International Journal of the History of Sport

Article	Citations
Between Institutionalization and De-Institutionalization: Lifecycles of Sports Clubs in Israel	23
Wisdom from the Wickets: Cricket Virtues and Colonial Governance in Lord Harris’ Bombay	11
The Premier and China’s Pursuit of the Olympics	9
Taiwan’s Olympic Hero: The Legend of Asian Iron Man, C. K. Yang	8
More than Medals: A History of the Paralympics and Disability Sports in Postwar Japan	8
Global Sports Fandom in South Korea: American Major League Baseball and Its Fans in the Online Community, by Younghan Cho	7
Japan through the Lens of the Tokyo Olympics	7
From Back Streets to Olympic Stage: The Development of Breaking and Skateboarding in South Korea	6
Making Public the History of Non-Racial Sport in South Africa	6
Nation, City, Arena: Sports Events, Nation Building and City Politics in Indonesia	6
The Impact of Sex and Gendered Stories of Sport in Australia	4
The Athletes’ Voice and a Feminist Ethics of Care: The Russian Doping Scandal at the 2016 Olympic Games	3
‘Complete Anglers’ in Persia: On the Genesis of the Art of Angling in the ‘Valley of Happiness’	3
A Futile Contestation for Olympic Power: The Case of Roberto G. Peper’s Election to the International Olympic Committee	3
Educating the Elite in an Egalitarian Context: The Emergence of Sport Schools for Elite Talents in Sweden in the 1970s	3
An Alternative Model for International Competition: The First Women’s World Field Hockey Tournament, Copenhagen 1933	3
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Sport: Sporting Literacy, Attenuated Agency, and Survivance	3
Priests, Bearers, Schoolboys, Sailors: Pioneering Indian Field Hockey Players from Bengal in the 1890s	3
‘I Consider Myself a Political Prisoner’: The Long and Strange Journeys of American Rebels Enmeshed in Ironies of the Athletes’ Rights Crusade	2
Playing with the Boycott: Israel-South Africa Sports Ties in the Apartheid Era*	2
A Sporting Nation: Creating Sámi Identity through Sport	2
A Tale of Two Medals: The USA, Olympic Ice Hockey and Popular American Views of Détente (1972) and Renewed Cold War (1980)	2
On the Origins of the Young Men’s Catholic Association as a Response to the Protestant Recreation Ethic in the United States, 1854–1909	2
The Uruguayan Civic-Military Dictatorship and Football: Authoritarianism, Resistance and Mediations (1973–1980)	2
Out of Apartheid’s (Racial) Corner: One Man’s Journey from Bare-Fists to Bible-Puncher	2

‘Athletes for Peace’? From the Quest to Hold the Mavericks Accountable to a Second American Rebel Tour of South Africa	2
The Membership Composition of the Athletes’ Commission of the International Olympic Committee: Between Appointments and Elections, 1981–2000	2
‘We Have Given Birth to a Very Busty Infant’: Post-War Origins of Sports Medicine in New Zealand	2
Walking through the Dark: FC Barcelona and the Forced Closure of 1925	2
Flashpoint: How a Little-Known Sporting Event Fueled America’s Anti-Apartheid Movement	2
The Big O: The Life and Times of Olsen Filipaina, Pacific Revolution Pioneer	2
Developing Winning Ways for Women’s Sport: New Zealand’s National Netball Team	2
Wentworth: The Beautiful Game and the Making of Place	2
‘We Do Not Divide Our Champions According to Color’?: A Failed 1938 All-White Follow-Up Tour of South Africa	2
Strategic Role of Taiwanese Acrobatics in the Cultural Diplomacy of the Republic of China since the Cold War	2
The Nationalization of Algerian Football following Independence, 1962–1982	2
The (Not So) United Soccer of Atlanta: An Early History of Class Distinction and Racial Separatism in Organized Youth Soccer	2
Festive Federalism: Race, Nation, and Neoliberal Aesthetics at the 1984 Los Angeles Olympic Games	2
Australia’s Game: The History of Australian Football	2
The Emergence and Development of Netball in Jamaica, 1909–1941	2
Distance Education for the Public during Turkey’s Early Republican Period: Physical Education Lessons on Radio	2
22 Players Run After the Ball for 90 Minutes, and in the End England Wins. German Views of the 1935 and 1938 Germany–England Football Matches	1
Sports in South America: A History	1
Chadwick: A Man of Many Parts	1
Tunnel and Crossing: The Future Road of the Olympics under Tokyo 2020 ‘+1’	1
Transnational Mediation of Sports: Attention and Verbal Framing of Men’s Handball Teams and Athletes on Danish, German, and Romanian Online Sports News Sites	1
Ankō Itosu: The Man, the Master, the Myth, Biography of a Legend	1
Historical Overview: Playable Female Athlete Characters in Sport Simulation Videogames	1
The Anthropology of Sport: Bodies, Borders, Biopolitics	1
Introduction	1
The Female Tradition in Physical Education: Women First Reconsidered The Female Tradition in Physical Education: Women First reconsidered , edited by David Kirk and Patr	1
Building European Fraternity Through Gymnastics: The Establishment of the Bureau Des Fédérations Européennes de Gymnastiques, 1863–1913	1
What Factors Determine the Success or Failure of ‘Cross-Border’ Career Development of Chinese Retired Olympic Champions? A Qualitative Comparative Analysis	1
Olympic Truce during the Nagano Olympics: Between Diplomacy and Public Diplomacy of the International Olympic Committee	1
A Game Taken Seriously: The Foundations of Yorkshire’s Cricketing Power	1
The Sporting Club Maccabi de Paris in the Interwar Period (1924–1939): The Path of a Zionist Club	1
Modern Life-Building as a Biopower Strategy: Developing Sports Spaces in Urban, Rural and Industrial Areas in Turkey	1
Introduction	1
Sport, Migration, and Gender in the Neoliberal Age	1
A Runner’s Journey	1
‘I See the Struggle against Race Supremacy and Racial Inequality as World-Wide’: Anti-Apartheid Campaigns, Civil Rights Struggles, and the 1961 Track and Field Tours of South Africa	1
Soccer and Society in Dublin: A History of Association Football in Ireland’s Capital	1
Aerobics Made in Poland: Women’s Mass Leisure Activity in the Socialist State, 1983–1989	1
A Supplementary Sport? Towards a Historical Analysis of the Development of Badminton in New Zealand, c. 1870–1939	1
Introduction: Africa in the Boxing Ring	1
Identifying Contextual Factors That Informed Planning and System Development for School-Based Tokyo 2020 Olympic and Paralympic Education: A Realist Evaluation	1
The Olympic Movement and Safeguarding Athletes: Exploring South Korea’s Journey to Protect Athletes	1
Sports and Lao-Viet Contact and Conflict in the 1930s	1
Archaeology of Historic Football Grounds: A Case Study of the 19 May Stadium in Turkey	1
Historical Transformations of the Palestinian Civil Society: The Case of Sports Clubs in the West Bank	1
Evolution of Professional Football Management in the People’s Republic of China from 1992 to 2016	1
Excavating the Ancestry of ‘Globetrotting’: New Perspectives on the Intersection of Racial Politics, Civil Rights Struggles and anti-Apartheid Crusades in US Track and Field from the 1920s through the	1
Traditional and Modern Sports in the Forging of Respectability in Nineteenth-Century Spain	1
‘The Cheering Was Loud and Long’: Practical Feminism and the England Women’s Hockey Tour of Australia in 1927	1
‘Know the Game—Boxing’: Boxing in Colonial Kenya, 1895–1963	1

A ‘Rebel’ on the Run: Kenyan Gambles on Intercollegiate Athletics, Apartheid Sport, and US Road Racing of the 1980s – The Case of Samson Obwocha	1
Modern Sports in Asia: Cultural Perspectives,	1
Römische Gladiatorenbilder: Studien zu den Gladiatorenreliefs der späten Republik und der Kaiserzeit aus Italien	1
Sports and Recreation in the Modern Industrial Campuses of the Early Republican Turkey (1923–1945)	1
El deporte en la Grecia antigua: aspectos sociopolíticos y culturales (Sport in Ancient Greece: socio-political and cultural aspects)	1
The Bumpy Road to World Athletics: Foundation, People, Policies	1
Dawn of the War on Steroids	1
Major League Baseball Labour Conflict and the Popularization of Fantasy Baseball	1
Chamonix 1924: The First Winter Olympics	1
A Dilemma: Women in Turkish Sport News Amidst Modernization and Traditionalism	1
The Sociohistorical Challenges to the Development of Women’s Football in Poland	1
The History of Outdoor Learning in Canada	1
Remembering Brazil @Mexico1970: Social Media & Collective Memory Making in Times of COVID-19	1
A History of the British Sporting Journalist, c.1850-1939 James Catton, Sports Reporter	1
Sport or Spectacle? The Harlem Globetrotters’ 1955 Visit to Israel	1
¡Pleibol! In the Barrios and the Big Laagues/En los barrios y las grandes ligas	1
‘God Bless Joan Payson’: The Surprising Coverage of the First Woman to Buy a Sports Team	1
Correction	1
‘Cheap, Scientific and Free From Danger’: Accounting for the Development of Field Hockey in Aotearoa New Zealand	1
A History of World Taekwondo-Approved Competition Uniforms	1
How Pure Was Romanian Rugby? Minority, Majority and Extremists in Romanian Interwar Rugby	1
The Sport Hero Concept in Czechoslovakia: The Phenomenon of Emil Zátopek, 1948–1956	1
Sport for All in Brazil in the 1970s: The Institutionalisation of a Government Policy for Mass Sport	1
Sister Rose Ann Fleming: An Unlikely Point Guard and Gender-Holistic Servant-Leader	1
Football and Black Identity: Lifestyle Construction in A Voz da Raça in São Paulo, Brazil, in 1933	1
Racialized Marketing in the Athletic Apparel Industry: The Convergence of Sneaker Promotion and Black Culture in the United States	1
The Girl with the Torch: The Life Story of Gymnast Karin Lindberg Lindén	0
Architects in Enjoyment: Fun and Politics in the Swedish Cycling Experience, 1918–39	0
Media Framing of Women’s Football in Nigeria from the Early Twentieth Century to Present	0
The Icy Road towards the First Olympic Winter Games in Chamonix 1924	0
Channelling Soft Power: The Qatar 2022 World Cup, Migrant Workers, and International Image	0
Dead or Alive: How Amateurism Shaped Marathons in Norway, 1896–1906	0
The Imperial State of Iran, a Deal-Broker: Enabling the People’s Republic of China’s Asian Games Debut in the 1974 Tehran Asian Games	0
The Impact of the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games on China and the Olympic Movement: The Legacy	0
Mass Mobilization, Non-Competition and Proletarian Expertise: Mass Callisthenics and the Contested Egalitarian Politics in the Early People’s Republic of China, 1949–1976	0
Non-Racial Sport in South Africa: A Documentary Analysis of the Struggle for International Recognition, 1946–1971	0
National Mourning: The First Norwegian Sports Boycott in 1905	0
Olympic Infighting: An Exploration of Power Games between Leaders of International Sport Federations and the International Olympic Committee	0
The Forthright Political Stance of Sport for Development in Korean Official Development Assistance	0
Transactionality, Opportunism and the Third Generation’s Emotional Patriotism. Deservingness and Transnational Football Players in the Polish National Team	0
The Founder of the International Taekwon-Do Federation (ITF) Choi Hong Hi: An Exploration of Fiction and Fact	0
Daciada and Winter Sports in Romania, 1976–1989	0
The Emergence of the Swedish Horse-Riding School from the Mid-Twentieth Century	0
The Aborted Project for the European Games in the 1960s and 1970s	0
From Cultural Import to Flourishing Sport: A Comprehensive History of DanceSport in China (1864–2023)	0
The Sidesaddle: The Unlikely Emblem of Equestrian Empowerment	0
Reading Le Jingyi’s Back: The Creation and Construction of the Sino-Steroid Spectre in the Western Media in the Post–Cold War Era	0
Alain Corbin’s Approach: Reconstructing the Life of ‘Wilhelm Sonderegger, Teacher’	0
Sports in Africa, Past and Present	0
Empire at Play: The United States’ Cultural Influence on Nicaragua’s National Sports’ Identity	0
Via Olympica: A Comprehensive View on the Origin and Development of Climbing Competitions	0
‘Is Hockey Moving with the Times?’ Amateurism, the All England Women’s Hockey Association and Field Hockey at the Olympic Games, 1972–1996	0
The Sportization of Rowing and Swimming in the Tietê River (São Paulo, Brazil, 1899–1949)	0
The Early Cultural Evolution of Baseball in Korea (1876–1945): Unilateral Product of Cultural Imperialism or Multilateral Process?	0
Negotiating the Space between East and West: Sport and Gender Politics in Swiss Women’s Artistic Gymnastics in the Cold War Era	0
Mongolian Wrestling (Bukh) during the Twelfth-Fourteenth Centuries	0
The Double Creation of the International Fencing Federation in 1905 and 1913: A History of the Establishment of a ‘Gentlemen’s Agreement’ in International Fencing from the French Point of View	0
‘We are Grateful for the Opportunity to Act as Ambassadors for Our Club and Our Country’: Sporting Hospitality during the Northern Ireland Conflict	0
Invention, Interpretation, and Diffusion: A Transnational Framework for the Development of Netball, 1895–1926	0
From Balls and Hoops to Coconuts and Tambourines: Protagonisms and Paradoxes of European Coach Ilona Peuker on Brazilian Floors	0
Local Netball Histories in Twentieth Century Cape Province, South Africa	0
Historical Review of Professional Football Migration Trends from Uganda in the Era of Liberalized Sport Labour Migration, 1964-2022	0
Counterpunch: The Cultural Battles Over Heavyweight Prizefighting in the American West	0
Netball in Zimbabwe: Towards a Social History	0
Against the Dangers of Gender Equality: The Position of the Holy See on Public Female Gymnastics in Germany and Italy during the Interwar Period	0
Sports Diplomacy and Propaganda in Turkish Foreign Policy in the Early Republican Period	0
The Sporting Battalion Athletes in the Defence of Madrid During the Spanish Civil War 1	0
1932 Olympic Games: The Participation of a Unique Brazilian Athlete	0
Modern Visions of Physical Education: The Dissemination and Institutionalization of Polish Enlightenment Publications	0
‘We Didn’t Kill Any Babies’: The 1988 Rebel Track and Field Tour of South Africa	0
Institutional Change in the Governance of Chinese Football: The Era of ‘Top-Level Design’ Under the Leadership of Xi Jinping	0
The Role of Clubs in Structuring French Sport: Case Study of Racing Club de France (1882–1908)	0
A Historical Review of Elite Sport Development in Hong Kong	0
Populism and Professionalism in Brazilian Football during Getulio Vargas’s Regime (1930–1945)	0
Gladiatori: una giornata di spettacoli	0
‘Who Walked against Time’: Nineteenth Century Intersections of Pedestrianism and Medicine	0
Czech Hercules: Gustav Frištenský, ‘Musculinity’, the Others and Visual Pleasure around 1900	0
Switzerland’s Century-Long Rise as the Hub of Global Sport Administration	0
The State and Canadian Cultural Nationalism: Protecting Canadian Football	0
Regulating, Controlling and Using New Financial Inflows: The Introduction of a Modern Licensing Scheme in Swiss Professional Football (1992–2010)	0

A New Dawn: The Rise of Women’s Hockey Leagues and the Emergence and Demise of the English Ladies Hockey Leagues Association, 1910–1960	0
Entrepreneurial Goals: Development and Africapitalism in Ghanaian Soccer Academies	0
Olympic Winter Games in Non-Western Cities: State, Sport and Cultural Diplomacy in Sochi 2014, PyeongChang 2018 and Beijing 2022	0
Enforced Ostracism? Analysis of the International Sports Organizations’ Reactions to the 2022 Russian Invasion of Ukraine	0
Between Passion and Civic Duty: Polish Politics and Sport in Szczecin, 1945–1950	0
Women, Sport and Exercise in the Asia-Pacific Region: Domination, Resistance, Accommodation	0
Tracing the Historical Contours of Black Muscular Christianity and American Sport	0
The Inheritance and Dissemination of Wushu Culture in the Global Era	0
In Pursuit of Prestige: The International Olympic Committee’s Peace Efforts in Bosnia-Herzegovina (1992–1994)	0
Ernest Wilimowski – Polish and German National Team Player with an Unspecified Nationality	0
An Evaluation of Turkish Wrestling History during the Ottoman Empire	0
Examination of the Sportification Process of Aerobic and Its Competitive History	0
Introduction	0
A Vision of Macau’s Football through the Symbolic Legacy of the Portuguese Presence	0
From Entrepreneurial Origins to Professional Museum: A Practitioner’s Perspective on Field Hockey’s Sporting Heritage at The Hockey Museum, England	0
Sexuality and Eugenics in Female Gymnastics in the Mid-Twentieth Century in Uruguay	0
Analysis of the Cancellation of the 2019 East Asian Youth Games in Taiwan	0
The Evolution of Hanne Wassermann’s ‘ Gymnastik Methode ’ in Vienna’s Golden Autumn	0
Through the Lens of the Trainer-Masseurs: Australia’s Incongruous Engagement with the Olympic Amateur Ethos	0
Athletes in Socialist Yugoslavia, 1945–1992	0
Bloodline Organization of Disseminating Chin Woo Athletic to Nanyang: From Cultural Matrix China to SEA	0
A Seemingly Endless Debate? The Establishment of Golf Courses in Taiwan	0
A Study on the Approach of Rule of Law in the International Sports Autonomy, by Li Zhi, Beijing, Higher Education Press, 2019, 291 pp., ¥69 (Paperback), ISBN 9787040515121 (in Chinese)	0
‘Winners, Regardless’?: Racial Politics, Civil Rights Struggles, and the 1950 Track and Field Tour of South Africa	0
Forging a Link between Competitive Gaming, Sport and the Olympics: History and New Developments	0
The Historical Sociology of Japanese Martial Arts , by Raul Sanchez Garcia	0
Jorabin, a Sport or a Battle (from the Past to the Present)	0
The Politics of Football in Yugoslavia: Sport, Nationalism and the State	0
Origin Stories: Tracing the Development of Netball in Victoria during the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Century	0
County Club Finances and the Decline of Amateur Cricketers in England	0
The 1928 Olympic Winter Games in St Moritz: Tourism, Diplomacy and Domestic Politics	0
Animated by Uncertainty: Rugby and the Performance of History in South Africa	0
Media Framing of Race and Football in Colonial Nigeria: 1914 to 1950s	0
Women’s Competitive Sport in Iran: Unravelling Four Decades of Discursive Evolution, 1979–2020	0
The Voice of the Athlete in History: An Overview	0
Football and Labour Relations in Perón’s Argentina, 1946–1955	0
Northeast Asian Modern Martial Arts: An Embodied Synthesis of Virtue Ethics and Deontology	0
‘Aikido Practitioners in Every Country Should Change and Unite with the Tradition’: Kisshomaru Ueshiba, Historical Memory, and the Internationalization of Aikido, 1948–1984	0
The Financial Impact of World Series Cricket on Australia’s State Cricket Associations, 1974–1982	0
Olympic Philately: Reading the 1896 Athens Olympics from Postage Stamps	0
‘It’s a Policy Matter, Not a Racial Matter’: Athlete Activism and Symbiotic Struggles against Apartheid in US Track and Field of the Early 1970s	0
Sport in the Service of Propaganda: Social and Political Conditions of Sport in Rural Poland, 1945–1956	0
‘Pommel Horse Rebels and Apartheid’s Friends’ – American Gymnasts and the International Anti-Apartheid Sports Boycott Against South Africa, 1970–1990	0
Sustainable Local Operation of Chin Woo Athletic Association in Singapore and Malaysia	0
Physical Culture and the Process of Human Improvement in Post-Revolutionary Russia	0
The Republic of China’s Naming Struggle in the Olympics (1949–1972)	0
‘This Is Not a Problem but an Issue’: Chinese-Born Table Tennis Players Representing Another Country at the Olympics, 1988–2020	0
Historicizing Machoism in Swedish Ice Hockey	0
Estranged: Notes on the Historical Development of the Relationship between Players and Manufacturers of Ice Hockey Equipment in Canada	0
The 1968 Olympic Games: Tourism as Part of Nation Branding in Mexico	0
The Legacy of Sports Nationalism in South Korean Sport	0
The Failed Decolonization of Egyptian Basketball, 1920–1952	0
Sporting Diaspora: Reconstructing Goan Field Hockey History Through the Exploits of Lusitanians Sporting Club, 1909–1964	0
From Funerals to Flares: Europeanisation of Finnish Football Supporter Culture	0
Indigenous Public History: Cherbourg’s Marching Girls	0
The Matilda Effect	0
Commodifying Race: The Portrayal of Bernardo Mikixi, an Angolan Mixed Martial Artist, in the Extreme Fighting Championship’s Advertising Materials in South Africa, 2009–2015	0
The Institutional Position of Athletes in the Governance Networks of the Olympic Movement in Canada, Germany and the United Kingdom	0
Sports Facility Development and Politics in Budapest since 1945	0
‘If the IOC Finds Out about This, All of You Will Be Declared Professionals’: The Professionalization of Finnish Track Athletes from the 1960s to 1980s	0
Paternalistic Industrialization: Biopower, Physical Culture, and Sports in Industrial Planning Discourse (1770–1930)	0
The Revolt of the Black Athlete: 50 th Anniversary Edition, with a New Introduction and Afterword	0
Transnational Athletes – Historical Perspectives	0
Sport and History: Continuity and Change. Local Stories to Explain Global History	0
Bear Bryant, Sam Cunningham and Popular Memory of the Civil Rights Movement	0
Marion Jackson’s Conflicted Sacrifice: The Atlanta Daily World’s Black Southern Sportswriter on the Tension between Integration and HBCU Sport	0
From Motions to Missions: Interrogating Sport Organization Annual Reports as Works of Sport Memory	0
‘A Fine Solidarity in the Life of the Countryside’: The Ashbees and Sport in the Cotswolds, 1902–1907	0
Bold Ambitions, Austere Realities: On the Unfulfilled Plans for the Warsaw Olympic Games	0
Did the 1904 Entente Cordiale Originate in Bordeaux Thanks to Sports in 1895? Reflections on Sport Diplomacy	0
Making Refereeing Global? How FIFA’s International Courses for Referees Helped Lay the Groundwork for Football’s Commercialization, 1948–1976	0
Martial Arts Diplomacy: Japanese Judo Delegations and ‘Martial Arts Missionaries’ in Norway, 1945–1980	0
The Institutional Development of the Philippine Olympic Movement and the Current Rise of Its Olympic Athletes	0
Summit Diplomacy: US-Soviet Mountaineering Exchanges, 1974–1989	0
Visualising Sport: ‘Visual Turns’, Visual Texts, Visual Culture	0
Inaugurating ‘Good Feeling between the United States and South Africa’: The 1931 All-White Tour of South Africa	0
The Environmental Reimagining of Olympic Sarajevo	0
Sport and Social Difference in Vienna around 1900: On the Historical Significance of Otto Herschmann	0
Football’s Forgotten Years: Reclaiming the AFL Competition’s Earliest Era – 1870 to 1896	0
The Long Economic Thread: Two Millennia of Commercialism and Sport	0
Stakeholder Engagement in Sport Policy Decision Making in Taiwan during the COVID-19 Pandemic	0
Holding Their Own? Assessing the Merger of Men’s and Women’s Field Hockey in England	0
Adolph Rupp and the Rise of Kentucky Basketball	0
No Foreign Game: Association Football and the Making of Irish Identities	0
Flexible Positional Superiority of Whiteness in the Atlanta-Journal Constitution: A Foucauldian Genealogy on the Atlanta Beat, 2001–2003	0
The Games That Never Happened: Social Reception and Press Coverage of the Kraków Bid for the 2022 Winter Olympics (2012–2014)	0
Umpires, Referees, Judges and Stewards: Changing Modes of Judgment and Arbitration in English Sport c.1600–c.1900	0
On the Kicking Techniques of Pankration	0
National Mythscapes and Popular New Zealand Rugby Histories: Representing the 1986 Cavaliers	0
The Rise of Cool Japan: The Representation of Japanese and American Athletes in Kuroko no Basuke: Extra Game	0
‘In the Interest of Reporting the Facts, and Not the Fiction, of South African Sport’: Race, Netball, and the Struggle for Social Justice in South Africa	0
Health, Sports, and Authoritarianism in Mexico’s Educational Project, 1930–1940	0
C. Gärtner, the Olympic Circus, and the Origins of Equestrianism in the Grand Duchy of Posen	0
An Olympic Fairytale: The Zimbabwean Women’s Field Hockey Victory at the 1980 Moscow Olympic Games	0
Modernization Through Leisure and Sports: The Case of Sümerbank Industrial Campuses in Turkey	0