OOIR: Observatory of International Research

Papers

(The median citation count of Artificial Intelligence and Law is 2. The table below lists those papers that are above that threshold based on CrossRef citation counts [max. 250 papers]. The publications cover those that have been published in the past four years, i.e., from 2021-06-01 to 2025-06-01.)

Article	Citations
Attentive deep neural networks for legal document retrieval	71
Integrating legal event and context information for Chinese similar case analysis	40
Joining metadata and textual features to advise administrative courts decisions: a cascading classifier approach	37
How to justify a backing’s eligibility for a warrant: the justification of a legal interpretation in a hard case	34
System for the anonymization of Romanian jurisprudence	33
Graph contrastive learning networks with augmentation for legal judgment prediction	30
Effectiveness in retrieving legal precedents: exploring text summarization and cutting-edge language models toward a cost-efficient approach	29
The winter, the summer and the summer dream of artificial intelligence in law	28
The potential of an artificial intelligence (AI) application for the tax administration system’s modernization: the case of Indonesia	22
Understanding unnecessary stops and police use of force in NYPD Stop, Question, and Frisk with machine learning techniques	20
MARRO: multi-headed attention for rhetorical role labeling in legal documents	16
Correction to: A review of predictive policing from the perspective of fairness	16
A formalization of the Protagoras court paradox in a temporal logic of epistemic and normative reasons	16
Policing based on automatic facial recognition	16
Logical English meets legal English for swaps and derivatives	15
Exploring explainable AI in the tax domain	15
Topic classification of case law using a large language model and a new taxonomy for UK law: AI insights into summary judgment	15
The black box problem revisited. Real and imaginary challenges for automated legal decision making	15
Self-training improves few-shot learning in legal artificial intelligence tasks	15
Analogical lightweight ontology of EU criminal procedural rights in judicial cooperation	15
Towards a simple mathematical model for the legal concept of balancing of interests	15
Thirty years of Artificial Intelligence and Law: the first decade	14
Combining prompt-based language models and weak supervision for labeling named entity recognition on legal documents	14
Investigating legal question generation using large language models	14
Correction: Using attention methods to predict judicial outcomes	13

A sequence labeling model for catchphrase identification from legal case documents	12
Automated legal reasoning with discretion to act using s(LAW)	11
A support system for the detection of abusive clauses in B2C contracts	11
Judicial knowledge-enhanced magnitude-aware reasoning for numerical legal judgment prediction	11
A sentence is known by the company it keeps: Improving Legal Document Summarization Using Deep Clustering	10
A collaboration between judge and machine to reduce legal uncertainty in disputes concerning ex aequo et bono compensations	9
Thirty years of Artificial Intelligence and Law: the second decade	8
Agents preserving privacy on intelligent transportation systems according to EU law	8
Identifying open-texture in regulations using LLMs	8
Reasoning with inconsistent precedents	7
Improving abstractive summarization of legal rulings through textual entailment	7
Patterns for legal compliance checking in a decidable framework of linked open data	7
Enhancing legal judgment summarization with integrated semantic and structural information	6
Contract as automaton: representing a simple financial agreement in computational form	6
Law Smells	6
Correction to: Code is law: how COMPAS affects the way the judiciary handles the risk of recidivism	6
The digital transformation of jurisprudence: an evaluation of ChatGPT-4’s applicability to solve cases in business law	6
A large scale benchmark for session-based recommendations on the legal domain	6
Using machine learning to create a repository of judgments concerning a new practice area: a case study in animal protection law	5
Correction: thirty years of Artificial Intelligence and Law: the second decade	5
Catala: Moving towards the future of legal expert systems	5
Integrating text mining and system dynamics to evaluate financial risks of construction contracts	5
Legal sentence boundary detection using hybrid deep learning and statistical models	5
Legal text classification in Korean sexual offense cases: from traditional machine learning to large language models with XAI insights	5
LegItBART: a summarization model for Italian legal documents	5
R2GQA: retriever-reader-generator question answering system to support students understanding legal regulations in higher education	5
Information extraction from employment tribunal judgments using a large language model	5
Re-evaluating GPT-4’s bar exam performance	5
An LLMs-based neuro-symbolic legal judgment prediction framework for civil cases	5
An interdisciplinary account of the terminological choices by EU policymakers ahead of the final agreement on the AI Act: AI system, general purpose AI system, foundation model, and generative AI	4
Correction: A support system for the detection of abusive clauses in B2C contracts	4
Causality-inspired legal provision selection with large language model-based explanation	4
Thirty years of artificial intelligence and law: the third decade	4
Thirty years of Artificial Intelligence and Law: Editor’s Introduction	4
Empirical analysis of binding precedent efficiency in Brazilian Supreme Court via case classification	4
LAWSUIT: a LArge expert-Written SUmmarization dataset of ITalian constitutional court verdicts	3
Ant: a process aware annotation software for regulatory compliance	3
Mapping the Issues of Automated Legal Systems: Why Worry About Automatically Processable Regulation?	3
Detecting the influence of the Chinese guiding cases: a text reuse approach	3
DeepRhole: deep learning for rhetorical role labeling of sentences in legal case documents	3
Advancing legal recommendation system with enhanced Bayesian network machine learning	3
Automating petition classification in Brazil’s legal system: a two-step deep learning approach	3
Deciphering disagreement in the annotation of EU legislation	3
Compliance checking on first-order knowledge with conflicting and compensatory norms: a comparison among currently available technologies	3
Masked prediction and interdependence network of the law using data from large-scale Japanese court judgments	2
Definitions of intent suitable for algorithms	2
Advancing prompt-based language models in the legal domain: adaptive strategies and research challenges	2
Toward representing interpretation in factor-based models of precedent	2
Japanese tort-case dataset for rationale-supported legal judgment prediction	2
Bringing legal knowledge to the public by constructing a legal question bank using large-scale pre-trained language model	2

Lessons learned building a legal inference dataset	2
Decision support for detecting sensitive text in government records	2
DiscoLQA: zero-shot discourse-based legal question answering on European Legislation	2
Thirty years of Artificial Intelligence and Law: overviews	2
Smart criminal justice: exploring the use of algorithms in the Swiss criminal justice system	2
Segmenting Brazilian legislative text using weak supervision and active learning	2
Make privacy policies longer and appoint LLM readers	2
Code is law: how COMPAS affects the way the judiciary handles the risk of recidivism	2
A Bayesian model of legal syllogistic reasoning	2
SIM-GCN: similarity graph convolutional networks for charges prediction	2
Enhancing Indian legal judgment classification with embeddings, feature selection, and ensemble strategies	2
SM-BERT-CR: a deep learning approach for case law retrieval with supporting model	2