Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology

Papers
(The TQCC of Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology is 0. The table below lists those papers that are above that threshold based on CrossRef citation counts [max. 250 papers]. The publications cover those that have been published in the past four years, i.e., from 2021-08-01 to 2025-08-01.)
ArticleCitations
Issue Information256
VP44.10: Ultrasound diagnosis of circumvallate placenta and its differentials179
VP05.19: Sonographic diagnosis of adnexal torsion142
VP17.03: Prediction of low fetal fraction in maternal blood cell‐free DNA using a machine learning model122
VP29.06: Prenatal diagnosis of Turner syndrome: locally restricted mosaicism of the placenta and severe cardiac phenotype with low‐level mosaicism 45,X/46,XX121
VP07.02: Ultrasonographic diagnosis of adenomyosis associated at Müllerian anomalies119
VP44.05: Comparison of neonatal outcomes of pregnancies with abnormal placentation depending on gestation age at the delivery time108
VP27.05: Congenital toxoplasmosis associated with severe ventriculomegaly fetus102
VP06.11: Abstract withdrawn85
VP18.03: Objective analysis of shape vector changes in fetuses with cleft lip using statistical shape modelling from three‐dimensional ultrasound76
VP10.19: Outcome of prenatal diagnosis of club foot: a single institution experience76
VP53.01: Inclusion of ‘3 sign’ as a screening marker of intracranial anomalies in the first trimester: a preliminary observation73
VP44.27: Ultrasound tramline imaging for evaluation of Caesarean section scar integrity68
Issue Information60
VP04.10: Leiomyoma with cystic degenerescence resembling ovarian epithelial neoplasia: an example of uncertain radiological features56
OC07.09: Sonographic evaluation of optic nerve sheath diameter as an indicator of raised intracranial pressure in pre‐eclamptics in a Nigerian population55
OC09.04: Application of sonoelastography in differentiating endometrial carcinoma from benign endometrial lesions: a cross‐sectional study52
VP40.02: Perinatal outcomes in complicated monochorionic pregnancies after umbilical cord occlusion: radiofrequency ablation versus microwave ablation50
VP07.11: Comparison of the efficacy of metformin and inofolic in ovulation induction in patients with resistant polycystic ovarian syndrome50
EP39.02: Placental size at gestational week 27 and 37: differences between the intrauterine placental size and the placentas after birth48
44
EP34.32: PAS diagnosis established prenatally is linked to less use of blood components43
EP26.09: Prenatally detected congenital extra‐adrenal neuroblastoma with literature review43
EP17.12: Prenatal diagnosis of mitral valve dysplasia syndrome: a case report42
EP40.18: Medical versus surgical treatment of terminated first trimester pregnancies41
OP01.02: Effect of pelvic organ prolapse surgery on levator hiatal area41
EP42.21: Abstract withdrawn40
EP21.09: The SAFER technique for fetoscopic open spina bifida repair in twin pregnancies: moving towards a new recommendation for prenatal treatment39
OP05.07: Placental microvascular architecture by MV‐flow imaging in normal and congenital heart disease pregnancies39
OP03.01: Abstract withdrawn39
OP06.12: The impact of diagnostic method on sense of control and powerlessness and social support in endometriosis patients: a retrospective cohort study39
EP31.10: Fetal neck hyperextension without neck mass: two case reports38
EP29.17: Prenatal diagnosis of bronchopulmonary sequestration38
EP26.07: Abstract withdrawn37
EP29.08: Outcome of non‐visualisation of fetal gallbladder37
EP39.07: Fetal growth charts in twin pregnancies: a population study36
EP42.23: Abstract withdrawn36
OC05.02: Metabolic profile of children and neonates born small for gestational age: a systematic review and meta‐analysis36
EP02.32: Integrated healthcare model for obstetric complications: transport brigades and rapid response teams36
EP26.32: Mass in disguise: a case of giant leiomyoma with red degeneration in a non‐pregnant woman35
EP01.36: Isolated fetal pericardial effusion: a systematic review towards better informed parental counselling34
EP19.03: Acute phase response and inflammatory proteins in amniotic fluid associated with spontaneous preterm birth in women with a short cervix (≤25mm)33
EP02.33: Correlation of microvascular flow vascular index with uterine artery Doppler mean PI at the time of the first and second trimester anomaly scan33
Author Index32
OC04.07: The significance of intracavity fluid (or pseudo‐sac) in women classified with a pregnancy of unknown location31
EP29.06: Multicystic benign peritoneal mesothelioma: a case report31
OP16.04: Diagnostic efficacy of conventional karyotype and chromosomal microarray in fetuses with normal and abnormal antenatal ultrasound31
OC17.07: Intrauterine adaptive changes of the fetal heart in assisted reproductive pregnancies30
EP28.06: Human placental trophoblast development revealed by comparing twins with mole and fetus29
OP05.04: Perinatal impact of the fetal growth velocity on small‐for‐gestational‐age fetuses29
EP31.08: Ovarian abscess in third trimester of pregnancy managed by successful vaginal delivery28
EP13.33: Prediction of adverse pregnancy outcomes using fetal abdominal circumference at 11 and 13+6 weeks of gestation27
EP18.37: A point‐of care urine test to predict pre‐eclampsia development in Asian women with suspected pre‐eclampsia27
OP13.04: Changes in infants gut microbiota profiling due to a Mediterranean diet intervention during pregnancy27
OP08.08: Retrospective analysis of a cohort of Caesarean scar pregnancies attended in a tertiary referral hospital in Brazil27
EP13.14: The role of fetal right heart modified myocardial performance index in prediction of adverse perinatal outcomes in fetal growth restriction26
OC04.05: Exploring novel serum biomarkers for pregnancy of unknown location risk prediction and ectopic pregnancy diagnosis26
OC07.02: Tensile properties of sutures after exposure to warmed amniotic fluid: implications for fetal surgery*26
OC09.06: Update on the distribution of ovarian and deep endometriosis based on combination of advanced pelvic ultrasound and surgery25
OP07.07: Alterations in fetal Doppler parameters before and 24 hours after radiofrequency ablation for twin reversed arterial perfusion sequence25
EP07.22: Vein of Galen malformation25
OP14.07: Analysis of ultrasound models to diagnose adnexal masses24
EP19.16: Predictive models for outcome after physical examination indicated cerclage24
EP06.09: Expanding prenatal ultrasonographic features in fetal akinesia deformation sequence 3 confirmed by post‐mortem examination24
EP24.16: Ectopia cordis in the first trimester24
EP10.23: Exploring the prospects of antenatal micro‐coil embolisation of giant placental chorioangioma: a case report23
EP24.37: Virtual reality for alleviating pain and anxiety during transvaginal sonography for endometriosis: a prospective randomised controlled study23
OC07.08: Increase in completeness rate of fetal ultrasound exam using a visual checklist23
EP07.17: Congenital hepatoblastoma: prenatal diagnosis with postnatal outcome23
EP11.09: Analysis of pregnancy outcomes of intrauterine twin pregnancy combined with ectopic pregnancy23
OP06.04: Discrimination of benign and malignant adnexal masses in daily clinical routine: external validation of ADNEX and RMI in Denmark – preliminary results23
OC15.07: Application of machine learning methods to predict the success of expectant or medical management of miscarriage23
EP01.53: Assessment of sonographic fetal cardiac evaluation capabilities of perinatology subspeciality trainees: a mixed‐methods needs analysis23
EP23.29: Gastric‐type mucinous neoplasia in the ovary: a false negative for ADNEX22
EP21.29: Challenges in therapy: a case study of medically managed ectopic pregnancy at site of previous cornual ectopic pregnancy with wedge resection22
EP16.11: New realm of placenta accreta spectrum: cervical invasion of villous tissue22
EP05.71: First trimester detection of open spina bifida by assessing fetal cranial markers21
EP01.02: Automatic diagnosis of Caesarean scar pregnancy based on ultrasound images by the deep learning model21
EP07.33: Binder phenotype: prenatal diagnosis, management and postnatal outcome – insights from a case series21
OP04.02: Ultrasound approach to differential diagnosis of a single inflow tract at 11–14 week scan21
EP14.09: Comparison of anastomoses and perinatal outcome in selective fetus growth restriction with and without Twin–twin transfusion syndrome21
OP07.07: Utilising transvaginal endometriosis ultrasound to triage endometriosis surgical cases to either a district hospital versus a tertiary hospital21
EP07.66: Prenatal ultrasound diagnosis of fetal sacrococcygeal teratoma: a case report21
OC03.03: *Comparison of standard management versus fetoscopic laser ablation for types II and III vasa previa21
OC14.07: Cortical development in fetal growth restriction: a neuroimaging study21
EP16.25: Does risk of emergent delivery with placenta accreta spectrum differ by placental location?21
EP07.65: A case with extremity anomalies in both fetuses in consecutive pregnancies21
EP16.16: The value of crystal imaging in the diagnosis of placenta accreta disease21
Author index20
EP16.02: Case report: gestational choriocarcinoma FIGO Stage III, score 8 (high‐risk) in 38‐year‐old woman four weeks' postpartum20
EP08.24: Fetal biometry growth from first to second trimester and prediction of stillbirth risk20
EP06.16: Leg‐to‐foot and lateral curvature angles: new antenatal markers may predict the postnatal need for surgery in isolated talipes equivinovarus20
EP24.16: Malignant transformation of a typical endometrioma through the years: a case report20
Monkeypox infection during pregnancy: European registry to quantify maternal and fetal risks19
Acute maternal hyperoxygenation protocol: consensus opinion from the Fetal Heart Society19
Audit of fetal biometry: understanding sources of error to improve our practice19
Issue Information19
The cerebroplacental ratio: a useful marker but should it be a screening test?19
Maternal cardiovascular potential and kinetic energy indices in pre‐eclamptic and small‐for‐gestational‐age pregnancies19
Born small‐for‐gestational age: not just smaller19
A picture is worth a thousand words: textual analysis of the routine 20‐week scan19
Maternal perception of decreased fetal movements is independent of infant size19
Fetal coronary circulation: the middle cardiac vein19
Ultrasound features of endometrial pathology in women without abnormal uterine bleeding: results from the International Endometrial Tumor Analysis study (IETA3)19
Fetoscopic laser ablation in pregnancies with Type‐II vasa previa18
INDIAMAN‐20 (INstant DIAgnosis of 20 Major ANomalies) protocol: application of IOTA diagnostic strategy to fetal anomalies18
Association between uterine artery Doppler in early spontaneous labor and adverse peripartum outcome in relation to birth weight18
Evaluation of classic and novel ultrasound signs of placenta accreta spectrum18
Efficacy of transrectal ultrasound in assessing endometrium of postmenopausal women with axial uterus18
Subjective assessment and IOTA ADNEX model in evaluation of adnexal masses in patients with history of breast cancer18
Redefining pre‐eclampsia as Type I or II: implementing an integrated model of the maternal‐cardiovascular–placental–fetal array18
Prenatal diagnosis and outcome of fetuses with isolated agenesis of septum pellucidum: cohort study and meta‐analysis18
Bronchopulmonary sequestration treated successfully with prenatal radiofrequency ablation of feeding artery18
Ultrasound appearance of decidualized non‐ovarian endometriotic lesions during pregnancy and after delivery18
Re: Assay interference leading to erroneous pregnancy‐associated plasma protein‐A results18
Incidence of sex chromosome aneuploidy in a prenatal population: 27‐year longitudinal study in Northern Italy18
Enhanced myometrial vascularity secondary to retained pregnancy tissue: time to stop misusing the term arteriovenous malformation18
Fetal intracranial hemorrhagic complications following intrauterine transfusion for severe fetal parvovirus B19 infection17
Reply17
OC05.07: A diagnostic study to compare the aneuploidy detection rate with cut‐off of fetal nasal bone length <2.5th centile versus <5th centile17
VP31.03: Endotheliopathy biomarkers and angiogenic factors in distinguishing pre‐eclampsia from COVID‐19 in pregnancy17
Reply17
VP44.01: Combining apparent diffusion coefficient with other MRI measures may help predict the severity of placental invasion17
OC18.03: Prenatal‐exome sequencing in recurrent fetal structural anomalies: systematic review and meta‐analysis17
Artificial intelligence, radiomics and fetal ultrasound: review of literature and future perspectives17
VP11.01: Abstract withdrawn17
VP28.09: Genome‐wide cell‐free DNA test for fetal chromosomal abnormalities: unrestricted versus restricted reporting17
VP22.07: Prenatal diagnosis of fetal non‐compaction cardiomyopathy with de novo CALM 2 mutation: first description16
VP10.17: Lateral proboscis associated with lip and cleft palate: prenatal approach in abnormal placental invasion case16
VP24.08: Total brain volume and intracranial volume assessed by magnetic resonance in small‐for‐gestational‐age fetuses with normal fetoplacental Doppler16
VP46.16: Second trimester cervical length and maternal characteristics in predicting preterm delivery among singleton pregnancies in a Filipino population16
VP11.08: Prenatal ultrasonic diagnosis of fetal retroperitoneal yolk sac tumour16
VP10.08: Fetal cleft lip palate: sonographic diagnosis and postnatal outcomes16
VP28.04: Increasing cell‐free DNA prenatal testing in a clinical practice and decreasing rate of invasive procedures in Slovenia16
VP24.04: The delayed fetal neurological maturation in women with threatened preterm labour16
VP34.02: The effect of maternal BMI, across the BMI spectrum, on fetal growth and adiposity16
VP20.04: The fetal umbilical‐portal system in persistent right umbilical vein16
VP04.12: Decidualised endometrioma versus borderline ovarian tumour: a difficult differential diagnosis during pregnancy16
VP35.20: What is the best way to distinguish the two phenotypes of fetal growth restriction? Umbilical artery Doppler versus gestational age15
VP07.07: First experiences with hysterosalpingo–foam‐sonography in women to undergo assisted reproduction technology without a male partner15
OC05.06: Multisite assessment of the impact of a prenatal testing educational app on patient knowledge and preparedness for prenatal testing decision making15
VP33.06: Assessment of fetal brain vascularisation in fetal growth restriction using three‐dimensional power angiography15
VP28.10: Abstract withdrawn15
VP11.04: Widened umbilical artery‐aorta angle with intra‐abdominal cyst as a novel marker of cloacal abnormalities in the first trimester15
OP08.08: Levator ani muscle avulsion: does the newborn birthweight count?15
OC08.07: Comparison between selective laser coagulation of vascular anastomoses and laser coagulation of vascular equator in Twin–twin transfusion syndrome15
VP22.13: Prenatal diagnosis of fetal right coronary artery to right ventricle fistula: a case report15
VP45.16: Abstract withdrawn15
VP27.03: Neurodevelopmental outcomes of prenatally diagnosed ventriculomegaly over a 10‐year period15
OC14.03: Assessment of the head circumference to maternal height ratio close to delivery: any role in the screening of labour dystocia?15
VP15.09: Full Cantrell's Pentalogy at first trimester: a case report14
ISUOG Virtual World Congress on Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology, 15–17 October 2021: presentations and awards14
EP28.01: Impact of cord entanglement on perinatal outcome14
EP17.30: PA‐IVS based HRHS14
32nd World Congress on Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology, 16–18 September 2022, London and virtual: presentations and awards14
VP35.06: Doppler studies in pregnancies complicated by isolated oligohydramnios at term14
EP41.05: Osteogenesis imperfecta14
EP42.16: Brain tumour revealed by nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: case report14
EP39.01: Umbilical vein blood flow reference ranges from an Italian population of uncomplicated singleton pregnancies14
VP45.17: The performance of the intrapartum app in Hong Kong14
Reply14
VP13.17: Acardiac twin managed conservatively: case report and literature review14
EP48.06: Postoperative complications after tension‐free vaginal tape versus transobturator tape procedure for Ssress urinary incontinence14
OC02.05: Ultrasonographic cervical changes occurring after cervical ripening balloon insertion: are there any relationship with labour outcome?14
OP06.03: Ultrasonographic indirect markers predicting lateral parametrial involvement in deep endometriosis: the ULTRA‐PARAMETRENDO‐I study13
Transvaginal three‐dimensional ultrasound imaging of fetal pelvis to detect anorectal malformation during second trimester13
Prenatal diagnosis of umbilical cord hemangioma13
New radiofrequency ablation procedure for selective reduction in complicated monochorionic twin or triplet pregnancy using multistep, incremental expansion technique13
EP40.14: Ultrasound: a useful tool in the emergency department13
Reply13
EP20.07: Intrauterine transfusion: exploring the best technique13
Long‐term cardiovascular assessment of women with previous pregnancy complicated by hypertensive disorder13
Right‐heart dysfunction in women with congenital heart disease and pre‐eclampsia13
OP10.04: Caesarean scar pregnancy: a recently discovered disease could be managed with a newly developed approach by early pregnancy units' experts13
Prenatal diagnosis of infracardiac type of total anomalous pulmonary venous connection with dilatation of portal vein13
EP12.11: Prenatal cell‐free DNA test: a safe way to avoid invasive procedures13
Pregnancy outcome after in‐vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection in women with congenital uterus didelphys13
Reply13
VP19.04: Walk‐through the fetal heart: simulation of in utero operation using virtual reality enhanced four‐dimensional (4D) echocardiography and 3D MRI13
Routine first‐trimester pre‐eclampsia screening and maternal left ventricular geometry12
EP33.08: Diagnostic accuracy of hysterosalpingo‐foam‐sonography for fallopian tube patency assessment in infertile women12
Time to reconcile the dichotomy of the cardiovascular–placental axis12
OC09.04: Uterine contractility of adenomyosis patients normalises under hormonal contraception use12
OP02.01: Effectiveness of valaciclovir for prevention of fetal infection following early gestational primary maternal cytomegalovirus infection12
EP07.14: Isolated asymmetric lateral ventricles: preliminary results on natural history, associated findings and clinical significance in a large cohort12
Implication of third‐trimester screening accuracy for small‐for‐gestational age and additive value of third‐trimester growth‐trajectory indicators in predicting severe adverse perinatal outcome in low12
OP06.06: Identification of early miscarriage based on ultrasound images by the deep learning model12
OC13.02: Quantifying early reduction in cardiovascular burden following fetoscopic placental laser photocoagulation in the twin–twin transfusion syndrome12
EP11.01: Cerebro‐costo‐mandibular syndrome: early diagnosis and termination of pregnancy12
EP26.36: Is there a correlation between hemoglobin levels and ultrasound indices in peri‐ and postmenopausal bleeding women?12
Reply12
Combination of Proactive Molecular Risk Classifier for Endometrial cancer (ProMisE) with sonographic and demographic characteristics in preoperative prediction of recurrence or progression 12
OC11.04: Diagnostic value of chromosomal microarray analysis for fetal congenital heart defects with different cardiac phenotypes and extracardiac abnormalities12
EP32.15: The prognostic accuracy of endometrial patterns on ultrasound to predict implantation12
OP11.03: Risk of fetal loss after invasive prenatal testing in dichorionic diamniotic twin pregnancies: a Danish national cohort study from 2008 to 201812
EP24.08: Level of agreement between obstetric cardiac sonography and fetal echocardiography in correlation with postnatal echocardiography11
EP18.41: Maternal uterine artery Doppler and serum marker in the first trimester as predictive markers for small‐for‐gestational‐age neonates and pre‐eclampsia11
EP07.02: Atretic cephalocoele: an underdiagnosed and rarely reported entity in prenatal ultrasound11
EP01.40: The use of augmented reality and metaverse in fetal medicine for multidisciplinary discussion and medical teaching11
EP07.60: Antenatal diagnosis of omphalocele11
EP18.29: First trimester screening at conditions of limited resources11
EP18.31: Phenotyping early‐ and late‐onset placental syndrome: an integrated model of maternal Dopplers, biomarkers and placental pathology11
OP06.09: Validation of optical positioning ultrasound simulator as an autonomous tool for assessment of ultrasound operator competence in obstetrics11
EP24.12: Sensitivity and specificity of second trimester anatomy ultrasound in the detection of abnormal fetal echocardiogram when performed by perinatologists11
EP04.09: Influence of clinical and anamnestic factors on the severity of the course and early delivery in pregnant women with COVID‐1911
OP17.04: Validation of the revised MUSA criteria for sonographic detection of adenomyosis11
OP16.08: Perinatal outcomes of monochorionic diamniotic twin pregnancies complicated by selective fetal growth restriction in a selected tertiary fetal care centre11
EP01.37: Characterisation of ultrasound and postnatal pathology in fetuses with heterotaxy syndrome11
OP11.08: Discordant embryonic morphologic development in twin pregnancies: a case series11
OC12.02: Clinical and ultrasound characteristics of granulosa cell and Sertoli Leydig cell tumour recurrences11
OC18.05: Three‐dimensional transperineal ultrasound assessment of the anal sphincter immediately after vaginal birth: an exploratory study11
EP13.03: Association between vascular obstetrical events and bilateral medullary ovarian calcifications: a rare finding11
EP17.15: Evaluation of clinical and biophysical markers as a screening test for late‐onset pre‐eclampsia between 35 and 38 weeks of gestation11
OP08.04: Mechanical properties of cyanoacrylate‐based bioadhesives and Nitinol meshes to develop a sealing system to prevent iPPROM11
EP02.15: The use of 3D models and expanded reality for surgical planning of craniopagus11
OC07.02: Generalisation and deployment of an artificial intelligence system for gestational age estimation from blind sweep ultrasound to new clinical settings10
EP17.43: Mean uterine artery pulsatility index >95th percentile in a cohort of Colombian women10
OC11.02: Quantitative ultrasound measurement of uterine contractility in septate uterus versus normal uteri: a multicentre prospective study10
EP02.02: Placental involvement in gestational diabetes pathophysiology may link to maternal circulating antioxidant capacity and microRNA expression10
EP21.27: Reducing intrusive memories after early pregnancy loss using a brief cognitive task involving Tetris computer gameplay: a randomised controlled trial10
EP01.35: A national audit on the quality of ultrasound practices relating to the fetal heart assessment in a screening perspective in France10
Erratum10
Biocellulose patch technique for fetoscopic repair of open spina bifida in twin pregnancy10
OP14.07: Identifying weak points of pelvic floor by sonoelastography in case of stress incontinence10
EP16.51: Prenatal diagnosis accuracy for placenta accreta spectrum using magnetic resonance imaging: a systematic review and meta‐analysis10
EP16.54: Antenatal ultrasound and MR evaluation of placenta accreta spectrum disorders: clinical correlation done!10
EP16.30: Subamniotic hematoma causes fetal anemia10
OP04.03: Placental vascular malperfusion in fetuses with congenital heart diseases: distinction based on pathophysiology10
EP09.41: Prenatal diagnosis and postnatal management of double aortic arch10
Ophthalmic artery Doppler in women with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: relationship to blood pressure control and renal dysfunction at 6–9 weeks postnatally10
Lower uterine segment thickness assessed by transvaginal ultrasound before labor induction: reproducibility analysis and relationship with delivery outcome10
Updating M6 pregnancy of unknown location risk‐prediction model including evaluation of clinical factors10
OC15.06: Treatment of Caesarean scar pregnancy by ultrasound‐guided injection of methotrexate10
EP21.25: Pregnancy implanted on Caesarean scar: diagnosis and management10
EP10.07: Feasibility of fetoscopic laser photocoagulation for Twin–twin transfusion syndrome with fairly close cord insertion sites of the twins10
OC19.01: Congenital cytomegalovirus infection following maternal infection in early pregnancy: prenatal prediction and postnatal outcome10
EP05.54: Intraventricular hemorrhage grade III10
10
Severe fetal brain damage subsequent to acute maternal hypoxemic deterioration in COVID‐1910
Indications for fetal echocardiography: Italian Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology (SIEOG) guidelines using GRADE methodology10
VP33.10: Postmortem fetal lung volumes using magnetic resonance imaging: a pilot study9
VP22.10: Prenatal diagnosis and perinatal outcomes in aortic arch developmental abnormalities9
VP04.18: Association between the ovarian adnexal reporting and data system in adnexal masses and the type of specialist in gynecology9
VP26.08: Vein of Galen aneurysmal malformation9
OC04.09: Severe fetal growth restriction and normal Doppler: postnatal‐exome sequencing and neurodevelopment assessment9
VP05.18: Intraoperative transvaginal sonography for endometriosis surgery9
VP18.10: What is the benefit of using an ultrasound checklist during a second trimester screening exam?9
VP23.12: Oxidative stress biomarkers in amniotic fluid decrease throughout the pregnancy9
VP02.03: Combined strategy for the treatment of uterine ectopic pregnancy: a case series9
VP11.03: Fetal abdominal cysts: prenatal diagnosis, antenatal course and postnatal outcomes and management9
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