Journal of Pharmacological and Toxicological Methods

Papers
(The median citation count of Journal of Pharmacological and Toxicological Methods is 0. The table below lists those papers that are above that threshold based on CrossRef citation counts [max. 250 papers]. The publications cover those that have been published in the past four years, i.e., from 2021-06-01 to 2025-06-01.)
ArticleCitations
Preclinical comprehensive in vitro proarrhythmic assays demonstrate that omecamtiv mecarbil has low proarrhythmic risk27
Visualizing QT prolongation in the anesthetized guinea pig27
Editorial Board25
Overview of the bioanalytical methods used for the determination of benzodiazepines in biological samples and their suitability for emergency toxicological analysis23
Chronic bladder catheterization for precise urine collection in awake mice19
A personal reflection on 23 years of the Journal of pharmacological and toxicological methods18
The underlying molecular mechanisms of drug-induced seizures16
Comparison of cell viability methods for human mesenchymal/stromal stem cells and human A549 lung carcinoma cells after freeze-thaw stress14
Drug-target interaction prediction using reliable negative samples and effective feature selection methods13
l-citrulline: A preclinical safety biomarker for the small intestine in rats and dogs in repeat dose toxicity studies13
A stable cell line inducibly expressing hERG1a/1b heteromeric channels11
The impact of collaborative science on cardiovascular safety evaluation – A 10-year update of the HESI cardiac safety committee10
Assessment of abuse liability and respiratory effects of mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine in rats10
Organelle profiling of compound-induced effects in human iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes in combination with electrophysiology assays for in vitro prediction of cardiac safety10
Contractility assessment using aligned human iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes10
Predicting human cardiac QT alterations and pro-arrhythmic effects of compounds with a 3D beating heart-on-chip platform10
Novel in vivo and ex vivo hybrid in vivo imaging system (IVIS) imaging offers a convenient and precise way to measure the glomerular filtration rate in conscious mice8
Less invasive, simultaneous, and continuous measurements of locomotor activity and body temperature using the nano tag® small accelerometer device in cynomolgus monkeys8
Automated cardiac tissue assay system with perfusion for monitoring contractility8
The visual field-testing maze and vision maze: Feasible techniques to evaluate visual field loss in animals8
Development of simultaneous determination of dopamine 2, histamine 1, and muscarinic acetylcholine receptor occupancies by antipsychotics using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry8
Development of electrophysiological toxicity assay system with iPSC-derived GABAergic neurons generated by a rapid differentiation method7
In silico modelling of stroke volume, cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance in cardiovascular safety pharmacology studies by telemetry7
One step derivatization and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction of hydroxychloroquine sulfate for its sensitive and accurate determination using GC–MS7
Ciprofloxacin does not accelerate aortic stiffness or aortic dilation in healthy, hypertensive and diseased mouse models7
Optimization of an method for assessing pulmonary permeability of inhaled drugs using alveolar epithelial cells7
hiPSC-derived neurons and multi-electrode array (MEA): Powerful tools within safety pharmacology for identifying the CNS modifying effects of compounds targeting ligand- and voltage-gated ion channels7
Diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) volatizes and cross-contaminates wells in a common 96-well plate format used in zebrafish larvae toxicology studies6
Simulated traumatic brain injury in in-vitro mouse neuronal and brain endothelial cell culture models6
An investigation into the relationship between acetazolamide systemic exposure, blood gas changes and ventilatory parameters in the sprague Dawley® rat6
Comparison between collagen and fibrin matrices in 3D cardiac tissue engineering6
Development and validation of an LC-MSMS method for the quantitation of pacritinib; application of kinetics in rabbits6
In-situ polyherbal gel as biomedicine in the management of Alzheimer's disease: Understanding ameliorative potential in Trimethyltin induced neurodegeneration6
Effect of telemetry study design on minimum detectable difference values for QTc interval6
In vitro neurotoxicity testing using functional human iPSC-derived neurons6
Predicting clinical outcomes from off-target receptor interactions using Secondary Intelligence™6
Development and validation of a sensitive LC-MS/MS assay for determination of upadacitinib in human plasma and its application in patients with inflammatory bowel disease6
Model versus scientist: Cardiac toxicity predictions—safety pharmacologists correlate with the CiPA model6
Monitoring cardiomyocyte function with hybrid EFP-impedance technology for drug safety evaluation6
Meeting abstracts, Eighteenth Annual Themed Issue on Methods in Safety Pharmacology5
Detecting immunotoxicity in vitro—clinically relevant studies in the COVID-19 era5
Quantitative protein profiling of phenobarbital-induced drug metabolizing enzymes in rat liver by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry using formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples5
Editorial Board5
Assessment of cardiac reserve and chronotropic effects using dobutamine stress echocardiography in healthy male rats5
In-house fabrication of bipolar electrode-cannula assembly for electrical stimulation and drug delivery at the same site in rat brain5
Lung physiology and controlled exposure study design5
Variations in neuron: Glia ratio may alter sensitivity to detect seizurogenic potential of drugs5
Optimized J to T peak and T peak to T end measurements in nonclinical species administered moxifloxacin and amiodarone5
Non-invasive monitoring of cardiac output: Validation in anesthetized laboratory rats by pharmacological beta-adrenergic pathway modulation4
Taking a deep breath: Evidence-based approaches to respiratory safety assessment4
Preclinical cardiotoxicity assessment: Can stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes contribute to the 3Rs?4
An in silico approach during safety pharmacology studies4
Evaluation of the head twitch response in male C57BL/6J mice as a measure of 5-HT receptor activation4
Gene therapy: A different challenge for toxicologists?4
Reference intervals and method sensitivity for electrocardiology, hemodynamics, and body temperature parameters in healthy cynomolgus monkeys4
Editorial Board4
Establishment of high-throughput toxicity assay system with iPSC-derived GABAergic neurons generated by a rapid differentiation method4
Protein malnutrition in BALB/C mice: A model mimicking clinical scenario of marasmic-kwashiorkor malnutrition4
Performance and feasibility of three different approaches for computer based semi-automated analysis of ventricular arrhythmias in telemetric long-term ECG in cynomolgus monkeys4
Minimal requirements for stem-cells derived cardiomyocytes and MEA usage in view of field potential analysis by reverse modeling - A theoretical study on the impact of 3 variability factors4
Ultra-fast UPLC–MS/MS approach for estimating X-376 in human liver microsomes: Evaluation of metabolic stability via in silico software and in vitro analysis4
Serum starvation magnifies the delayed suppression of IK by probucol4
Recording of transcellular voltage deflections from cardiomyocytes on MEA devices using laser poration4
Mouse models for actinic keratoses3
QT Ratio: A simple solution to individual QT correction3
Computational modelling for improved translation of cardiac inotropic and lusitropic drug effects from rats to humans3
Validation of an LC–MS/MS method for quantitation of fostemsavir in plasma3
Editorial Board3
Species comparison of compounds with known blood pressure effects in a vascular smooth muscle cell collagen contraction assay3
Voltage imaging of single contracting human iPSC-CMs using ratiometric voltage-sensitive dyes3
Evoked responses to electrical stimulation in acute brain slice using a high-density and large-scale CMOS-MEA system3
Using automated patch clamp for high throughput pharmacological characterization of cardiac action potentials3
Reliable identification of cardiac conduction abnormalities in drug discovery using automated patch clamp II: Best practices for Nav1.5 peak current in a high throughput screening environment3
Best practice considerations for nonclinical in vivo cardiovascular telemetry studies in non-rodent species: Delivering high quality QTc data to support ICH E14/S7B Q&As3
Safety pharmacology 2023 and implementation of the ICH E14/S7B Q&A guidance document3
Evaluation of the translation of multiple cardiovascular regulatory mechanisms in the anesthetized dog3
Cardiotoxicity with immune checkpoint inhibitors3
A calcium fluorescence assay for quantification of cholinergic receptor activity of clinical drugs in serum - comparison with radioactive methods3
Improving on-tissue detection of doxorubicin by using matrix assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry imaging3
Use of automated patch clamp in cardiac safety assessment: past, present and future perspectives3
Effects of species of origin and mode of induction of microsomes on carbamazepine-induced cell toxicity3
Establishment of functional observational battery test in large animals (dogs and non-human primates)3
Comparison of validity of standard nonclinical group size selection versus standard clinical group sizes for nonhuman primate QTc prolongation evaluation3
Cardiac 3D electromechanical tissue simulations for cardiac safety analysis3
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) protein quantification using capillary western blot technology and total protein normalization2
Discovery and development of digital biomarkers to inform home-cage neuro-behavioral assessments in the rodent2
A translational study between human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (Hipsc-Cm) and an in vivo model to predict proarrhythmogenic properties2
Thirty years of telemetry-based data acquisition for cardiovascular drug safety evaluation: Applications and optimization2
Editorial Board2
A general and rapid LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of voriconazole, posaconazole, fluconazole, itraconazole and hydroxyitraconazole in IFI patients2
Virtual clinical QT exposure-response studies – A translational computational approach2
Development of a novel milli-fluidic liver tissue chip for mechanistic drug-induced liver injury (DILI) studies2
Multi-site validation of in vivo QT ICH E14/S7B Q&A guidance in canines and non-human primates2
Combination of quadrupole isotope dilution mass spectrometry with simultaneous derivatization and spray assisted droplet formation-liquid phase microextraction for the determination of methamphetamine2
State-of-the-art in secondary pharmacology and its impact on the safety of new medicines2
Optimization of a method to detect levothyroxine and related compounds in serum and urine by liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry2
Collaborative science in action: A 20 year perspective from the Health and Environmental Sciences Institute (HESI) Cardiac Safety Committee2
Combining a systems immunology approach with in vitro data to evaluate drug-induced changes in the immune response after Influenza A Virus infection – A blueprint for the preclinical assessment of inf2
Long-term monitoring of cardiac action potentials for the assessment of chronic cardiotoxicity2
Evaluation of four in silico biomarkers for drug-induced proarrhythmic risk: COVID-19 off-label therapies case study2
Differentiating multichannel block on the guinea pig ECG: Use of Tpeak-Tend and J-Tpeak2
Lipopolysaccharide-induced abdominal nociception model in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio)2
Stress-free blood sampling in minipigs: A novel method for assessing 24-h cortisol profiles and drug effects on diurnal and ultradian rhythms2
Novel method for determination of colistin sulfate in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and its clinical applications in critically ill patients2
Dog and minipig telemetry assay sensitivity to detect QTc prolongation: Moxifloxacin effects by timepoint and concentration-QTc relationship analysis2
Identification of pharmacological targets involved in drug-induced thermoregulation impairment2
Recommendations on the measurement of electrocardiogram and hemodynamic parameters in restrained non-rodent species in regulatory safety assessment studies1
Preclinical nerve conduction: Nerve battery options for primate studies1
Importance of beating rate control for the analysis of drug effects on contractility in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes1
Snapshot versus continuous analysis of respiratory parameters collected by whole body plethysmography following oral administration of caffeine and baclofen in conscious unrestrained rats1
Test facility management: Responsibilities and paradigms of a new era1
Nonclinical pharmacokinetics of E3112, a recombinant human hepatocyte growth factor, in rats and monkeys by a simple ELISA kit assay1
A tiered approach to population-based in vitro testing for cardiotoxicity: Balancing estimates of potency and variability1
Editorial Board1
Surgical instrumentation of cardiovascular telemetry device has minimal impact on the general toxicology data interpretation in Cynomolgus monkeys1
The use of hypercapnic conditions to assess opioid-induced respiratory depression in rats1
A comparison of multiple left ventricular pressure endpoints as a screening tool in rats1
Molecular imaging of excitability difference between alkaloids/salts (nicotine, nicotinic benzoate, caffeine and arecoline hydrobromide)1
Expanding the number of validated iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes for safety pharmacology studies1
Prediction of GABA receptor antagonist-induced convulsion in cynomolgus monkeys by combining machine learning and heart rate variability analysis1
The role of the central amygdala in threat response in a semi-natural environment1
Establishing an in vitro assay for predicting neurotoxicity risks using functional human iPSC-derived neurons1
The electrophysiological responses to antibacterial drugs in human iPSC-derived neurons demonstrate the classification of antibacterial drug encephalopathy clinically1
Chemometrics-assisted spectrophotometric method for the simultaneous determination of phenylephrine hydrochloride, chlorpheniramine maleate and paracetamol1
A method for assessing and monitoring consistency of nonclinical ECG analysis1
Evaluating the proarrhythmic risk of delayed-action compounds in serum free cell culture conditions; serum-starvation accelerates/amplifies the effect of probucol on the KCNQ1 + KCNE1 channel1
Angiotensin II as a linking factor in cardiovascular disease enhanced cancer growth1
Multiplexed structure-function assay for high throughput drug safety testing on human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes and neurons1
A comparative study of kidney lithogenic agents in Wistar rats by invasive and noninvasive methods1
Using cultured human myocardial tissue slices to test cardiotoxic effects1
Non invasive jacketed telemetry in socially-housed rats for a combined assessment of respiratory system, electrocardiogram and activity using the DECRO system1
Editorial Board1
Editorial Board1
CNS safety assessment in freely moving socially housed rodents1
High-content cell imaging for chemical toxicity screening in the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans1
Comparison of RPMI 2650 cell layers and excised sheep nasal epithelial tissues in terms of nasal drug delivery and immunocytochemistry properties1
Best practice considerations for nonclinical in vivo cardiovascular telemetry studies with alternative study designs in non-rodent species1
Intravenous self-administration in the rat: Advantage of transcutaneous buttons for improving the animal welfare1
Editorial Board1
Editorial Board1
Chicken embryo as animal model to study drug distribution to the developing brain1
Long-term inhibition of PI3K/Akt signaling by amiodarone augments late sodium current in CHO cells and hiPSC-CMs1
hERG block potencies for 5 positive control drugs obtained per ICH E14/S7B Q&As best practices: Impact of recording temperature and drug loss1
Cardiac injury miRNA profile in breast cancer patients treated with left-sided radiotherapy1
Enhancing the functional maturity of hiPSC-derived cardiomyocytes to assess inotropic compounds1
Drug combination assays using Caenorhabditis elegans as a model system1
hERG agonists pose challenges to web-based machine learning methods for prediction of drug-hERG channel interaction1
A new approach for purification of the catalytic site of the angiotensin-conversion enzyme, N-domain, mediated by the ELP-Intein system1
An evaluation of detection sensitivity and pharmacokinetic profile for conscious telemetered cynomolgus monkeys1
Development of a pharmaceutical database to support the nonclinical evaluation of drug-induced cardiac toxicity1
Electrophysiological analysis of seroquel’s activity in sodium ion channels, CiPA ion channels and hiPSC-neuronal cells1
Identification of gene expression change associated with isoflurane anesthesia and neurocognitive disorders using bioinformatics methods1
Electrocardiography and heart rate variability in Göttingen Minipigs: Impact of diurnal variation, lead placement, repeatability and streptozotocin-induced diabetes1
In silico predictions of drug-induced changes on cardiac contractility in human ventricular cardiomyocytes1
In vitro systems for the assessment of chronic cardiotoxic effects: News from the HESI stem cell working group1
Validation of an ICH E14/S7B Q&A best practice compliant hERG assay0
The 2023 Safety Pharmacology Society (SPS) salary survey0
Assessment moxifloxacin-induced QTc prolongation in canine and nonhuman primate using a linear mixed effect modeling approach0
Rodent model in safety pharmacology to evaluate effects of learning and memory properties of a drug0
Characterization of a commercially available line of iPSC hepatocytes as models of hepatocyte function and toxicity for regulatory purposes0
Editorial Board0
Blood microsampling in cynomolgus monkey and evaluation of plasma PK parameters in comparison to conventional sampling0
Applying CiPA paradigm for assessing proarrhythmia risk of Covid-19 current off-label used therapies0
Characteristics of histamine H4 receptor agonist-induced allergic conjunctivitis model in Guinea pigs0
High-throughput drug screening of 3D hiPSC cardiac microtissues with inherited arrhythmia disorders to identify novel therapeutic compounds0
Sensitive and rapid method for the quantitation of amoxicillin in minipig plasma and milk by LC-MS/MS: A contribution from the IMI ConcePTION project0
Innovative approaches to cardiovascular safety pharmacology assessment0
Disconnect between COX-2 selective inhibition and cardiovascular risk in preclinical models0
Prediction of postural hypotension in humans from α -adrenoceptor binding data using secondary intelligence™0
Analysis of secondary pharmacology assays received by the US Food and Drug Administration0
A genetic algorithm-based approach for the prediction of metabolic drug-drug interactions involving CYP2C8 or CYP2B60
Improving the in vivo QTc assay: Nonclinical concentration-QTc modeling for risk assessment0
In vitro drug evaluation model of human iPS cell-derived neural cell by using novel gelatin fiber scaffold0
Preclinical safety pharmacology risk assessment for oligonucleotides put into practice0
Effects of high-fat diet and nutraceutical resveratrol on maximal force, power and fatigue resistance of skeletal muscle0
Potential for use of a flavone isolated from Chromolaena leivensis as anti-inflammatory drug0
JET, but not ‘snapshot’, analysis is sensitive enough to detect effects at critical concentrations of ondansetron and moxifloxacin in dog0
Evaluation of chronic drug-induced effects of oncologic compounds on cardiac function and cardiac biomarkers release in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes0
An optimized method for intratracheal instillation in mice0
In vitro assessment of long-term cardiotoxicity using human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes0
Cell monitoring using multi-frequency impedance recordings for label-free and time-resolved cell response analysis0
A characterization of aficamten, a cardiac myosin inhibitor, in core battery safety pharmacology studies0
Functional observation battery (FOB)/Irwin integrated in general toxicology studies: A retrospective analysis0
Comparative toxicity assessment of selected nanoparticles using different experimental model organisms0
Fluorescent opioid receptor ligands as tools to study opioid receptor function0
A simple, accurate method for defining concentration-QTc in animals0
Automated blood sampling in canine telemetry studies: Enabling enhanced assessments of cardiovascular liabilities and safety margins0
Simultaneous quantification of thalidomide, lenalidomide and pomadomide in plasma by LC-MS/MS0
Non-clinical safety evaluation and risk assessment of an inhaled small molecule: A case study0
Supporting an integrated QTc risk assessment using the hERG margin distributions for three positive control agents derived from multiple laboratories and on multiple occasions.0
Comparison of electrocardiogram and blood pressure recording methods in non-rodent toxicology studies: A retrospective analysis0
Preclinical mitigation of 5-HT2B agonism-related cardiac valvulopathy revisited0
Use of human Caco-2 cells and HPAE-PAD for α-glucosidase assay0
Multiplexed cell-based assays for evaluating the structure and function of excitable cells0
Use of high throughput ion channel profiling and statistical modeling to predict off-target arrhythmia risk - One pharma's experience and perspective0
Corrigendum to “The in vivo QTc core assay: An evaluation of QTc variability, detection sensitivity and implications for the improvement of conscious dog and non-human primate telemetry studies” [Jour0
Assessment of cardiac safety liabilities via 3D engineered heart tissue contractility using a novel high-throughput instrumentation platform0
Accurate in silico simulation of the rabbit Purkinje fiber electrophysiological assay to facilitate early pharmaceutical cardiosafety assessment: Dream or reality?0
Seizure-induced Torsades de pointes:In a canine drug-induced long-QT1 model0
Development of a high-throughput system for advanced functional cell analysis to predict safety0
Chronic assessment of hERG trafficking on repolarisation and cytotoxicity in iPSC cardiomyocytes0
Intratracheal administration of solutions in mice; development and validation of an optimized method with improved efficacy, reproducibility and accuracy0
Improving the in Vivo QTc assay: The value of implementing best practices to support an integrated nonclinical-clinical QTc risk assessment and TQT substitute0
Editorial Board0
Editorial Board0
QA interval heart rate correction: Species comparison of an indirect ventricular contractility biomarker0
Use of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes and multi-electrode array technology to explore the delayed onset of premature ventricular contractions in monkey0
Editorial Board0
ICH S7B hERG and cardiac repolarization assays do not address mechanisms of QT prolongation for peptide and protein products0
Study design criteria for regulatory-based drug control action: Drug discrimination0
Measuring the impact of known inotropes on rat papillary muscles via the force-clamped feedback work-loop0
Aggregation and analysis of secondary pharmacology data from investigational new drug submissions at the US Food and Drug Administration0
Contractility-based pharmacological characterization of hiPSC-derived atrial and ventricular cardiomyocytes assessed on the FLEXcyte 960
The rat telemetry assay and venous catheter access buttons for use in cardiovascular safety pharmacology assessments – Surgical methods, refinements and colony maintenance0
Regulatory feedback on drug discrimination studies for a small molecule with a novel mechanism of action0
Assay development and validation to measure contraction force from co-culture of human iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes and cardiac fibroblasts on the FLEXcyte 96 system0
The application of Bayesian forecasting to explore the effects of sex and high-fat diet on the pharmacokinetics of ropivacaine in the rat0
Marmoset (a small size NHP): Incorporation of safety pharmacology endpoints in toxicology studies0
Cardiovascular effects of Zenalpha® compared to dexmedetomidine in ventricular tachy-paced dogs0
Adaptation of closed-chest infarction porcine model to adult Pannon minipigs0
CiPA-compliant assessment of proarrhythmogenic risk for chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine0
The impact of environmental and biological factors on the resting heart rate of dogs as assessed using 20 years of data from safety pharmacology studies0
An iPSC-derived neurotoxicity screening platform demonstrates compound toxicity on calcium activity, synapses, viability and cell proliferation0
First-order compartment model solutions – Exponential sums and beyond0
Compromising the immunogenicity of diphtheria toxin-based immunotoxins through epitope engineering: An in silico approach0
Alloxan as a better option than streptozotocin for studies involving painful diabetic neuropathy0
Acute cell stress screen with supervised machine learning predicts cytotoxicity of excipients0
Editorial Board0
Revisiting the high-fat diet/low streptozotocin prediabetic rat model: A bioanalytical adjustment0
Effects of intracellular fluoride and temperature on hERG blocker potency in vitro0
From neat compounds to complex mixtures: A potential screening strategy for cardiotoxic potential of botanicals0
Reference intervals for electrocardiograms and arrhythmia incidence in healthy, sedated cynomolgus macaques0
Effects of fentanyl on respiratory and cardiovascular systems in telemetered monkeys0
Improved seizure liability detection by combining rat hippocampal brain slice electrophysiology with in vivo behavior observation following intracerebroventricular drug administration0
Telemetry in toxicology studies – A comparison of data across species, technologies and time0
Establishment of a new nonalcoholic steatohepatitis model; Ovariectomy exacerbates nonalcoholic steatohepatitis-like pathology in diabetic rats0
A simple accurate method for concentration-QTc analysis in preclinical animal models0
Reliable identification of heart disease in drug discovery using automated patch clamps: Benchmarking best practices and calibration criteria for improved proarrhythmic assessment0
Identification of safety margins for polysorbate 80 exposure in canines0
Unattended screening workflow in a 384-well automated patch clamp system0
Development of predictive inotropy in silico cardiac safety assay for drug candidate screening0
Development of a label-free cytotoxicity assay for dose response analysis0
Improving corrected QT; Why individual correction is not enough0
Amphetamine, methamphetamine, and MDMA in hair samples from a rehabilitation facility: Validation and applicability of HF-LPME-GC-MS0
Cardiovascular assessment of lipid nanoparticle-encapsulating mRNA therapeutics in rats using telemetry and Star-Oddi logger devices0
Changes in the nerve conduction (NC) of juvenile rodents due to maturation with implications for preclinical evaluation of toxic neuropathies0
Development of binary classification models for assessment of drug-induced liver injury in humans using a large set of FDA-approved drugs0
A case report of cardiovascular safety outcomes in mice supported by a pharmacodynamic biomarker0
Phenylthiourea-mediated experimental depigmentation reduces seizurogenic response of pentylenetetrazol in zebrafish larva0
Optimization of bioanalysis of dried blood samples0
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