead of the final agreement on the AI Act: AI system, general purpose AI system, foundation model, and generative AI	5
Empirical analysis of binding precedent efficiency in Brazilian Supreme Court via case classification	4
Automating petition classification in Brazil’s legal system: a two-step deep learning approach	4
Thirty years of artificial intelligence and law: the third decade	4
Correction: A support system for the detection of abusive clauses in B2C contracts	4
LAWSUIT: a LArge expert-Written SUmmarization dataset of ITalian constitutional court verdicts	3
Detecting the influence of the Chinese guiding cases: a text reuse approach	3
Mapping the Issues of Automated Legal Systems: Why Worry About Automatically Processable Regulation?	3
Masked prediction and interdependence network of the law using data from large-scale Japanese court judgments	3
Lessons learned building a legal inference dataset	3
Deciphering disagreement in the annotation of EU legislation	3
Ant: a process aware annotation software for regulatory compliance	3
Advancing legal recommendation system with enhanced Bayesian network machine learning	3
Definitions of intent suitable for algorithms	3
A method of legal judgment prediction via prompt learning and charge keywords fusion	3
DeepRhole: deep learning for rhetorical role labeling of sentences in legal case documents	3
Changing meaning of the rule of law	3
Compliance checking on first-order knowledge with conflicting and compensatory norms: a comparison among currently available technologies	3
Bringing legal knowledge to the public by constructing a legal question bank using large-scale pre-trained language model	3

Make privacy policies longer and appoint LLM readers	3
SM-BERT-CR: a deep learning approach for case law retrieval with supporting model	3
Segmenting Brazilian legislative text using weak supervision and active learning	2
Combining topic modelling and citation network analysis to study case law from the European Court on Human Rights on the right to respect for private and family life	2
Extractive summarization of Indian legal judgements using unsupervised role labelling	2
Japanese tort-case dataset for rationale-supported legal judgment prediction	2
Measuring evidential phenomena for complex reasoning patterns about a mass of evidence	2
DiscoLQA: zero-shot discourse-based legal question answering on European Legislation	2
Code is law: how COMPAS affects the way the judiciary handles the risk of recidivism	2
A Bayesian model of legal syllogistic reasoning	2
Toward representing interpretation in factor-based models of precedent	2
Towards a machine understanding of Malawi legal text	2
Encoding legislation: a methodology for enhancing technical validation, legal alignment and interdisciplinarity	2
M-LAMAC: a model for linguistic assessment of mitigating and aggravating circumstances of criminal responsibility using computing with words	2
Decision support for detecting sensitive text in government records	2
LegalAnalytics: bridging visual explanations and workload streamline in Brazilian Supreme Court appeals	2
Thirty years of Artificial Intelligence and Law: overviews	2
Enhancing Indian legal judgment classification with embeddings, feature selection, and ensemble strategies	2
Intermediate factors and precedential constraint	2
Smart criminal justice: exploring the use of algorithms in the Swiss criminal justice system	2
SIM-GCN: similarity graph convolutional networks for charges prediction	2
Advancing prompt-based language models in the legal domain: adaptive strategies and research challenges	2