OOIR: Observatory of International Research

Papers

(The median citation count of Artificial Intelligence and Law is 2. The table below lists those papers that are above that threshold based on CrossRef citation counts [max. 250 papers]. The publications cover those that have been published in the past four years, i.e., from 2021-08-01 to 2025-08-01.)

Article	Citations
Integrating legal event and context information for Chinese similar case analysis	43
Attentive deep neural networks for legal document retrieval	40
How to justify a backing’s eligibility for a warrant: the justification of a legal interpretation in a hard case	38
System for the anonymization of Romanian jurisprudence	36
Graph contrastive learning networks with augmentation for legal judgment prediction	33
The winter, the summer and the summer dream of artificial intelligence in law	32
Joining metadata and textual features to advise administrative courts decisions: a cascading classifier approach	30
Effectiveness in retrieving legal precedents: exploring text summarization and cutting-edge language models toward a cost-efficient approach	28
The potential of an artificial intelligence (AI) application for the tax administration system’s modernization: the case of Indonesia	22
Understanding unnecessary stops and police use of force in NYPD Stop, Question, and Frisk with machine learning techniques	21
MARRO: multi-headed attention for rhetorical role labeling in legal documents	19
Correction to: A review of predictive policing from the perspective of fairness	19
Analogical lightweight ontology of EU criminal procedural rights in judicial cooperation	17
Topic classification of case law using a large language model and a new taxonomy for UK law: AI insights into summary judgment	17
A formalization of the Protagoras court paradox in a temporal logic of epistemic and normative reasons	17
Self-training improves few-shot learning in legal artificial intelligence tasks	17
Logical English meets legal English for swaps and derivatives	17
Policing based on automatic facial recognition	17
The black box problem revisited. Real and imaginary challenges for automated legal decision making	17
Towards a simple mathematical model for the legal concept of balancing of interests	16
Thirty years of Artificial Intelligence and Law: the first decade	16
Combining prompt-based language models and weak supervision for labeling named entity recognition on legal documents	15
Investigating legal question generation using large language models	15
Exploring explainable AI in the tax domain	15
Automated legal reasoning with discretion to act using s(LAW)	13

Correction: Using attention methods to predict judicial outcomes	13
Judicial knowledge-enhanced magnitude-aware reasoning for numerical legal judgment prediction	11
A collaboration between judge and machine to reduce legal uncertainty in disputes concerning ex aequo et bono compensations	11
A support system for the detection of abusive clauses in B2C contracts	11
A sentence is known by the company it keeps: Improving Legal Document Summarization Using Deep Clustering	11
Agents preserving privacy on intelligent transportation systems according to EU law	10
Comprehensive research on semantic understanding, applicability, and impact analysis of legal provisions based on deep learning and natural language processing	9
Identifying open-texture in regulations using LLMs	9
A large scale benchmark for session-based recommendations on the legal domain	8
Improving abstractive summarization of legal rulings through textual entailment	8
Enhancing legal judgment summarization with integrated semantic and structural information	8
Thirty years of Artificial Intelligence and Law: the second decade	8
Reasoning with inconsistent precedents	8
The digital transformation of jurisprudence: an evaluation of ChatGPT-4’s applicability to solve cases in business law	7
Law Smells	7
Re-evaluating GPT-4’s bar exam performance	7
Patterns for legal compliance checking in a decidable framework of linked open data	7
Catala: Moving towards the future of legal expert systems	7
Correction to: Code is law: how COMPAS affects the way the judiciary handles the risk of recidivism	6
LegItBART: a summarization model for Italian legal documents	6
Legal text classification in Korean sexual offense cases: from traditional machine learning to large language models with XAI insights	6
Contract as automaton: representing a simple financial agreement in computational form	6
Correction: thirty years of Artificial Intelligence and Law: the second decade	6
Empirical analysis of binding precedent efficiency in Brazilian Supreme Court via case classification	5
An LLMs-based neuro-symbolic legal judgment prediction framework for civil cases	5
R2GQA: retriever-reader-generator question answering system to support students understanding legal regulations in higher education	5
Using machine learning to create a repository of judgments concerning a new practice area: a case study in animal protection law	5
Causality-inspired legal provision selection with large language model-based explanation	5
Integrating text mining and system dynamics to evaluate financial risks of construction contracts	5
Legal sentence boundary detection using hybrid deep learning and statistical models	5
An interdisciplinary account of the terminological choices by EU policymakers ahead of the final agreement on the AI Act: AI system, general purpose AI system, foundation model, and generative AI	5
Thirty years of Artificial Intelligence and Law: Editor’s Introduction	5
Information extraction from employment tribunal judgments using a large language model	5
Automating petition classification in Brazil’s legal system: a two-step deep learning approach	4
Correction: A support system for the detection of abusive clauses in B2C contracts	4
Deciphering disagreement in the annotation of EU legislation	4
Thirty years of artificial intelligence and law: the third decade	4
LAWSUIT: a LArge expert-Written SUmmarization dataset of ITalian constitutional court verdicts	4
Detecting the influence of the Chinese guiding cases: a text reuse approach	3
Compliance checking on first-order knowledge with conflicting and compensatory norms: a comparison among currently available technologies	3
SM-BERT-CR: a deep learning approach for case law retrieval with supporting model	3
Code is law: how COMPAS affects the way the judiciary handles the risk of recidivism	3
Mapping the Issues of Automated Legal Systems: Why Worry About Automatically Processable Regulation?	3
Changing meaning of the rule of law	3
DeepRhole: deep learning for rhetorical role labeling of sentences in legal case documents	3
Masked prediction and interdependence network of the law using data from large-scale Japanese court judgments	3
Lessons learned building a legal inference dataset	3
Ant: a process aware annotation software for regulatory compliance	3
Advancing legal recommendation system with enhanced Bayesian network machine learning	3
Bringing legal knowledge to the public by constructing a legal question bank using large-scale pre-trained language model	3

A method of legal judgment prediction via prompt learning and charge keywords fusion	3
Extractive summarization of Indian legal judgements using unsupervised role labelling	2
A Bayesian model of legal syllogistic reasoning	2
Decision support for detecting sensitive text in government records	2
Smart criminal justice: exploring the use of algorithms in the Swiss criminal justice system	2
Toward representing interpretation in factor-based models of precedent	2
Intermediate factors and precedential constraint	2
Make privacy policies longer and appoint LLM readers	2
Encoding legislation: a methodology for enhancing technical validation, legal alignment and interdisciplinarity	2
SIM-GCN: similarity graph convolutional networks for charges prediction	2
Advancing prompt-based language models in the legal domain: adaptive strategies and research challenges	2
Measuring evidential phenomena for complex reasoning patterns about a mass of evidence	2
Segmenting Brazilian legislative text using weak supervision and active learning	2
Towards a machine understanding of Malawi legal text	2
Enhancing Indian legal judgment classification with embeddings, feature selection, and ensemble strategies	2
LegalAnalytics: bridging visual explanations and workload streamline in Brazilian Supreme Court appeals	2
DiscoLQA: zero-shot discourse-based legal question answering on European Legislation	2
Japanese tort-case dataset for rationale-supported legal judgment prediction	2
Thirty years of Artificial Intelligence and Law: overviews	2
M-LAMAC: a model for linguistic assessment of mitigating and aggravating circumstances of criminal responsibility using computing with words	2
Definitions of intent suitable for algorithms	2