Computational Economics

Papers
(The TQCC of Computational Economics is 2. The table below lists those papers that are above that threshold based on CrossRef citation counts [max. 250 papers]. The publications cover those that have been published in the past four years, i.e., from 2021-11-01 to 2025-11-01.)
ArticleCitations
An Automated Market Maker Algorithm for Fixed-Rate Trading with Flexible Maturities120
Estimation of Models for Stock Returns60
A General Inferential Framework for Singly-Truncated Bivariate Normal Models with Applications in Economics47
On the Optimal Size and Composition of Customs Unions: An Evolutionary Approach43
Operator Splitting Method to Solve the Linear Complementarity Problem for Pricing American Option: An Approximation of Error37
Optimization of Asset Allocation and Liquidation Time in Investment Decisions with VaR as a Risk Measure34
On Forecasting Realized Volatility for Bitcoin Based on Deep Learning PSO–GRU Model32
Use of Econometric Predictors and Artificial Neural Networks for the Construction of Stock Market Investment Bots31
Watts and Wealth: Forecasting the Economic Pulse of Europe Through Electricity Consumption31
Numerical Solution of Passport Option Pricing Problem with Polynomial Neural Networks29
Comparative Analysis of Turkish and German Stock-Markets as a Hedge Product Against Inflation by Using Machine Learning Algorithms25
Navigating Market Risks in Green Investments in India: An Evaluation of Interest Rate, Equity, Commodity, and Forex Market Influences25
On the Estimation of Optimal Cutoffs for Power Laws and the Cross Section of Realized Foreign Exchange Rate Variances25
Detection of Uncertainty Events in the Brazilian Economic and Financial Time Series24
Research on the Optimization of Commercial Bank Technology Credit Asset Portfolio Model Under Fractal Distribution24
Determining a Credit Transition Matrix from Cumulative Default Probabilities. An Entropy Minimization Approach21
Risk Evaluation and Early Warning Study on Supply of Critical Minerals for China's Chip Industry20
Autoregressive Random Forests: Machine Learning and Lag Selection for Financial Research20
Systematic Research on Multi-dimensional and Multiple Correlation Contagion Networks of Extreme Risk in China’s Banking Industry19
Volatility Dynamics and Mixed Jump-GARCH Model Based Jump Detection in Financial Markets19
Transactions Market in Bitcoin: Empirical Analysis of the Demand and Supply Block Space Curves18
Deep Learning for Solving and Estimating Dynamic Macro-finance Models18
Research on the Operation, Market and ESG Efficiency of China's Local Commercial Banks in the Context of COVID-1918
Dynamics in Realized Volatility Forecasting: Evaluating GARCH Models and Deep Learning Algorithms Across Parameter Variations17
A Bayesian Time-Varying Coefficient Model for Cobb–Douglas Production Function16
A Novel Pythagorean Approach Based Sine-Shaped Fuzzy Data Envelopment Analysis Model: An Assessment of Indian Public Sector Banks16
Preference Dynamics: A Procedurally Rational Model of Time And Effort Allocation16
Numerical Solution of Time-Fractional Black–Scholes PDE by Non-symmetric Interior Penalty Galerkin Method15
Does Environmental Decentralisation Affect Industry Green Economy Efficiency? The Moderating Effect of the Institutional Environment15
Electricity Price Prediction using Artificial Neural Network Models: A New and Comparative Analysis with Diverse Industry Production Indices14
On the Replication of the Pre-kernel and Related Solutions14
Implementing a Hierarchical Deep Learning Approach for Simulating Multilevel Auction Data13
Geopolitical Risk, Military Expenditure, and Inflation Linkage in Türkiye: Insights from Wavelet-Partial Coherence Analysis13
Is Default Risk Contagious? Evidence from Global Energy Leaders and Environmentally Conscious Energy Firms12
Non-linear Phillips Curve for India: Evidence from Explainable Machine Learning12
A New Look at Cross-Country Aggregation in the Global VAR Approach: Theory and Monte Carlo Simulation12
Stochastic Default Risk Estimation Evidence from the South African Financial Market12
Time–Frequency Connectedness Among NFT Assets12
Using CNN to Model Stock Prices12
Correction to: OG‑CAT: A Novel Algorithmic Trading Alternative to Investment in Crypto Market12
Applications of Machine Learning and Deep Learning Algorithms in Financial Fraud Detection: A Review11
Numerical Solution for a Time-Fractional Black-Scholes Model Describing European Option11
Research on ESG Investment Efficiency Regulation from the Perspective of Reciprocity and Evolutionary Game11
Threshold Moving Approach with Logit Models for Bankruptcy Prediction11
Catalyzing Sustainable Investment: Revealing ESG Power in Predicting Fund Performance with Machine Learning11
A Novel Hybrid Model by Integrating Gated Recurrent Unit Network with Weighted Error-Based Fuzzy Candlestick Model for Stock Market Forecasting11
The Model Dimensionality and Its Impacts on the Strategic and Policy Outcomes in IAMs the Findings from the RICE2020 Model11
A Decision Support System for Identifying the Existence of Information Asymmetry in Regulated Stock Markets11
Realized Volatility Forecasting for Stocks and Futures Indices with Rolling CEEMDAN and Machine Learning Models11
A Novel Prediction Model: ELM-ABC for Annual GDP in the Case of SCO Countries10
Dynamic Analysis of Bitcoin Price Under Market News and Sentiments and Government Support Policies10
Singular Stochastic Differential Equations for Time Evolution of Stocks Within Non-white Noise Approach10
Improving Sliding Window Effect of LSTM in Stock Prediction Based on Econometrics Theory10
COVID-19 and REITs Crash: Predictability and Market Conditions10
The Effect of News Photo Sentiment on Stock Price Crash Risk Based on Deep Learning Models10
Developing a New Multidimensional Index of Bank Stability and Its Usage in the Design of Optimal Policy Interventions10
Improving Portfolio Optimization Results with Bandit Networks10
Competitive Pricing Using Model-Based Bandits9
Trading Strategy Model Based on Dynamic Programming9
Correction to: Precision Cryptocurrency Forecasting: A Hybrid Copula-Temporal Fusion Approach with Environmental and Economic Insights9
A Synthetic Data-Plus-Features Driven Approach for Portfolio Optimization9
A Novel Hybrid Ensemble Framework for Stock Price Prediction: Combining Bagging, Boosting, Dagging, and Stacking9
Artificial Factors Within the Logit Bankruptcy Model with a Moved Threshold9
An Integrated Framework for Volatility Prediction: Leveraging Decomposition Techniques with Realized GARCH Models9
Two-Population Evolutionary Oligopoly with Partial Cooperation and Partial Hostility9
Mortgage Loan Data Exploration with Non-parametric Statistical and Machine Learning Perspectives9
Comparing the Mixed Logit Estimates and True Parameters under Informative and Uninformative Heterogeneity: A Simulated Discrete Choice Experiment8
Copper Price Forecasting Based on Improved Least Squares Support Vector Machine with Butterfly Optimization Algorithm8
Identification of the Company Groups in Assessing the Risk of Tax Evasion: A Graph Theory Approach8
Explore the Impact Mechanism of Block Chain Technology on China's Carbon Market8
A New Neural Network Approach for Predicting the Volatility of Stock Market8
Accurate and Efficient Finite Difference Method for the Black–Scholes Model with No Far-Field Boundary Conditions8
Spatial Interactions and the Spread of COVID-19: A Network Perspective8
Deep Reinforcement Learning for Long-Short Portfolio Optimization8
Modelling Mixed-Frequency Time Series with Structural Change7
Building Automated Computational Models for Predicting Energy Consumption in High-Performance Concrete Production7
Predicting Credit Default Risk Crisis of Government Implicit Debt: An Interpretable Machine Learning Approach7
The Effect of the Interest Rate on a Credit System7
Optimal Incentives for Eco-Environment-Oriented Development of Disused Mines Based on Differential Games: Ecological Rehabilitation Compensation or Carbon Quota Exchange7
Research of Dempster-Shafer’s Theory and Ensemble Classifier Financial Risk Early Warning Model Based on Benford’s Law7
Imposing Monotonicity in Stochastic Frontier Models: An Iterative Nonlinear Least Squares Procedure7
Heterogeneous Entrepreneurial Will and Aggregate Fluctuations: A Reassessment of the Standard Keynesian Macro Model7
Moran Evolution Analysis of Enterprise Technological Innovation, Transformation and Upgrading Strategy in the Digital Economy7
American Option Valuation Under the Framework of CGMY Model with Regime-Switching Process7
Feature Expansion Effect Approach for Improving Stock Price Prediction Performance7
Bayesian Quantile Regression Analysis for Bivariate Vector Autoregressive Models with an Application to Financial Time Series7
A K-line Pattern Combinations Stock Return Prediction Method Using Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient7
Correction to: The Spherical Parametrisation for Correlation Matrices and its Computational Advantages7
The Asymmetric Effect of COVID-19 Pandemic on the US Market Risk Premium: Evidence from AEGAS-M Model7
Efficient Market Hypothesis Versus Multifractality: Evidence from the Stablecoin Market7
Bankruptcy Prediction using the XGBoost Algorithm and Variable Importance Feature Engineering6
Optimal Time Varying Parameters in Yield Curve Modeling and Forecasting: A Simulation Study on BRICS Countries6
Stability and Error Estimates of Operator Splitting Methods on a Variable Space-Time Grid for American Options with Jumps6
Role of Economic Policy Uncertainty in Energy Commodities Prices Forecasting: Evidence from a Hybrid Deep Learning Approach6
Decentralized Online Portfolio Selection with Transaction Costs6
The Impact of Wealth Inequality on Economic Growth: A Machine Learning Approach6
Dynamic Spillover Effect Among Carbon Markets and Green Energy Sector: New Evidence from Complex Network Perspective6
Stock Price Formation: Precepts from a Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning Model6
Random Forests with Economic Roots: Explaining Machine Learning in Hedonic Imputation6
Contemporary Approaches to Hybrid Forecasting6
Should the Occupational Pension Plans’ Investment be Long-Term or Short-Term? Evidence from China6
Going a Step Deeper Down the Rabbit Hole: Deep Learning Model to Measure the Size of the Unregistered Economy Activity6
Forecasting China’s Short-Term Energy Futures Price Using a Novel Secondary Decomposition-Optimized System6
Determinants and Pathways for Inclusive Growth in China: Investigation Based on Artificial Intelligence (AI) Algorithm6
Unit Roots in Macroeconomic Time Series: A Comparison of Classical, Bayesian and Machine Learning Approaches6
A Dynamic Mechanism Design for Controllable and Ergodic Markov Games6
Building Technical Analysis Strategies Using Multivariate Longitudinal and Time-to-Event Data in Stock Markets6
Estimating Input Coefficients for Regional Input–Output Tables Using Deep Learning with Mixup6
Portfolio Optimization During the COVID-19 Epidemic: Based on an Improved QBAS Algorithm and a Dynamic Mixed Frequency Model6
Bitcoin Price Prediction Using Sentiment Analysis and Empirical Mode Decomposition6
Building the Point Forecasting Model for Time Series based on the Improved Fuzzy Relationship and Predictive Principle6
Explaining the Stylized Facts of Foreign Exchange Markets with a Simple Agent-based Version of Paul de Grauwe’s Chaotic Exchange Rate Model6
Trading Signal Survival Analysis: A Framework for Enhancing Technical Analysis Strategies in Stock Markets6
Is cryptocurrency Efficient? A High-Frequency Asymmetric Multifractality Analysis6
Solving Linear DSGE Models with Bernoulli Iterations6
MLSC: A Multi-label Stock Classifier for Multi-horizon Stock Trend Prediction5
Horizon-Adaptive Extreme Risk Quantification for Cryptocurrency Assets5
Investigating the Asymmetric Behavior of Oil Price Volatility Using Support Vector Regression5
GPS data Mining at Signalized Intersections for Congestion Charging5
Increasing the Hong Kong Stock Market Predictability: A Temporal Convolutional Network Approach5
Interacting Cobweb Demands5
Deciphering the Influence of the Tone of Management Discussion and Analysis on Corporate Innovation: Integrating Textual Analysis with Empirical Corporate Data5
Dynamic Neuroplastic Networks for Financial Decision Making: A Self-Adaptive Approach for Mitigating Catastrophic Forgetting in Continual Learning5
Examining the dynamic efficiency of NASDAQ insurance stock markets before and after the March 2020 crash5
Computing Longitudinal Moments for Heterogeneous Agent Models5
An Examination of Alternative LQ-Based Approaches to Computing Regional Input–Output Coefficients5
Pricing of Vulnerable Timer Options5
Integrating Weak Aggregating Algorithm and Reinforcement Learning for Online Portfolio Selection: The WARL Strategy5
Explaining Mortgage Defaults Using SHAP and LASSO5
Parallel Computation of Sovereign Default Models5
An Efficient IMEX Compact Scheme for the Coupled Time Fractional Integro-Differential Equations Arising from Option Pricing with Jumps5
Stochastic Exchange Rate Dynamics, Intervention Dynamics and the Market Efficiency Hypothesis5
Evaluation of Non-survey Methods for the Construction of Regional Input–Output Matrices When There is Partial Historical Information5
Deep Learning Model for Fusing Spatial and Temporal Data for Stock Market Prediction5
Statistical Evaluation of Deep Learning Models for Stock Return Forecasting5
Grain Price Fluctuation: A Network Evolution Approach Based on a Distributed Lag Model4
Opinion Dynamics with Preference Matching: How the Desire to Meet Facilitates Opinion Exchange4
Forecasting Bitcoin Volatility and Value-at-Risk Using Stacking Machine Learning Models With Intraday Data4
Carbon Taxes and Inflationary Pressures: A DSGE Exploration of Economic Responses and Macroeconomic Challenges4
Second-Order Asymptotic Pricing of Bivariate Options Under the General Stochastic Volatility Jump-Diffusion Model4
Stationary Markov Equilibrium Strategies in Stochastic Games: Existence and Computation4
A Discourse Analysis of Tweets and Its Implications for Cryptocurrency Prices and Trade Volumes4
Accuracy in Recursive Minimal State Space Methods4
Real-Time Forecast of BIST100 Index Under Market Volatility and Uncertainty4
Approximate Bayesian Estimation of Stochastic Volatility in Mean Models Using Hidden Markov Models: Empirical Evidence from Emerging and Developed Markets4
Financial Time Series Prediction Using Pelican Optimized Extreme Learning Machine with Reduced Weights4
Simulating and Pricing CAT Bonds Using the Spectral Method Based on Chebyshev Basis4
A Comparison of Different Rules on Loans Evaluation in Peer-to-Peer Lending by Gradient Boosting Models Under Moving Windows with Two Timestamps4
Optimizing Multivariate Time Series Forecasting with LSTM: A Hybrid Scaling and Layer Normalization Framework Utilizing Logistic and Sigmoid-Curve transformations for Enhanced Predictive Accuracy4
Predicting the Brazilian Stock Market with Sentiment Analysis, Technical Indicators and Stock Prices: A Deep Learning Approach4
Enhancing Stock Price Forecasting with Deep Learning: Insights from the Saudi Stock Market4
Time-Varying Connectedness Among Oil Price Shocks, Global Conditions, and Financial Stress in South and Southeast Asian Markets4
Robust Portfolio Optimization via Linear Deviation Risk Measures4
Correction: Non‑linear Cointegration Test, Based on Record Counting Statistic4
Deep Kusuoka Approximation: High-Order Spatial Approximation for Solving High-Dimensional Kolmogorov Equations and Its Application to Finance4
Asset Prices with Investor Protection in the Cross-Sectional Economy4
Pricing Convertible Bonds Based on GAN and Transformer4
A Novel Mean–Variance-Entropy Portfolio with Two-Parameter Coherent Triangular Intuitionistic Fuzzy Number4
GARCHNet: Value-at-Risk Forecasting with GARCH Models Based on Neural Networks4
Panel Interval-Valued Data Nonlinear Regression Models and Applications4
Robust Portfolio Optimization Based on Semi-Parametric ARMA-TGARCH-EVT Model with Mixed Copula Using WCVaR4
Editorial to the Special Issue on Game Theory4
Investor Structure and Corn Futures Price Volatility in China: Evidence Based on the Agent-Based Model4
Applying Multi-Critic Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient for Effective Selection of Macroeconomic Announcements in Forex Trading4
Portfolio Selection Based on EMD Denoising with Correlation Coefficient Test Criterion4
Estimation of Rank-Ordered Regret Minimization Models4
Correction to: Navigating Market Risks in Green Investments in India: an Evaluation of Interest Rate, Equity, Commodity, and Forex Market Influences4
We-media Advertising Investment Strategy of Enterprises in the Mobile Internet Environment4
Decentralized Storage Cryptocurrencies: An Innovative Network-Based Model for Identifying Effective Entities and Forecasting Future Price Trends4
The Tourism Industry’s Performance During the Years of the COVID-19 Pandemic3
Neural Network for Valuing Bitcoin Options Under Jump-Diffusion and Market Sentiment Model3
An Analysis of the Temporal Impact of Investor Sentiment and Attention on Stock Liquidity Using Deep Learning3
Application of the Deep Learning Integrated Framework CEEMDAN-GRU-Informer in Financial Time Series Prediction3
Forecasting Global CO2 Emissions Under Economic, Geopolitical, and Policy Uncertainties: A Novel Hybrid Model3
Nature-Inspired Artificial Neural Network Integrated with Hybrid Firefly and Particle Swarm Optimisation: A Novel Approach for Modelling the Eurozone Financial Stress Index for Macroeconomic Policy3
Enhancement of Neural Networks Model’s Predictions of Currencies Exchange Rates by Phase Space Reconstruction and Harris Hawks’ Optimization3
Decomposition-Ensemble Approach for Realized Volatility Prediction3
Correction to: A Smooth Transition Autoregressive Model for Matrix-Variate Time Series3
Impact of Macroeconomics Factors on Cryptocurrency Pricing: Evidence from Bitcoin and Ethereum Markets3
Evaluating Bank Efficiency with Risk Management by Optimal Common Resource and Three-Parallel Two-Stage Dynamic DEA Model3
Exploring Nexus Between Oil Price Shocks and Copper Production: Analysing the Role of Mineral Prices and Geopolitical Factors in Saudi Arabia3
Analysis of Gold, Bitcoin, and Gold-Backed Cryptocurrencies as Safe Havens during Global Crises: A Focus on Artificial Intelligence Companies3
Simultaneous Confidence Intervals for Multi-way Clustered Stock Return Data3
Forecasting Crude Oil Prices: Evidence From WOA-VMD-FE-Transformer Model3
Data-Driven Green Technology Integration and Geopolitical Risks in East Asian Economic Development: A Predictive Analysis3
Portfolio with Copula-GARCH and Black-Litterman Model Using a Novel View Error Matrix3
Deep Learning-based VVIX Forecasting with Time Series Image Encoding and Hybrid ResNet-LSTM Model3
Forecasting High Frequency Order Flow Imbalance using Hawkes Processes3
A Hybrid Parallel Processing Strategy for Large-Scale DEA Computation3
Preference-based Segments from Mixed Logit, Latent Class, and Latent Class Mixed Logit Models: A Monte Carlo Comparison3
Competitive Bidding Strategy in an Auction with Random Cutoff - Randomness is Always Unpredictable?3
ARDL: An R Package for ARDL Models and Cointegration3
Generalized Shifted Chebyshev Polynomials for Time Fractional Black-Scholes Model3
Perturbating and Estimating DSGE Models in Julia3
Panel Stochastic Frontier Analysis with Positive Skewness3
A Time-Dependent Markovian Model of a Limit Order Book3
Vine Copula Approach to Understand the Financial Dependence of the Istanbul Stock Exchange Index3
Unleashing the Potential of Mixed Frequency Data: Measuring Risk with Dynamic Tail Index Regression Model3
Computing Quantiles of Functions of the Agent Distribution Using t-Digests3
System Dynamics Modeling and Analysis of New Mexico Oil Production and Taxation3
Asymmetric shock persistence in the OECD Stock Exchanges: New Insight from Quantile Exponential Smooth Transition Autoregression Approach3
Age Specific Multi-Stage OLG Model for PAYG Pension Schemes3
Analyzing Stationarity in World Coffee Prices3
Asymptotic Dynamics in a Multi-market Delayed Cobweb Model3
Comparison of Value at Risk (VaR) Multivariate Forecast Models3
Machine Learning XAI for Early Loan Default Prediction3
How does Digital Technology Influence Natural Resource Use: A Global Perspective3
A Convergent Fourth-Order Finite Difference Scheme for the Black–Scholes Equation3
Application of a Dual-Stream Hybrid Network for Exchange Rate Prediction3
A Synergetic Approach to Ethereum Option Valuation Using XGBoost and Soft Reordering 1D Convolutional Neural Networks3
When Firms Make Decisions: A New Constant Relative Risk Aversion Approach3
PPDNN-CRP: CKKS-FHE Enabled Privacy-Preserving Deep Neural Network Processing for Credit Risk Prediction3
Correlation Structure of the Spanish Stock Market Around COVID-19 Using Random Matrix Theory3
The Factors Influencing China’s Population Distribution and Spatial Heterogeneity: Based on Multi-source Remote Sensing Data3
Do Bitcoin ETFs Lead Price Discovery Following their Introduction in the Bitcoin Market?3
The Convergence Investigation of a Numerical Scheme for the Tempered Fractional Black-Scholes Model Arising European Double Barrier Option3
Option Valuation with Conditional Heteroskedastic Hidden Truncation Models3
The European Gas Market Integration During 2018–20243
Implementing Machine Learning Methods in Estimating the Size of the Non-observed Economy3
The Risk Transmission Mechanism of Global Stock Markets from the Perspective of Entropy-Riemann Geometry: Theoretical Construction and Empirical Analysis3
Dynamic Interlinkages between the Twitter Uncertainty Index and the Green Bond Market: Evidence from the Covid-19 Pandemic and the Russian-Ukrainian Conflict3
Market Ecology: Trading Strategies and Market Volatility3
Bayesian Network in Machine Learning: An Empirical Investigation to Assess the Price Clustering Model During Crises3
Controlling Heterogeneous Structure of Smooth Breaks in Panel Unit Root and Cointegration Testing3
Pareto Distribution of the Forbes Billionaires3
Introducing a Nonlinear Macroeconomic Model Based on TE, SINDYC, and Phase Plane Analysis3
An Efficient Numerical Method Based on Exponential B-splines for a Time-Fractional Black–Scholes Equation Governing European Options3
Study on the Improvement of Carbon Trading Mechanism and Integration of Low Carbon Energy System under Bi-Level Optimal Dispatch Strategy3
Time–Frequency Connectedness Between Oil Price Shocks and Stock Returns Under Bullish and Bearish Market States: Evidence from African Oil Importers and Exporters3
Optimal Exercise and Pricing of Swing Options with Global Constraints under the Regime-Switching Model3
Memory Persistence in Minute Frequency Cryptocurrencies: Analysis Based on Hurst-Exponent and LSTM Brownian Diffusion Network2
Is the Price of Ether Driven by Demand or Pure Speculation?2
Rational Spectral Collocation Method for Solving Black-Scholes and Heston Equations2
Does COVID-19 Outbreak Push Saudi Crude Oil to Connect with Selected GCC Equity Market? Insight of Time Varying Linkage2
Stock Market Prediction Using Spider Feline Swarm Optimization Based Hybrid Gated Recurrent Unit and Bidirectional LSTM Model2
Analysis of Tax Evasion Dynamics using the Genocchi Wavelet Method2
Comparison of Income Inequality Among Indian States Using Quantile Functions2
Correction To: Time–Frequency Connectedness Among NFT Assets2
Comparison of the Performance of Structural Break Tests in Stationary and Nonstationary Series: A New Bootstrap Algorithm2
Two-Stage Hybrid Feature Selection Approach Using Levy’s Flight Based Chicken Swarm Optimization for Stock Market Forecasting2
Headline-Driven Classification and Local Interpretation for Market Outperformance and Low-Risk Stock Prediction2
The Impact of News-Based and Twitter-Based Economic Uncertainty on Realized Volatility: Asymmetric Effect with Threshold Quantile ARX Model2
Option Pricing Based on the Residual Neural Network2
Correction to: Size‑Dependent Enforcement, Tax Evasion and Dimensional Trap2
High-Dimensional Dynamic Panel with Correlated Random Effects: A Semiparametric Hierarchical Empirical Bayes Approach2
Developing Hybrid Deep Learning Models for Stock Price Prediction Using Enhanced Twitter Sentiment Score and Technical Indicators2
Multi-scale Dynamic Correlation Between Climate Shock and China's Stock Market: Evidence Based on High Frequency Data2
Object Oriented (Dynamic) Programming: Closing the “Structural” Estimation Coding Gap2
Complex Systems Modeling of Community Inclusion Currencies2
How to Keep Your Portfolio Close in Risk and Diversification to a Desired Benchmark2
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