OOIR: Observatory of International Research

Papers

(The median citation count of Artificial Intelligence and Law is 3. The table below lists those papers that are above that threshold based on CrossRef citation counts [max. 250 papers]. The publications cover those that have been published in the past four years, i.e., from 2022-01-01 to 2026-01-01.)

Article	Citations
Bridging the divide: technical research and application on legal judgment prediction	62
Using GPT-4o as a factor extractor for Brazilian consumer law judgments*	51
Integrating legal event and context information for Chinese similar case analysis	45
Attentive deep neural networks for legal document retrieval	40
How to justify a backing’s eligibility for a warrant: the justification of a legal interpretation in a hard case	39
Effectiveness in retrieving legal precedents: exploring text summarization and cutting-edge language models toward a cost-efficient approach	30
Graph contrastive learning networks with augmentation for legal judgment prediction	30
Building from scratch: a multi-agent framework with human-in-the-loop for multilingual legal terminology mapping	28
Joining metadata and textual features to advise administrative courts decisions: a cascading classifier approach	28
System for the anonymization of Romanian jurisprudence	27
The winter, the summer and the summer dream of artificial intelligence in law	26
The potential of an artificial intelligence (AI) application for the tax administration system’s modernization: the case of Indonesia	21
Understanding unnecessary stops and police use of force in NYPD Stop, Question, and Frisk with machine learning techniques	20
Policing based on automatic facial recognition	20
Analogical lightweight ontology of EU criminal procedural rights in judicial cooperation	19
A formalization of the Protagoras court paradox in a temporal logic of epistemic and normative reasons	19
The black box problem revisited. Real and imaginary challenges for automated legal decision making	19
MARRO: multi-headed attention for rhetorical role labeling in legal documents	19
Topic classification of case law using a large language model and a new taxonomy for UK law: AI insights into summary judgment	19
Towards a simple mathematical model for the legal concept of balancing of interests	18
Overcoming sentencing inconsistency - a proposal for algorithmic guidelines and juridical misalignment index	17
Investigating legal question generation using large language models	16
Self-training improves few-shot learning in legal artificial intelligence tasks	16
Exploring explainable AI in the tax domain	15
Thirty years of Artificial Intelligence and Law: the first decade	14

Combining prompt-based language models and weak supervision for labeling named entity recognition on legal documents	14
Correction: Using attention methods to predict judicial outcomes	13
Automated legal reasoning with discretion to act using s(LAW)	12
A sentence is known by the company it keeps: Improving Legal Document Summarization Using Deep Clustering	11
Judicial knowledge-enhanced magnitude-aware reasoning for numerical legal judgment prediction	11
A support system for the detection of abusive clauses in B2C contracts	11
Agents preserving privacy on intelligent transportation systems according to EU law	10
Comprehensive research on semantic understanding, applicability, and impact analysis of legal provisions based on deep learning and natural language processing	10
Thirty years of Artificial Intelligence and Law: the second decade	9
Identifying open-texture in regulations using LLMs	9
A collaboration between judge and machine to reduce legal uncertainty in disputes concerning ex aequo et bono compensations	9
Challenges and Opportunities for Visual Analytics in Jurisprudence	9
A large scale benchmark for session-based recommendations on the legal domain	8
Enhancing legal judgment summarization with integrated semantic and structural information	8
Patterns for legal compliance checking in a decidable framework of linked open data	8
The digital transformation of jurisprudence: an evaluation of ChatGPT-4’s applicability to solve cases in business law	7
LegItBART: a summarization model for Italian legal documents	7
Law Smells	7
Correction to: Code is law: how COMPAS affects the way the judiciary handles the risk of recidivism	7
Reasoning with inconsistent precedents	7
Catala: Moving towards the future of legal expert systems	7
Cost–benefit analysis of deploying shallow, deep learning and generative models for legal text classification	6
Correction: thirty years of Artificial Intelligence and Law: the second decade	6
Legal text classification in Korean sexual offense cases: from traditional machine learning to large language models with XAI insights	6
Thirty years of Artificial Intelligence and Law: Editor’s Introduction	6
Legal sentence boundary detection using hybrid deep learning and statistical models	6
Re-evaluating GPT-4’s bar exam performance	6
R2GQA: retriever-reader-generator question answering system to support students understanding legal regulations in higher education	6
Using machine learning to create a repository of judgments concerning a new practice area: a case study in animal protection law	6
Information extraction from employment tribunal judgments using a large language model	6
Introduction to the special issue on applications and evaluation of large language models in the legal domain	6
An LLMs-based neuro-symbolic legal judgment prediction framework for civil cases	5
An interdisciplinary account of the terminological choices by EU policymakers ahead of the final agreement on the AI Act: AI system, general purpose AI system, foundation model, and generative AI	5
Correction: A support system for the detection of abusive clauses in B2C contracts	5
Compliance checking on first-order knowledge with conflicting and compensatory norms: a comparison among currently available technologies	5
Integrating text mining and system dynamics to evaluate financial risks of construction contracts	5
Thirty years of artificial intelligence and law: the third decade	5
Changing meaning of the rule of law	5
Causality-inspired legal provision selection with large language model-based explanation	5
Empirical analysis of binding precedent efficiency in Brazilian Supreme Court via case classification	5
Automating petition classification in Brazil’s legal system: a two-step deep learning approach	5
LAWSUIT: a LArge expert-Written SUmmarization dataset of ITalian constitutional court verdicts	5
Deciphering disagreement in the annotation of EU legislation	4
SM-BERT-CR: a deep learning approach for case law retrieval with supporting model	4
Ant: a process aware annotation software for regulatory compliance	4
Detecting the influence of the Chinese guiding cases: a text reuse approach	4
A method of legal judgment prediction via prompt learning and charge keywords fusion	4
Mapping the Issues of Automated Legal Systems: Why Worry About Automatically Processable Regulation?	4
Advancing legal recommendation system with enhanced Bayesian network machine learning	4
Masked prediction and interdependence network of the law using data from large-scale Japanese court judgments	4

Towards a comprehensive land use rights management system: Blockchain and semantics integration with legal compliance in Vietnam	4
Trace clustering for judicial process simplification: identifying patterns and enhancing anaslysis	3
Thirty years of Artificial Intelligence and Law: overviews	3
Smart criminal justice: exploring the use of algorithms in the Swiss criminal justice system	3
DiscoLQA: zero-shot discourse-based legal question answering on European Legislation	3
GPT vs human legal texts annotations: A comparative study with privacy policies	3
LegalAnalytics: bridging visual explanations and workload streamline in Brazilian Supreme Court appeals	3
Segmenting Brazilian legislative text using weak supervision and active learning	3
Bringing legal knowledge to the public by constructing a legal question bank using large-scale pre-trained language model	3
Advancing prompt-based language models in the legal domain: adaptive strategies and research challenges	3
Decision support for detecting sensitive text in government records	3
Japanese tort-case dataset for rationale-supported legal judgment prediction	3
Measuring evidential phenomena for complex reasoning patterns about a mass of evidence	3
Toward representing interpretation in factor-based models of precedent	3
Hierarchical knowledge graph based legal information retrieval from multiple documents using intelligent agents	3
Definitions of intent suitable for algorithms	3
Make privacy policies longer and appoint LLM readers	3
Code is law: how COMPAS affects the way the judiciary handles the risk of recidivism	3
SIM-GCN: similarity graph convolutional networks for charges prediction	3
M-LAMAC: a model for linguistic assessment of mitigating and aggravating circumstances of criminal responsibility using computing with words	3
Combining topic modelling and citation network analysis to study case law from the European Court of Human Rights on the right to respect for private and family life	3
A Bayesian model of legal syllogistic reasoning	3
ARDI: a new dataset for automatic advocate recommendation in the Indian Legal System	3
Lessons learned building a legal inference dataset	3