Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology

Papers
(The median citation count of Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology is 0. The table below lists those papers that are above that threshold based on CrossRef citation counts [max. 250 papers]. The publications cover those that have been published in the past four years, i.e., from 2021-06-01 to 2025-06-01.)
ArticleCitations
Issue Information238
VP44.10: Ultrasound diagnosis of circumvallate placenta and its differentials163
VP05.19: Sonographic diagnosis of adnexal torsion137
VP17.03: Prediction of low fetal fraction in maternal blood cell‐free DNA using a machine learning model123
VP29.06: Prenatal diagnosis of Turner syndrome: locally restricted mosaicism of the placenta and severe cardiac phenotype with low‐level mosaicism 45,X/46,XX119
VP07.02: Ultrasonographic diagnosis of adenomyosis associated at Müllerian anomalies108
VP44.05: Comparison of neonatal outcomes of pregnancies with abnormal placentation depending on gestation age at the delivery time106
VP27.05: Congenital toxoplasmosis associated with severe ventriculomegaly fetus98
VP06.11: Abstract withdrawn97
VP10.19: Outcome of prenatal diagnosis of club foot: a single institution experience75
VP18.03: Objective analysis of shape vector changes in fetuses with cleft lip using statistical shape modelling from three‐dimensional ultrasound75
VP53.01: Inclusion of ‘3 sign’ as a screening marker of intracranial anomalies in the first trimester: a preliminary observation74
VP44.27: Ultrasound tramline imaging for evaluation of Caesarean section scar integrity72
Issue Information68
VP04.10: Leiomyoma with cystic degenerescence resembling ovarian epithelial neoplasia: an example of uncertain radiological features65
OC07.09: Sonographic evaluation of optic nerve sheath diameter as an indicator of raised intracranial pressure in pre‐eclamptics in a Nigerian population59
OC09.04: Application of sonoelastography in differentiating endometrial carcinoma from benign endometrial lesions: a cross‐sectional study54
VP07.11: Comparison of the efficacy of metformin and inofolic in ovulation induction in patients with resistant polycystic ovarian syndrome53
VP40.02: Perinatal outcomes in complicated monochorionic pregnancies after umbilical cord occlusion: radiofrequency ablation versus microwave ablation52
EP39.02: Placental size at gestational week 27 and 37: differences between the intrauterine placental size and the placentas after birth50
EP26.09: Prenatally detected congenital extra‐adrenal neuroblastoma with literature review49
49
EP34.32: PAS diagnosis established prenatally is linked to less use of blood components46
EP40.18: Medical versus surgical treatment of terminated first trimester pregnancies45
EP17.12: Prenatal diagnosis of mitral valve dysplasia syndrome: a case report45
EP42.21: Abstract withdrawn43
OP01.02: Effect of pelvic organ prolapse surgery on levator hiatal area43
OP06.12: The impact of diagnostic method on sense of control and powerlessness and social support in endometriosis patients: a retrospective cohort study41
OP05.07: Placental microvascular architecture by MV‐flow imaging in normal and congenital heart disease pregnancies41
OP03.01: Abstract withdrawn40
EP31.10: Fetal neck hyperextension without neck mass: two case reports39
EP29.17: Prenatal diagnosis of bronchopulmonary sequestration39
EP21.09: The SAFER technique for fetoscopic open spina bifida repair in twin pregnancies: moving towards a new recommendation for prenatal treatment39
EP26.07: Abstract withdrawn38
EP29.08: Outcome of non‐visualisation of fetal gallbladder37
EP42.23: Abstract withdrawn37
OC05.02: Metabolic profile of children and neonates born small for gestational age: a systematic review and meta‐analysis36
EP02.32: Integrated healthcare model for obstetric complications: transport brigades and rapid response teams36
EP39.07: Fetal growth charts in twin pregnancies: a population study36
EP01.36: Isolated fetal pericardial effusion: a systematic review towards better informed parental counselling35
EP26.32: Mass in disguise: a case of giant leiomyoma with red degeneration in a non‐pregnant woman35
EP02.33: Correlation of microvascular flow vascular index with uterine artery Doppler mean PI at the time of the first and second trimester anomaly scan34
EP19.03: Acute phase response and inflammatory proteins in amniotic fluid associated with spontaneous preterm birth in women with a short cervix (≤25mm)34
EP29.06: Multicystic benign peritoneal mesothelioma: a case report33
Author Index33
OC04.07: The significance of intracavity fluid (or pseudo‐sac) in women classified with a pregnancy of unknown location33
OC17.07: Intrauterine adaptive changes of the fetal heart in assisted reproductive pregnancies32
EP28.06: Human placental trophoblast development revealed by comparing twins with mole and fetus32
OP16.04: Diagnostic efficacy of conventional karyotype and chromosomal microarray in fetuses with normal and abnormal antenatal ultrasound32
OP05.04: Perinatal impact of the fetal growth velocity on small‐for‐gestational‐age fetuses31
EP31.08: Ovarian abscess in third trimester of pregnancy managed by successful vaginal delivery30
OP08.08: Retrospective analysis of a cohort of Caesarean scar pregnancies attended in a tertiary referral hospital in Brazil30
EP18.37: A point‐of care urine test to predict pre‐eclampsia development in Asian women with suspected pre‐eclampsia30
OP13.04: Changes in infants gut microbiota profiling due to a Mediterranean diet intervention during pregnancy29
OC04.05: Exploring novel serum biomarkers for pregnancy of unknown location risk prediction and ectopic pregnancy diagnosis29
EP13.33: Prediction of adverse pregnancy outcomes using fetal abdominal circumference at 11 and 13+6 weeks of gestation29
EP13.14: The role of fetal right heart modified myocardial performance index in prediction of adverse perinatal outcomes in fetal growth restriction28
OP07.07: Alterations in fetal Doppler parameters before and 24 hours after radiofrequency ablation for twin reversed arterial perfusion sequence28
OC07.02: Tensile properties of sutures after exposure to warmed amniotic fluid: implications for fetal surgery*28
EP07.22: Vein of Galen malformation27
OC09.06: Update on the distribution of ovarian and deep endometriosis based on combination of advanced pelvic ultrasound and surgery27
EP24.16: Ectopia cordis in the first trimester27
EP06.09: Expanding prenatal ultrasonographic features in fetal akinesia deformation sequence 3 confirmed by post‐mortem examination26
EP19.16: Predictive models for outcome after physical examination indicated cerclage26
OP14.07: Analysis of ultrasound models to diagnose adnexal masses26
EP11.09: Analysis of pregnancy outcomes of intrauterine twin pregnancy combined with ectopic pregnancy25
EP01.53: Assessment of sonographic fetal cardiac evaluation capabilities of perinatology subspeciality trainees: a mixed‐methods needs analysis25
EP24.37: Virtual reality for alleviating pain and anxiety during transvaginal sonography for endometriosis: a prospective randomised controlled study25
OC07.08: Increase in completeness rate of fetal ultrasound exam using a visual checklist25
EP07.17: Congenital hepatoblastoma: prenatal diagnosis with postnatal outcome24
OC15.07: Application of machine learning methods to predict the success of expectant or medical management of miscarriage24
EP10.23: Exploring the prospects of antenatal micro‐coil embolisation of giant placental chorioangioma: a case report24
EP21.29: Challenges in therapy: a case study of medically managed ectopic pregnancy at site of previous cornual ectopic pregnancy with wedge resection23
EP05.71: First trimester detection of open spina bifida by assessing fetal cranial markers23
EP16.11: New realm of placenta accreta spectrum: cervical invasion of villous tissue23
OP06.04: Discrimination of benign and malignant adnexal masses in daily clinical routine: external validation of ADNEX and RMI in Denmark – preliminary results23
EP16.16: The value of crystal imaging in the diagnosis of placenta accreta disease23
EP23.29: Gastric‐type mucinous neoplasia in the ovary: a false negative for ADNEX23
OC14.07: Cortical development in fetal growth restriction: a neuroimaging study23
EP07.66: Prenatal ultrasound diagnosis of fetal sacrococcygeal teratoma: a case report22
OP07.07: Utilising transvaginal endometriosis ultrasound to triage endometriosis surgical cases to either a district hospital versus a tertiary hospital22
EP14.09: Comparison of anastomoses and perinatal outcome in selective fetus growth restriction with and without Twin–twin transfusion syndrome22
EP07.33: Binder phenotype: prenatal diagnosis, management and postnatal outcome – insights from a case series22
EP01.02: Automatic diagnosis of Caesarean scar pregnancy based on ultrasound images by the deep learning model22
OC03.03: *Comparison of standard management versus fetoscopic laser ablation for types II and III vasa previa22
EP16.25: Does risk of emergent delivery with placenta accreta spectrum differ by placental location?22
OP04.02: Ultrasound approach to differential diagnosis of a single inflow tract at 11–14 week scan21
EP08.24: Fetal biometry growth from first to second trimester and prediction of stillbirth risk21
Maternal perception of decreased fetal movements is independent of infant size21
EP16.02: Case report: gestational choriocarcinoma FIGO Stage III, score 8 (high‐risk) in 38‐year‐old woman four weeks' postpartum21
EP07.65: A case with extremity anomalies in both fetuses in consecutive pregnancies21
Author index21
EP24.16: Malignant transformation of a typical endometrioma through the years: a case report21
EP06.16: Leg‐to‐foot and lateral curvature angles: new antenatal markers may predict the postnatal need for surgery in isolated talipes equivinovarus21
Maternal cardiovascular potential and kinetic energy indices in pre‐eclamptic and small‐for‐gestational‐age pregnancies20
Fetoscopic laser ablation in pregnancies with Type‐II vasa previa20
Monkeypox infection during pregnancy: European registry to quantify maternal and fetal risks20
Efficacy of transrectal ultrasound in assessing endometrium of postmenopausal women with axial uterus20
Ultrasound appearance of decidualized non‐ovarian endometriotic lesions during pregnancy and after delivery20
Bronchopulmonary sequestration treated successfully with prenatal radiofrequency ablation of feeding artery20
Fetal coronary circulation: the middle cardiac vein20
A picture is worth a thousand words: textual analysis of the routine 20‐week scan20
The cerebroplacental ratio: a useful marker but should it be a screening test?19
Re: Assay interference leading to erroneous pregnancy‐associated plasma protein‐A results19
INDIAMAN‐20 (INstant DIAgnosis of 20 Major ANomalies) protocol: application of IOTA diagnostic strategy to fetal anomalies19
Ultrasound features of endometrial pathology in women without abnormal uterine bleeding: results from the International Endometrial Tumor Analysis study (IETA3)19
Enhanced myometrial vascularity secondary to retained pregnancy tissue: time to stop misusing the term arteriovenous malformation19
Evaluation of classic and novel ultrasound signs of placenta accreta spectrum19
Subjective assessment and IOTA ADNEX model in evaluation of adnexal masses in patients with history of breast cancer19
Born small‐for‐gestational age: not just smaller19
Redefining pre‐eclampsia as Type I or II: implementing an integrated model of the maternal‐cardiovascular–placental–fetal array18
Artificial intelligence, radiomics and fetal ultrasound: review of literature and future perspectives18
Issue Information18
VP44.01: Combining apparent diffusion coefficient with other MRI measures may help predict the severity of placental invasion18
VP11.01: Abstract withdrawn18
Cut‐offs for defining uterine prolapse using transperineal ultrasound in Chinese women: prospective multicenter study18
Reply18
Association between uterine artery Doppler in early spontaneous labor and adverse peripartum outcome in relation to birth weight18
Incidence of sex chromosome aneuploidy in a prenatal population: 27‐year longitudinal study in Northern Italy18
Prenatal diagnosis and outcome of fetuses with isolated agenesis of septum pellucidum: cohort study and meta‐analysis18
Audit of fetal biometry: understanding sources of error to improve our practice18
Reply18
OC05.07: A diagnostic study to compare the aneuploidy detection rate with cut‐off of fetal nasal bone length <2.5th centile versus <5th centile18
Acute maternal hyperoxygenation protocol: consensus opinion from the Fetal Heart Society18
OC18.03: Prenatal‐exome sequencing in recurrent fetal structural anomalies: systematic review and meta‐analysis17
VP46.16: Second trimester cervical length and maternal characteristics in predicting preterm delivery among singleton pregnancies in a Filipino population17
VP11.08: Prenatal ultrasonic diagnosis of fetal retroperitoneal yolk sac tumour17
VP31.03: Endotheliopathy biomarkers and angiogenic factors in distinguishing pre‐eclampsia from COVID‐19 in pregnancy17
VP28.09: Genome‐wide cell‐free DNA test for fetal chromosomal abnormalities: unrestricted versus restricted reporting17
VP24.04: The delayed fetal neurological maturation in women with threatened preterm labour17
VP10.17: Lateral proboscis associated with lip and cleft palate: prenatal approach in abnormal placental invasion case17
VP22.07: Prenatal diagnosis of fetal non‐compaction cardiomyopathy with de novo CALM 2 mutation: first description17
VP07.07: First experiences with hysterosalpingo–foam‐sonography in women to undergo assisted reproduction technology without a male partner16
OC05.06: Multisite assessment of the impact of a prenatal testing educational app on patient knowledge and preparedness for prenatal testing decision making16
VP45.16: Abstract withdrawn16
VP04.12: Decidualised endometrioma versus borderline ovarian tumour: a difficult differential diagnosis during pregnancy16
VP24.08: Total brain volume and intracranial volume assessed by magnetic resonance in small‐for‐gestational‐age fetuses with normal fetoplacental Doppler16
VP11.04: Widened umbilical artery‐aorta angle with intra‐abdominal cyst as a novel marker of cloacal abnormalities in the first trimester16
OP08.08: Levator ani muscle avulsion: does the newborn birthweight count?16
OC08.07: Comparison between selective laser coagulation of vascular anastomoses and laser coagulation of vascular equator in Twin–twin transfusion syndrome16
VP10.08: Fetal cleft lip palate: sonographic diagnosis and postnatal outcomes16
VP28.04: Increasing cell‐free DNA prenatal testing in a clinical practice and decreasing rate of invasive procedures in Slovenia16
VP33.06: Assessment of fetal brain vascularisation in fetal growth restriction using three‐dimensional power angiography16
VP27.03: Neurodevelopmental outcomes of prenatally diagnosed ventriculomegaly over a 10‐year period16
OC14.03: Assessment of the head circumference to maternal height ratio close to delivery: any role in the screening of labour dystocia?16
VP34.02: The effect of maternal BMI, across the BMI spectrum, on fetal growth and adiposity16
VP20.04: The fetal umbilical‐portal system in persistent right umbilical vein16
VP35.20: What is the best way to distinguish the two phenotypes of fetal growth restriction? Umbilical artery Doppler versus gestational age15
VP35.06: Doppler studies in pregnancies complicated by isolated oligohydramnios at term15
32nd World Congress on Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology, 16–18 September 2022, London and virtual: presentations and awards15
EP28.01: Impact of cord entanglement on perinatal outcome15
VP15.09: Full Cantrell's Pentalogy at first trimester: a case report15
VP45.17: The performance of the intrapartum app in Hong Kong15
VP28.10: Abstract withdrawn15
EP41.05: Osteogenesis imperfecta15
Reply15
VP22.13: Prenatal diagnosis of fetal right coronary artery to right ventricle fistula: a case report15
VP13.17: Acardiac twin managed conservatively: case report and literature review15
ISUOG Virtual World Congress on Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology, 15–17 October 2021: presentations and awards15
EP39.01: Umbilical vein blood flow reference ranges from an Italian population of uncomplicated singleton pregnancies15
EP48.06: Postoperative complications after tension‐free vaginal tape versus transobturator tape procedure for Ssress urinary incontinence14
OP06.03: Ultrasonographic indirect markers predicting lateral parametrial involvement in deep endometriosis: the ULTRA‐PARAMETRENDO‐I study14
Routine first‐trimester pre‐eclampsia screening and maternal left ventricular geometry14
Prenatal diagnosis of infracardiac type of total anomalous pulmonary venous connection with dilatation of portal vein14
OP10.04: Caesarean scar pregnancy: a recently discovered disease could be managed with a newly developed approach by early pregnancy units' experts14
EP12.11: Prenatal cell‐free DNA test: a safe way to avoid invasive procedures14
EP17.30: PA‐IVS based HRHS14
EP20.07: Intrauterine transfusion: exploring the best technique14
VP19.04: Walk‐through the fetal heart: simulation of in utero operation using virtual reality enhanced four‐dimensional (4D) echocardiography and 3D MRI14
Economic analysis of prenatal fetoscopic vs open‐hysterotomy repair of open neural tube defect14
EP42.16: Brain tumour revealed by nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: case report14
OC02.05: Ultrasonographic cervical changes occurring after cervical ripening balloon insertion: are there any relationship with labour outcome?14
EP40.14: Ultrasound: a useful tool in the emergency department14
Reply14
New radiofrequency ablation procedure for selective reduction in complicated monochorionic twin or triplet pregnancy using multistep, incremental expansion technique14
EP33.08: Diagnostic accuracy of hysterosalpingo‐foam‐sonography for fallopian tube patency assessment in infertile women13
Right‐heart dysfunction in women with congenital heart disease and pre‐eclampsia13
EP32.15: The prognostic accuracy of endometrial patterns on ultrasound to predict implantation13
Pregnancy outcome after in‐vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection in women with congenital uterus didelphys13
OP06.06: Identification of early miscarriage based on ultrasound images by the deep learning model13
EP26.36: Is there a correlation between hemoglobin levels and ultrasound indices in peri‐ and postmenopausal bleeding women?13
OC09.04: Uterine contractility of adenomyosis patients normalises under hormonal contraception use13
Transvaginal three‐dimensional ultrasound imaging of fetal pelvis to detect anorectal malformation during second trimester13
Prenatal diagnosis of umbilical cord hemangioma13
EP07.14: Isolated asymmetric lateral ventricles: preliminary results on natural history, associated findings and clinical significance in a large cohort13
OC13.02: Quantifying early reduction in cardiovascular burden following fetoscopic placental laser photocoagulation in the twin–twin transfusion syndrome13
EP11.01: Cerebro‐costo‐mandibular syndrome: early diagnosis and termination of pregnancy13
OC11.04: Diagnostic value of chromosomal microarray analysis for fetal congenital heart defects with different cardiac phenotypes and extracardiac abnormalities13
Long‐term cardiovascular assessment of women with previous pregnancy complicated by hypertensive disorder13
EP24.12: Sensitivity and specificity of second trimester anatomy ultrasound in the detection of abnormal fetal echocardiogram when performed by perinatologists12
OP11.03: Risk of fetal loss after invasive prenatal testing in dichorionic diamniotic twin pregnancies: a Danish national cohort study from 2008 to 201812
OP06.09: Validation of optical positioning ultrasound simulator as an autonomous tool for assessment of ultrasound operator competence in obstetrics12
EP02.15: The use of 3D models and expanded reality for surgical planning of craniopagus12
OC18.05: Three‐dimensional transperineal ultrasound assessment of the anal sphincter immediately after vaginal birth: an exploratory study12
EP24.08: Level of agreement between obstetric cardiac sonography and fetal echocardiography in correlation with postnatal echocardiography12
OP02.01: Effectiveness of valaciclovir for prevention of fetal infection following early gestational primary maternal cytomegalovirus infection12
EP18.41: Maternal uterine artery Doppler and serum marker in the first trimester as predictive markers for small‐for‐gestational‐age neonates and pre‐eclampsia12
OP11.08: Discordant embryonic morphologic development in twin pregnancies: a case series12
OP08.04: Mechanical properties of cyanoacrylate‐based bioadhesives and Nitinol meshes to develop a sealing system to prevent iPPROM12
EP18.31: Phenotyping early‐ and late‐onset placental syndrome: an integrated model of maternal Dopplers, biomarkers and placental pathology12
EP07.02: Atretic cephalocoele: an underdiagnosed and rarely reported entity in prenatal ultrasound12
OC12.02: Clinical and ultrasound characteristics of granulosa cell and Sertoli Leydig cell tumour recurrences12
EP07.60: Antenatal diagnosis of omphalocele12
EP04.09: Influence of clinical and anamnestic factors on the severity of the course and early delivery in pregnant women with COVID‐1912
EP01.37: Characterisation of ultrasound and postnatal pathology in fetuses with heterotaxy syndrome12
EP16.54: Antenatal ultrasound and MR evaluation of placenta accreta spectrum disorders: clinical correlation done!11
EP09.41: Prenatal diagnosis and postnatal management of double aortic arch11
OP14.07: Identifying weak points of pelvic floor by sonoelastography in case of stress incontinence11
OC07.02: Generalisation and deployment of an artificial intelligence system for gestational age estimation from blind sweep ultrasound to new clinical settings11
EP18.29: First trimester screening at conditions of limited resources11
EP01.40: The use of augmented reality and metaverse in fetal medicine for multidisciplinary discussion and medical teaching11
EP10.07: Feasibility of fetoscopic laser photocoagulation for Twin–twin transfusion syndrome with fairly close cord insertion sites of the twins11
OC11.02: Quantitative ultrasound measurement of uterine contractility in septate uterus versus normal uteri: a multicentre prospective study11
OC15.06: Treatment of Caesarean scar pregnancy by ultrasound‐guided injection of methotrexate11
EP01.35: A national audit on the quality of ultrasound practices relating to the fetal heart assessment in a screening perspective in France11
Ophthalmic artery Doppler in women with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: relationship to blood pressure control and renal dysfunction at 6–9 weeks postnatally11
EP16.51: Prenatal diagnosis accuracy for placenta accreta spectrum using magnetic resonance imaging: a systematic review and meta‐analysis11
OC19.01: Congenital cytomegalovirus infection following maternal infection in early pregnancy: prenatal prediction and postnatal outcome11
EP13.03: Association between vascular obstetrical events and bilateral medullary ovarian calcifications: a rare finding11
EP16.30: Subamniotic hematoma causes fetal anemia11
EP17.15: Evaluation of clinical and biophysical markers as a screening test for late‐onset pre‐eclampsia between 35 and 38 weeks of gestation11
EP17.43: Mean uterine artery pulsatility index >95th percentile in a cohort of Colombian women11
EP05.54: Intraventricular hemorrhage grade III11
OP04.03: Placental vascular malperfusion in fetuses with congenital heart diseases: distinction based on pathophysiology11
EP21.27: Reducing intrusive memories after early pregnancy loss using a brief cognitive task involving Tetris computer gameplay: a randomised controlled trial11
OP16.08: Perinatal outcomes of monochorionic diamniotic twin pregnancies complicated by selective fetal growth restriction in a selected tertiary fetal care centre11
OP17.04: Validation of the revised MUSA criteria for sonographic detection of adenomyosis11
EP02.02: Placental involvement in gestational diabetes pathophysiology may link to maternal circulating antioxidant capacity and microRNA expression11
EP21.25: Pregnancy implanted on Caesarean scar: diagnosis and management11
Delivering unexpected news in pregnancy: a call for specialized training10
Indications for fetal echocardiography: Italian Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology (SIEOG) guidelines using GRADE methodology10
Severe fetal brain damage subsequent to acute maternal hypoxemic deterioration in COVID‐1910
Reply10
Fetal lower urinary tract obstruction: international Delphi consensus on management and core outcome set10
Lower uterine segment thickness assessed by transvaginal ultrasound before labor induction: reproducibility analysis and relationship with delivery outcome10
Erratum10
Biocellulose patch technique for fetoscopic repair of open spina bifida in twin pregnancy10
Implication of third‐trimester screening accuracy for small‐for‐gestational age and additive value of third‐trimester growth‐trajectory indicators in predicting severe adverse perinatal outcome in low10
VP30.03: Prevalence of multiple fetal soft markers on ultrasound at 16+0–24+6 weeks and their association with fetal aneuploidies10
Reply10
Updating M6 pregnancy of unknown location risk‐prediction model including evaluation of clinical factors10
Fetal macrocephaly in late pregnancy: don't forget overgrowth syndromes10
Combination of Proactive Molecular Risk Classifier for Endometrial cancer (ProMisE) with sonographic and demographic characteristics in preoperative prediction of recurrence or progression 10
10
Non‐invasive imaging techniques for diagnosis of pelvic deep endometriosis and endometriosis classification systems: an International Consensus Statement10
Time to reconcile the dichotomy of the cardiovascular–placental axis10
VP18.10: What is the benefit of using an ultrasound checklist during a second trimester screening exam?9
VP33.10: Postmortem fetal lung volumes using magnetic resonance imaging: a pilot study9
VP04.18: Association between the ovarian adnexal reporting and data system in adnexal masses and the type of specialist in gynecology9
VP23.12: Oxidative stress biomarkers in amniotic fluid decrease throughout the pregnancy9
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