OOIR: Observatory of International Research

Papers

(The median citation count of Artificial Intelligence and Law is 3. The table below lists those papers that are above that threshold based on CrossRef citation counts [max. 250 papers]. The publications cover those that have been published in the past four years, i.e., from 2022-06-01 to 2026-06-01.)

Article	Citations
Using GPT-4o as a factor extractor for Brazilian consumer law judgments*	83
Bridging the divide: technical research and application on legal judgment prediction	64
Attentive deep neural networks for legal document retrieval	48
Integrating legal event and context information for Chinese similar case analysis	47
LLM-as-a-judge is bad, based on AI attempting the exam qualifying for the member of the Polish National Board of Appeal	41
Graph contrastive learning networks with augmentation for legal judgment prediction	40
The potential of an artificial intelligence (AI) application for the tax administration system’s modernization: the case of Indonesia	38
Building from scratch: a multi-agent framework with human-in-the-loop for multilingual legal terminology mapping	37
System for the anonymization of Romanian jurisprudence	31
Joining metadata and textual features to advise administrative courts decisions: a cascading classifier approach	28
Effectiveness in retrieving legal precedents: exploring text summarization and cutting-edge language models toward a cost-efficient approach	28
MARRO: multi-headed attention for rhetorical role labeling in legal documents	27
Policing based on automatic facial recognition	25
Understanding unnecessary stops and police use of force in NYPD Stop, Question, and Frisk with machine learning techniques	24
Analogical lightweight ontology of EU criminal procedural rights in judicial cooperation	23
Document-level legal relation extraction based on domain feature and dual self-distillation	23
Topic classification of case law using a large language model and a new taxonomy for UK law: AI insights into summary judgment	22
A formalization of the Protagoras court paradox in a temporal logic of epistemic and normative reasons	21
The black box problem revisited. Real and imaginary challenges for automated legal decision making	20
Overcoming sentencing inconsistency - a proposal for algorithmic guidelines and juridical misalignment index	19
Self-training improves few-shot learning in legal artificial intelligence tasks	16
Investigating legal question generation using large language models	15
Towards a simple mathematical model for the legal concept of balancing of interests	15
Combining prompt-based language models and weak supervision for labeling named entity recognition on legal documents	14
The trade-off between robustness and reliability in chinese legal large language models: an empirical study	14

Exploring explainable AI in the tax domain	13
Thirty years of Artificial Intelligence and Law: the first decade	13
Correction: Using attention methods to predict judicial outcomes	13
Judicial knowledge-enhanced magnitude-aware reasoning for numerical legal judgment prediction	12
A support system for the detection of abusive clauses in B2C contracts	12
Automated legal reasoning with discretion to act using s(LAW)	12
From unstructured text to structured reasoning: a hybrid knowledge graph for Indonesian sentencing analysis	11
Agents preserving privacy on intelligent transportation systems according to EU law	11
Comprehensive research on semantic understanding, applicability, and impact analysis of legal provisions based on deep learning and natural language processing	11
A sentence is known by the company it keeps: Improving Legal Document Summarization Using Deep Clustering	11
Identifying open-texture in regulations using LLMs	11
Law Smells	10
Thirty years of Artificial Intelligence and Law: the second decade	10
The digital transformation of jurisprudence: an evaluation of ChatGPT-4’s applicability to solve cases in business law	10
Challenges and Opportunities for Visual Analytics in Jurisprudence	10
Content-aware instruction for zero-shot Chinese criminal legal case retrieval: a large language model-based framework	10
Enhancing legal judgment summarization with integrated semantic and structural information	9
A large scale benchmark for session-based recommendations on the legal domain	9
Reasoning with inconsistent precedents	9
Catala: Moving towards the future of legal expert systems	9
Patterns for legal compliance checking in a decidable framework of linked open data	9
LegItBART: a summarization model for Italian legal documents	8
Legal text classification in Korean sexual offense cases: from traditional machine learning to large language models with XAI insights	8
Information extraction from employment tribunal judgments using a large language model	8
Re-evaluating GPT-4’s bar exam performance	8
Correction to: Code is law: how COMPAS affects the way the judiciary handles the risk of recidivism	8
Cost–benefit analysis of deploying shallow, deep learning and generative models for legal text classification	8
Legal sentence boundary detection using hybrid deep learning and statistical models	8
Introduction to the special issue on applications and evaluation of large language models in the legal domain	8
Correction: thirty years of Artificial Intelligence and Law: the second decade	8
R2GQA: retriever-reader-generator question answering system to support students understanding legal regulations in higher education	8
An LLMs-based neuro-symbolic legal judgment prediction framework for civil cases	7
An interdisciplinary account of the terminological choices by EU policymakers ahead of the final agreement on the AI Act: AI system, general purpose AI system, foundation model, and generative AI	7
Thirty years of Artificial Intelligence and Law: Editor’s Introduction	7
Integrating text mining and system dynamics to evaluate financial risks of construction contracts	7
Empirical analysis of binding precedent efficiency in Brazilian Supreme Court via case classification	7
ALTER: a lightweight topic-aware representation legal case retrieval system	7
From jargon to clarity: bridging understanding through graded simplification of legal data	7
Thirty years of artificial intelligence and law: the third decade	7
Automating petition classification in Brazil’s legal system: a two-step deep learning approach	6
Causality-inspired legal provision selection with large language model-based explanation	6
Correction: A support system for the detection of abusive clauses in B2C contracts	6
Providing legal pincite recommendations using language representations	6
LAWSUIT: a LArge expert-Written SUmmarization dataset of ITalian constitutional court verdicts	6
Ant: a process aware annotation software for regulatory compliance	5
Detecting the influence of the Chinese guiding cases: a text reuse approach	5
Deciphering disagreement in the annotation of EU legislation	5
Neural reranking for UK statutory retrieval: Provision-level evaluation and an open distilled model	5
Compliance checking on first-order knowledge with conflicting and compensatory norms: a comparison among currently available technologies	5
Towards a comprehensive land use rights management system: Blockchain and semantics integration with legal compliance in Vietnam	5

Changing meaning of the rule of law	5
Advancing legal recommendation system with enhanced Bayesian network machine learning	5
Make privacy policies longer and appoint LLM readers	4
Masked prediction and interdependence network of the law using data from large-scale Japanese court judgments	4
Hierarchical knowledge graph based legal information retrieval from multiple documents using intelligent agents	4
Lessons learned building a legal inference dataset	4
Trace clustering for judicial process simplification: identifying patterns and enhancing anaslysis	4
Definitions of intent suitable for algorithms	4
Bringing legal knowledge to the public by constructing a legal question bank using large-scale pre-trained language model	4
ARDI: a new dataset for automatic advocate recommendation in the Indian Legal System	4
SM-BERT-CR: a deep learning approach for case law retrieval with supporting model	4
A method of legal judgment prediction via prompt learning and charge keywords fusion	4
Code is law: how COMPAS affects the way the judiciary handles the risk of recidivism	4
AI-driven legal argument strength analyzer & counter-argument generator	4
Correction: Code is law: how COMPAS affects the way the judiciary handles the risk of recidivism	4
Mapping the Issues of Automated Legal Systems: Why Worry About Automatically Processable Regulation?	4
Supervised multi-stage semantics expanded decision system for Indian legal context	3
Thirty years of Artificial Intelligence and Law: overviews	3
Decision support for detecting sensitive text in government records	3
Toward representing interpretation in factor-based models of precedent	3
BERT-TSR: A BERT-based two-stage ranking model for legal case retrieval	3
LegalAnalytics: bridging visual explanations and workload streamline in Brazilian Supreme Court appeals	3
Advancing prompt-based language models in the legal domain: adaptive strategies and research challenges	3
GPT vs human legal texts annotations: A comparative study with privacy policies	3
Combining topic modelling and citation network analysis to study case law from the European Court of Human Rights on the right to respect for private and family life	3
Segmenting Brazilian legislative text using weak supervision and active learning	3
DiscoLQA: zero-shot discourse-based legal question answering on European Legislation	3
SIM-GCN: similarity graph convolutional networks for charges prediction	3
A Bayesian model of legal syllogistic reasoning	3