Journal of Iron and Steel Research International

Article	Citations
Effect of trace Nb on corrosion resistance of corrosion layer of high-strength anti-seismic rebar by first-principles and experimental methods	64
Influence of calcination temperature on steel slag activity for preparing a gel material	47
Microwave pre-oxidation followed by biomass reduction for efficient separation of titanium and iron from vanadium–titanium magnetite	47
Solidification modes and delta-ferrite of two types of 316L stainless steels: a combination of as-cast microstructure and HT-CLSM research	46
A comparison study on interfacial properties of fluorine-bearing and fluorine-free mold flux for casting advanced high-strength steels	45
Reoxidation of liquid steel and evolution of inclusions during protective atmosphere electroslag remelting of Ce-containing heat-resistant stainless steel	44
Effect of MgO–Cr2O3 and MgO–MgAl2O4-based refractories on refractory–steel interface reaction and cleanliness of pipeline steel	41
Effective utilization of dolomitic lead–zinc waste rock by replacing dolomite as flux in iron ore sintering process	39
Effect of distance between heat sources on droplet transfer behavior and weld formation of AH36 during laser and CWW GMAW arc hybrid welding	38
Ferrite features in simulated transition zone of EH36 shipbuilding steel submerged arc welded by CaF2–SiO2–MnO fluxes	35
Molecular dynamics study of hydrogen-induced cracking behavior of ferrite–pearlite gas transmission pipeline steel	33
Flow stress and constitutive relations of ship plate steel continuous casting slab with solidification end reduction process	28
Influence of powder oxidation on powder properties and formability in H13 hot-work steels processed by electron beam melting	27
Viscoplastic constitutive model of a nickel-based superalloy under multiaxial loading conditions	25
Interfacial behaviors between ZG13Cr9Mo1VNbN stainless steel and chromite sand	25
Special issue on continuous casting	24
Preface	24
Design of a submerged entry nozzle for optimizing continuous casting of stainless steel slab	24
Sintering kinetics involving grain growth and densification of Mg-PSZ nanopowders	23
Effect of friction on corrosion behaviors of AISI 304 and Cr26Mo1 stainless steels in different solutions	22
Hot deformation behavior and microstructure features of FeCrAl–ODS alloy	22
Prediction of blast furnace gas generation based on data quality improvement strategy	21
Influence of alternating magnetic field on corrosion and microstructure of 2205 duplex stainless steel welded joints	21
Enrichment and reconfiguration of titanium-bearing phase in vortex smelting reduction process of vanadium–titanium magnetite	21
Electrochemical behavior of FeCoNiAl0.75Cr1.25 high-entropy alloy in Na2SO4 solution with acidic pH	21

Prediction of liquid circulation flow rate in RH degasser: improvement of decarburization at low atmospheric pressure	21
Process optimization and application of multi-source industrial solid waste synergistic utilization to prepare functional ceramsite	20
Thermal deformation behavior and microstructure evolution of modified IN617 alloy with different initial states	20
Coupling effect of strain rate and temperature on deformation mechanism of reduced activation ferritic/martensitic steel	19
Influence of diversion cone structure on inner characteristic in hydrogen-enriched shaft furnace: a DEM study	19
Refining mechanism of tin–bismuth alloy solidified structure upon applying direct current attached mold	18
Fatigue failure analysis and heat treatment strategy optimization of torsion bar spring for automobile suspension system used in light vehicles	18
Process mechanism research on direct vortex melting reduction of vanadium–titanium magnetite	18
Significant influence of self-possessed moisture of limonitic nickel laterite on sintering performance and its action mechanism	17
Optimization of iron ore blending based on replacing Australian low alumina limonite	17
Machine learning study on time–temperature–transformation diagram of carbon and low-alloy steel	17
Numerical simulation on recrystallization behavior and microstructure evolution during hot continuous rolling process of 38CrMoAl steel rod	17
Mechanisms of interfacial reactions between 316L stainless steel and MnO–SiO2 oxide during isothermal heating	17
Dynamic modeling and analysis on rigid-flexible coupling between vertical chatter and transverse bending vibration in process of cold rolling	17
Mechanical properties and microstructure evolution of 1800 MPa grade low alloy ultrahigh strength steel during quenching and tempering process	16
Stabilization technology and corrosion mechanism of rust layer on Q370 weathering steel surface	16
Development of new ductile iron with super-high thermal conductivity and elongation	16
Wettability and corrosion behavior between alkaline slag from sodium smelting of vanadium–titanium magnetite and refractory substrates	16
Formation mechanism of lamellar structure of inner rust layer in weathering steel and its influence on Cl− erosion resistance	16
Microstructure and mechanical properties of a Cr–Ni–W–Mo steel processed by thermo-mechanical controlled processing	16
Fabrication of Ni–Zn spinel ferrite with superior magnetic performance from electric arc furnace dust and iron scale	15
Experimental investigation on characteristics of hook in continuously cast slab of low carbon steel	15
Effects of C content and tempering temperature on impact-abrasive wear resistance of high-C martensitic steel	15
Contact-reactive brazing mechanism of Al0.3CoCrFeNi high-entropy alloys using a niobium interlayer	15
Construction of a prediction model for properties of wear-resistant steel using industrial data based on machine learning approach	15
Effect of initial microstructure on microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of 0.12C martensitic steels during quenching and tempering	15
A novel approach to enhance decrepitation temperature and reducibility of ultrafine iron ore concentrate pellets	15
Emission characteristics and control technology of heavy metals during collaborative treatment of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash in iron ore sintering process	15
State of the art of lightweight aggregates used in lightweight refractories for working lining of high-temperature furnaces	15
Influence of silica fume on drying shrinkage of alkali-activated carbon steel slag	14
Effect of temperature compensation on properties and interfacial structure evolution of Al/CFRTP ultrasonic welded joints	14
Modeling and optimization of aluminum–steel refill friction stir spot welding based on backpropagation neural network	14
Refilled friction stir spot welding of dissimilar Q235 low-carbon steel/5052 aluminum with equal thickness	14
Prediction model of mechanical properties of hot-rolled strip based on improved feature selection method	14
Effect of Si on evolution of microstructure and wear resistance of Al0.5CrFeNi2.5 high-entropy alloy fabricated via laser melting deposition	14
Enhanced steelmaking cost optimization and real-time alloying element yield prediction: a ferroalloy model based on machine learning and linear programming	14
Effect of h-BN rods on high-temperature properties of alumina–carbon refractory	14
Effect of annealing on microstructure and synergistic deformation of 304/TC4 composite plates with corrugated interface	13
Effect of axial static magnetic field on cleanliness and microstructure in magnetically controlled electroslag remelted bearing steel	13
Influence of basicity on metallurgical performances of fired super high-grade magnetite pellets in hydrogen-rich gases	13
A systematic study of carbon-free oxide-based lining for preventing submerged entry nozzle clogging in continuous casting of rare earth steel	13
Oxidation damage and interfacial failure of dissimilar metal welds containing ferritic heat resistant steels	13
An efficient method for iron ore sintering with high-bed layer: double-layer sintering	13
Mechanism of high temperature reduction on iron carbide preparation with low-grade siderite	13
Gradient age-precipitation behavior induced by gradient nano-grain in Mg–Gd–Ag–Zr alloy	13
Effect of magnetic field on elements segregation in electroslag ingot	13
Effect of slag composition on elements oxidation behavior of GH984G superalloy for electroslag remelting withdrawal process	13
Prediction of compressive strength based on visualization of pellet microstructure data	13
Effect of quaternary basicity on softening–melting behavior of primary slag based on magnesium flux pellet	12
Correction to: Norton-Hoff model for deformation of growing solid shell of thin slab casting in funnel-shape mold	12

Kinetic modeling on hot metal desulfurization with mechanical stirring	12
AlN precipitation during steel solidification using CA model	12
Effects of current path on structure and segregation during electroslag remelting process of Inconel 718 alloy with same power input	12
Hydrogen trapping and electrochemical corrosion behavior of V–N microalloyed X80 pipeline steels consisting of acicular ferrite and polygonal ferrite	12
Correlation between indoor and outdoor corrosion tests for coal train body steel in a coal medium environment	12
Modeling effect of cooling conditions on solidification process during thermal cycle of rollers in twin-roll strip casting	12
Wetting and corrosion behavior between magnesia–carbon refractory and converter slags with different MgO contents	12
Phase equilibria in Ti-rich portion and thermodynamic re-optimization of Co–Ti system	12
Leaching process of phosphorus and iron from steelmaking slag into malic acid solution	12
Dynamic and quasi-static compressive performance of integral-forming aluminum foam sandwich	12
Improving cleanliness of 30Cr2Ni4MoV low-pressure rotor steel by CaO–SiO2–MgO–Al2O3 slag refining	12
Inhibition roles of molybdate and borate on Q235 steel corrosion in resistance reducing agent	11
Eutectic precipitates and microstructure of electroslag remelted 15Cr–22Ni austenitic heat-resistant steel with varying Nb contents	11
Effect of channel diameter on magneto-thermal conversion ratio and consistency of each strand in a multi-strand induction heating tundish	11
Norton-Hoff model for deformation of growing solid shell of thin slab casting in funnel-shape mold	11
In-situ observation and analysis of solidified structure evolution of S50C steel in soaking furnace	11
Wettability between titanium-containing steels and TiN ceramic substrate	11
Characterization and numerical simulation of nucleation–growth–coarsening kinetics of precipitates in G115 martensitic heat resistance steel during long-term aging	11
Simulation of bubble breaking process in a jet mixing reactor for desulfurization of molten iron	11
Synthesis of vanadium powder by magnesiothermic reduction of V2O3 in a reactive molten salt	11
Effect of CaO/Al2O3 on structure, viscosity, and surface tension of electroslag remelting-type CeO2-bearing slag	11
A review of research on central crack in continuous casting strand	11
Extended-state-observer-based robust torsional vibration suppression for rolling mill main drive system with input saturation	10
Pitting corrosion initiated by SiO2–MnO–Cr2O3–Al2O3-based inclusions in a 304 stainless steel	10
Effect of slag composition and current density on ingot cleanliness during low-frequency/DC electroslag process	10
Interface optimization of graphene paper–Cu composite prepared by electrodeposition	10
Effect of short-time low-temperature austenitizing on microstructure and mechanical properties of DT300 ultra-high strength steel fabricated by laser powder bed fusion	10
Thermal-force control ability under variation of electromagnetic stick structure parameters in RPECT	10
Preparation of yttrium oxide coating with enhanced thermal shock resistance on refractories used for titanium alloy melting and casting	10
Difference in microstructural characteristics of stamp-charged coke and gravity-charged coke with approximate macroscopic performance	10
Root cause of corrosion failure of tin coating on wire clamp in marine atmosphere	10
O2 adsorption on Fe3O4 (110) surface and effect of gangue element Al doping: combined study of binding experiment and ab initio molecular dynamics	10
Improving flangeability of multiphase steel by increasing microstructural homogeneity	10
Super-high bed sintering for iron ores: behaviors, causes and solutions of horizontal segregation on strand	10
Static recrystallization behaviors and mechanisms of 7Mo super-austenitic stainless steel with undissolved sigma precipitates during double-stage hot deformation	10
Evolution of MnO–SiO2–Al2O3–MgO inclusions during heat treatment at 1100 °C	10
Effect of nano-graphite on mechanical properties and oxidation resistance of ZrB2–SiC–graphite electrode ceramics	10
Mechanism of primary Si and Fe-segregation for a hypereutectic 90 wt.% Si–Ti alloy melt in directional solidification via electromagnetism	9
Hydrogen storage thermodynamics and kinetics of as-cast Ce–Mg–Ni-based alloy	9
Microstructure evolution and its influence on thermoplasticity of wide and thick continuous casting slab with heavy reduction	9
A thermodynamic model for predicting activity of CaO–SiO2–Al2O3–MgO–TiO2–V2O3–FeO slags during electric furnace smelting process	9
Aggregation of CeAlO3 inclusions in heavy ingot of a steel containing 0.007% aluminum	9
Theoretical and numerical research on effect of tension mechanisms in strip flatness electromagnetic control rolling mills	9
Probing microstructural evolution in weld metals subjected to varied CaF2–TiO2 flux cored wires under high heat input electro-gas welding	9
Effects of Mg–Ca treatment and Ca treatment on impact toughness and morphology of sulfides in 45MnVS non-quenched and tempered steel	9
Reaction mechanism between Al2O3–MgO refractory materials and rare earth high-carbon heavy rail steel	9
Changes in microstructure and properties of weld heat-affected zone of high-strength low-alloy steel	9
Numerical simulation of nozzle structure to improve eccentric mold electromagnetic stirring in a round bloom mold	9
Crevice corrosion of reinforcing steel in carbonated simulated concrete pore solutions contaminated by chloride	9
Microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti/Al/Ti clad plates prepared via powder-in-tube method	9
Effects of MgO/Al2O3 and CaO/SiO2 ratios on viscosity of high titanium-bearing blast furnace slag	9
An analytical model of hot rolling force for a thick plate by combining globally optimal approximation yield criterion and egg-circular velocity field	9
Propagation form of internal cracks induced by continuous casting soft reduction and control strategy for internal quality	9
Application of deep learning in iron ore sintering process: a review	9
An optimization of harmonic structure nickel-saving cryogenic steel via combinatorial high-throughput experiment	9
Viscosity and structure of CaO–BaO–SiO2–Al2O3-based mold slags for continuous casting of high titanium steel with different TiO2 absorption	9
Machine learning-based performance predictions for steels considering manufacturing process parameters: a review	8
Strengthening Zn–Ag alloys with Mg addition	8
Microstructure, mechanical property, reciprocating sliding wear and electrochemical corrosion of AlCoCrFeNi high entropy alloy coatings with Si addition prepared by HVOF spraying	8
Hot deformation characteristics and microstructure evolution of industrial grade AISI M35 high-speed steel produced by ESR	8
Preparation of low-oxygen La/Ce mischmetal by molten salt electrolysis	8
Investigation of reheat cracking susceptibility in CGHAZ of modified T23 steel	8
Corrosion mechanism of Zn–Al–Mg-coated steel in simulated polluted marine atmosphere	8
Disposal of zinc extraction residues via iron ore sintering process: an innovative resource utilization	8
Effect of annealing on properties of Al/steel composite plates prepared by surface oxidation treatment before cold roll bonding	8
Optimization of reheating furnace rolling delay strategies based on a minimum energy consumption principle	8
Enhanced hardenability prediction in 20CrMo special steel via XGBoost model	8
Effect of Zr on microstructure and mechanical properties of 304 stainless steel joints brazed by Ag–Cu–Sn–In filler metal	8
High-temperature modification and air-quenching granulation of steel slag	8
Fatigue properties of microalloyed steels: a review	8
Mechanical properties and durability of alkali-activated steel slag–blastfurnace slag cement	8
Effect of ferrotitanium slag on microstructure and properties of Al2O3–SiC–C castables for iron runner	8
A high-efficiency separation process of Fe and Zn from zinc-bearing dust by direct reduction	8
Phosphorus-caused embrittlement of SA508Gr.4N reactor pressure vessel steel and its suppression by rare-earth cerium	8
Effect of hollow insulation riser on shrinkage porosity and solidification structure of ingot	8
Impact toughness dependence upon post-weld cooling temperature in P91 steel weldments	8
Special issue on application of AI in steelmaking and ferrous materials	8
Explainable machine learning for predicting mechanical properties of hot-rolled steel pipe	8
Improved mechanical and corrosion properties of plasma torch melt surface nitrogen assisted M2 steels	8
Phase precipitation and corrosion properties of copper-bearing ferritic stainless steels by annealing process	8

Crack sensitivity of high-manganese cryogenic steels in initial solidification during continuous casting	7
Process and property optimization of ceramsite preparation by Bayan Obo tailings and blast furnace slag	7
In-situ observation on dissolution of CaO–SiO2–Al2O3 complex inclusions in refining slag	7
Characterization and mechanism of dissolution behavior of Al2O3/MgO oxides in molten slags	7
Hole inhibition mechanisms of Mg/steel lap joint by pinless friction stir spot welding	7
Mechanism analysis of pitting induced by Al2O3 inclusions: insight from simulation calculation	7
Morphologies of secondary austenite in 2507 duplex stainless steel after heat treatment	7
Special issue on progress of real-time confocal microscopy study on steelmaking and phase transformation in metallic materials	7
Self-healing capability of epoxy coating using dual-component microcapsules under immersion	7
Effects of rare earth elements on inclusions, microstructure and impact toughness of spring steel	7
Numerical simulation of fluid flow and free surface fluctuations during wheel and belt casting process	7
Pulsed electric current treatment: from regulating non-metallic inclusions to inhibiting submerged entry nozzle clogging	7
Improving properties of fluxed iron ore pellets with high-silica by regulating liquid phase	7
Microstructural evolution during tempering process and mechanical properties of Cr–Ni–Mo–V/Nb high strength steel	7
Effect of Mo on acicular ferrite transformation and interphase precipitation of Nb–V–N microalloyed steel during a continuous cooling process	7
Investigation of stress corrosion cracking behavior and mechanism analysis of a 1900 MPa-grade ultra-high-strength stainless steel	7
State-of-art of in situ observations of inclusion agglomeration at steel/Ar and steel/slag interfaces: a review of recent development on experimental and theoretical studies	7
Correlation between grain size, mechanical properties and deformed microstructure of Fe–20Mn–6Al–0.6C–0.15Si low-density steel	7
800 MPa Fe–Mn alloy with expected damping capacity by coupling grain refinement and ε-martensite introduction	7
Distinct element method simulation of mechanical properties of material layer of pellet belt roasting machine	7
Microstructural evolution and bonding characteristics of Ag/Cu interface in Ag/Cu bimetallic strips fabricated via diffusion welding	7
Analysis of coupling mechanism between roll system crossing and liner wear of hot strip mill	7
Roll system abnormal state diagnosis method for high-strength thin strip flatness control process of precision cold rolling mill	7
Comparisons of {100} texture improvement and formability in hot-rolled non-oriented electrical steel by austenite–ferrite phase transformation and shear deformation	7
An online BOF terminal temperature control model based on big data learning	7
Inclusion characteristics and acicular ferrite formation in 1.8%Ni low carbon Al-killed steel with MgO nanoparticles addition	7
Insight on corrosion behavior of a Cu–P–Cr–Ni steel with different Ni contents by electrochemical and periodic immersion corrosion experiments	7
High-temperature confocal laser scanning microscopy analysis of phase transformation of steels: a review	7
Thickness monitoring and discontinuous degradation mechanism of wear lining refractories for refining ladle	6
Roll profile electromagnetic control characteristics under roll heterogeneity	6
Achieving efficient utilization of limonitic nickel laterite and CO2 emission reduction through multi-force field sintering process	6
Progress in research on diffusional phase transformations of Fe–C alloys under high magnetic fields	6
Analysis of longitude profiled rolling process of Cu/Al cladded sheet and evaluation of outlet warpage	6
A CA-LBM model for simulating dendrite growth with forced convection	6
Effect of inclusion and microstructure transformation on corrosion resistance of 316L stainless steel after isothermal heat treatment	6
A novel low-cost selective laser-melted 718HH plastic mold steel with an excellent combination of strength and toughness	6
Adhesive behaviour of ultrafine particulate matters from iron ore sintering flue gas on grate bar and control technique	6
Enhancing corrosion resistance of epoxy resin coatings through dual modification of graphene oxide with maleic anhydride and paraphenylenediamine	6
Experimental study and cellular automata simulation of corrosion behavior of ferritic stainless steel in molten aluminum	6
Numerical simulation of flow characteristics of side-bottom combined blowing in iron bath reactor	6
Developing laterite nickel ore leaching residue as sustainable blast furnace charge	6
Effect of CaCO3 on volatilization of self-reduced zinc from blast furnace dust	6
Microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of PESR 55Cr17Mo1VN plastic die steel during quenching and tempering treatment	6
Effect of slab width on choice of appropriate casting speed in steel production	6
High-temperature wear resistance, oxidation resistance and melting loss resistance of plasma cladded Co06–Ni60A composite coating for coppery blast furnace tuyere	6
CO2 conversion and decarburization kinetics of CO2 gas and liquid Fe–C alloy at 1873 K	6
Research status of crack problem in laser brazing diamond	6
A new insight into iron ore oxidized pellets prepared by steel belt roasting process	6
Comparison on wear resistance of nanostructured bainitic bearing steel with and without residual cementite	6
Effect of annealing and cooling rate on toughness of G115 heat-resistant steels	6
Effect of Cr and isothermal holding temperature on microstructure and properties of complex phase steel with high formability (CH steel)	6
An innovative process of clad teeming for preparing slab ingot	6
Roles of nanoscale precipitates and metastable austenite in determining strength and toughness of high-strength Nb-bearing steel	6
Numerical analysis of role of melting rate on electroslag remelting continuous directional solidification of a die steel	6
Elastodynamic analysis of synergistic oscillation system driven by double servomotors for continuous casting mold	6
Properties of ten-year-aged argon oxygen decarburization stainless steel slag	6
Tensile deformation behavior of nickel-free high-manganese austenitic cryogenic-temperature steel	6
Effect of reaction time on interaction between steel with and without La and MgO–C refractory	6
Enhanced corrosion resistance and electrical conductivity of stainless steel bipolar plates by molybdenum ion implantation	6
Effect of rolling schedules on ridging resistance of ultra-thin ferritic stainless steel foil	6
Effect of strain-induced precipitation on microstructure and properties of titanium micro-alloyed steels	6
Agglomeration behavior of alumina inclusions and calcium aluminate inclusions on molten nickel-based superalloy surface	5
Large eddy simulation of transient transport and entrapment of particle during slab continuous casting	5
Application of XGBoost and kernel principal component analysis to forecast oxygen content in ESR	5
Preparation of Si3N4–TiN–SiC composite by partial substitution of Ti–Si–Fe alloy for Si under N2 atmosphere	5
Erosion–corrosion resistance of Mo–Ti- and Ni–Cr–Mo-alloyed medium-carbon martensitic steels: a critical analysis of synergistic effect of erosion and corrosion	5
Estimation of probable maximum aspect ratio of MnS inclusions in non-quenched and tempered steel after isothermal compression	5
Development of CO2 capture and utilization technology in steelmaking plant	5
Mechanism of ferrite nucleation induced by Y2O2S inclusion in low carbon steel	5
Effect of tempering temperature on microstructure and mechanical properties of flange forgings for high-pressure hydrogen storage vessels	5
pH-dependent corrosion initiation behavior induced by inclusions of low alloy steel in simulated marine environments	5
Dynamic recrystallization mechanism of as-cast nickel base superalloy N10276 during primary hot working	5
Effect of stress-relief annealing on thermal fatigue cracks for die-casting die steels	5
Effect of silica on crystallization process of calcium ferrite: thermodynamic and kinetic analysis	5
Mathematical modeling of flow field in slab continuous casting mold considering mold powder and solidified shell with high temperature quantitative measurement	5
Effect of atmospheric pressure on physical parameters of steels and solidification conditions during PESR process: a review	5
Steel–refractory reactions in lanthanum-, cerium-, and yttrium-added steels	5
Investigation on bonding interfaces of an SA508 steel billet manufactured by additive forging	5
Permanent lining castable with low bulk density and thermal conductivity: bauxite castable for tundish obtained by adding pearlescent sand	5
Quantitative characterization of reaction behavior between La-bearing FeCrAl melt and CaO–Al2O3–La2O3-based slags and its guidance for design of mold flux	5
Non-metallic inclusions in electroslag remelting: a review	5
Strip width spread prediction in rough rolling process based on mechanism modeling and optimization	5
Interaction between microporous magnesia castable and 38CrMoAl steel	5
Effects of final rolling temperature and coiling temperature on precipitates and microstructure of high-strength low-alloy pipeline steel	5
Effect of micro-Al2O3 powders on oxidation and corrosion behaviors of low-carbon MgO–C refractories	5
Influence of oxygen-rich hot air composite gas medium on sintering performance and function mechanism	5
Optimal proportioning of iron ore in sintering process based on improved multi-objective beluga whale optimisation algorithm	5
Transformation of nanoscale inclusions in 316L stainless steel processed by laser beam powder bed fusion during isothermal heating	5
Effect of Mg-treatment on transformation of oxide inclusions in X80 pipeline steel	5
Impact wear properties of dissimilar joints between bainitic frogs and pearlite rails	5
Formation and evolution of primary carbides in high-carbon martensitic stainless steel	5
Soft reduction control investigation of spot segregation in continuous casting bloom for 42CrMoA crankshaft steel	5
Formation mechanism of interface reaction layer between microporous magnesia refractories and molten steel and its effect on steel cleanliness	5
Hot deformation behavior and microstructure evolution of an Fe–30Cr–2Mo ultra-pure super ferritic stainless steel	5
Microstructure evolution in large billet during reduction pretreatment based on laboratory experiments	5