Journal of the Ceramic Society of Japan

Papers
(The median citation count of Journal of the Ceramic Society of Japan is 0. The table below lists those papers that are above that threshold based on CrossRef citation counts [max. 250 papers]. The publications cover those that have been published in the past four years, i.e., from 2022-06-01 to 2026-06-01.)
ArticleCitations
Contents46
Contents43
Preface28
Low-temperature sintering of Li<sub>1.3</sub>Al<sub>0.3</sub>Ti<sub>1.7</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub> electrolytes enabled by cobalt sur27
Contents27
Call for a Guest Editor for a Special Issue20
Author Index18
Cover18
SrTiO<sub>3</sub> nanocoating on a primary nanoparticle using metal alkoxide processing with chemical modification17
Optical microcavity based on a single ZnO microwire grown on Si(111) substrate by catalyst-free mist chemical vapor deposition17
Impact of SnO addition on crystallization of ZnO in multicomponent glass-ceramics: Morphological control and photoluminescent property16
Cover16
Investigation of grain boundary and local structure of Sr-doped LLZO with high Li-ion conductivity14
Improved oxide-ion and lower proton conduction of hexagonal perovskite-related oxides based on Ba<sub>7</sub>Nb<sub>4</sub>MoO<sub>20</sub> by Cr<sup>6+</s14
Abnormal delay in precipitation of magnesium oxalate with aged solutions13
Annual Table of Contents12
Strain-rate insensitive photoindentation pop-in behavior in ZnS single crystals at room temperature12
Fabrication of Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub> MXene/borosilicate glass with enhanced fracture toughness12
Preparation and thermo-responsive properties of poly(acrylamide-co-acrylonitrile)/layered double hydroxide composite gas barrier membrane12
Effect of Mn doping into the octahedral WO<sub>6</sub> unit on the yellow-orange coloration of triclinic LiCeW<sub>2</sub>O<sub>8</sub>12
In-situ observation of magnetic domain structures in nanocrystalline soft magnetic materials by differential-phase-contrast scanning transmission electron microscopy11
Contents10
Cover10
Sulfur-rich composite cathodes using carbon replica frameworks for all-solid-state lithium–sulfur batteries10
Optimized synthetic conditions of structural colored TiO<sub>2</sub>/SiO<sub>2</sub> multilayers10
Functions of glycerol in the tape-casting process: Revealing with AFM colloid probe measurements9
Antiviral and antifungal activities of lanthanum molybdate and copper molybdate9
Scanning tunneling microscopy observation of Fe deposited SrTiO<sub>3</sub>(100)-(√13 × √13)-R33.7° surface9
Preparation of Li<sub>4</sub>GeO<sub>4</sub>–Li<sub>3</sub>VO<sub>4</sub> based electrolytes via mechanochemical treatment8
Colorless Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-containing borophosphate glasses with high refractivity8
Murataite ceramics – mineral, structure, synthesis and applications: A review8
Cover8
Morphology and thermoelectric performance of bulk sodium tungsten bronze prepared via low energy-consuming route8
Thermal expansion behavior of sodalite cage in cubic Ca<sub>8</sub>[Al<sub>12</sub>O<sub>24</sub>](SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>8
Sintering of SrB<sub>2</sub>Si<sub>2</sub>O<sub>8</sub> glass-ceramics and their Sr immobilization8
Scientific analyses of white porcelains unearthed in Xi’an (Tang Dynasty, AD 618–907)7
Inverse analysis of friction coefficient in discrete element method using powder properties by support vector regression7
Sintering temperature affects the insulation resistance degradation of (K,Na)NbO<sub>3</sub>-based lead-free piezoelectric multilayer ceramics with Ni internal electrodes7
Ligand-assisted synthesis of functional inorganic nanomaterials with hierarchical nanostructure7
Enhancement of crystal anisotropy and ferroelectricity by decreasing thickness in (Al,Sc)N films7
Synthesis of high-performance La<sub>0.6</sub>Sr<sub>0.4</sub>CoO<sub>3−δ</sub> nano-powder prepared via an acetic–acrylic method7
Near-room temperature synthesis of Zn<sup>2+</sup>-doped γ-Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> nanoparticles via direct oxidation of Zn–Ga alloy by ultrasound7
Effect of BaCl<sub>2</sub> flux on low temperature synthesis of Ba<sub>3</sub>Si<sub>6</sub>O<sub>12</sub>N<sub>2</sub>:Eu phosphors from Ba7
Contents7
Site-selective Rh substitution and magnetic property of magnetoplumbite-structured BaFe<sub>12−</sub><i><sub>x</sub></i>Rh<i><sub>x</sub></i>6
Call for a Guest Editor for a Special Issue6
Call for a Guest Editor for a Special Issue6
Direct observation of the joint interface between Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> plates with nickel foil and carbon nanotube sheets as insert materials during laser welding6
Influence of local crystal structure and grain size on electronic transport properties of (La<sub>1/2</sub>K<sub>1/2</sub>)TiO<sub>3</sub>-based thermoelectric cera6
TiB<sub>2</sub> composites fabricated by spark plasma sintering at low temperature6
Room-temperature deposition of flexible SnS thin films via sulfur-plasma-based reactive sputtering6
Effects of heating rate on microstructure and property of sintered reaction bonded silicon nitrides6
Cover5
Relationship between cation site preference and charge–discharge characteristics in TiNb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub>5
Octacalcium phosphate with incorporated <i>meso</i>-2,3-dimercaptosuccinate ions exhibiting continuous interplanar spacing expansion5
Influences of reaction temperature and reaction solution concentration on needle-like aragonite particle size5
Fabrication of three-dimensional alumina ceramics by direct ink writing5
Preparation and characterization of foamed ceramics from coal bottom ash for construction insulation materials5
Li<sub>4</sub>SiO<sub>4</sub> modification on the surface of amorphous silica porous body and CO<sub>2</sub> removal method characteristics5
Electrical properties of lithium–lanthanum silicate oxyapatites5
Understanding capacity degradation in sulfurized polyacrylonitrile (SPAN) electrodes insights from transmission electron microscopy5
Contents5
Effect of monomer structure on carbonization process of gel-cast green body and electrical property of sintered body5
Prediction of cross-material properties of mineralized ceramic core of aluminosilicate system based on deep learning5
Computational design and exploration of nitride and oxide semiconductors5
Cover5
Time-reduction imaging method for scanning-probe microscopy using a compressed sensing algorithm based on sequential reconstruction method5
Quantitative analysis of oxidation state of iron included in glass5
Dielectric breakdown strength measurement of silicon nitride ceramics by McKewon electrode5
Control of high temperature mass transport phenomena through grain boundaries in oxide ceramics based on grain boundary chemical composition and external electric field5
Regeneration of hierarchically porous silica monoliths by acid and alkali treatments5
Effect of magnesium on β-α phase transformation of wollastonite5
Effect of vacuum-ultraviolet irradiation on structure and resistivity of epitaxial copper oxide thin films5
Design of porous calcium phosphate cement composed of spherical porous granules based on precipitation of octacalcium phosphate5
CeO<sub>2</sub> coatings on conductive polyethylene foams via gas-assisted liquid phase deposition and their humidity sensor performance5
Study on cross-material property prediction of mineralizer fiber ceramic core materials based on deep learning5
Contents5
Hetero-coating of spherical graphite with sulfide solid electrolytes via the SEED process for all-solid-state lithium batteries4
Effect of chitosan content on protein adsorption capacity of Mg(II) ion-containing apatite/chitosan composite particles4
Optimized preparation of <i>c</i>-axis-aligned polycrystal of doped lanthanum silicate oxyapatite and evaluation of its electrical properties4
Contents4
Fabrication of silica-substituted carbonate apatite blocks through phase transformation process from silica-substituted octacalcium phosphate blocks4
High yield synthesis of octahedral hexanuclear rare-earth clusters using alkylamines4
Effect of quartz grain size on elastic and thermal expansion properties of porcelain4
Characterization of ZnO thermoelectric ceramics and their microstructures consolidated by two-step spark plasma sintering4
Call for a Guest Editor for a Special Issue4
Call for a Guest Editor for a Special Issue4
Space-group determination by combining deep learning-based prediction and Le Bail analysis: Perovskite structure as an example4
Calculation of pyroplastic deformation number of feldspar–kaolin–quartz system porcelain clays4
Underwater superoleophobic NaNbO<sub>3</sub>-based photocatalyst thin films prepared on bare soda-lime glass by sol–gel process4
Call for a Guest Editor for a Special Issue4
Effect of Ta substitution on the ferroelectric-antiferroelectric phase transition in tetragonal tungsten bronze-type K<sub>2</sub>NdNb<sub>5</sub>O<sub>15</sub>4
Self-healing ability and full strength recovery at medium temperatures of low content titanium carbide/alumina composites4
Aqueous solution reaction during liquid-phase deposition and its application in electrochemical materials4
Ionic conduction of glasses and their potential applications4
Preparation and performance evaluation of monetite-type bone paste containing gelatinized starch4
Optimization of conditions for AC plus DC poling above Curie temperature of barium titanate ceramic for piezoelectric property enhancement4
Synthesis of lithium manganese oxide powder by microwave-enhanced water-assisted solid-state reaction4
Rapid fluorination using polyvinylidene-difluoride (PVDF) for the synthesis of oxyfluoride Bi<sub>2</sub>VO<sub>5</sub>F<sub>1−</sub><i><sub>x</sub&g4
Electrical properties and <sup>18</sup>O tracer diffusion in (Bi<sub>0.5</sub>Na<sub>0.5</sub>)TiO<sub>3</sub> ceramics doped with CuO and Nb<sub>4
Novel <i>operando</i> observation technique based on combined optical coherence tomography–thermogravimetry for monitoring internal structural changes of drying ceramic slurries4
Investigating the effect of alumina content on physical properties and pore structure of spodumene tailings-derived foamed ceramics4
Cover4
Redox-driven green synthesis of silver nanoparticle/cellulose nanofiber composites using high-pressure wet-type jet-milling4
Recent progress in chalcogenide glasses applicable to infrared optical elements manufactured by molding technology3
Manufacturing ceramic foams from granite sludge3
Computer simulation of spontaneous superlattice formation process by dynamic aurora pulsed laser deposition using phase field method3
Changes in the crystal structure of layered perovskite compounds <i>A</i><sub>3</sub><i>B</i><sub>2</sub>O<sub>9</sub> (<i>A</i>3
Oxygen-defective Gd<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3−</sub><i><sub>x</sub></i> films with visible-light absorption produced by precisely controlling oxidation of Gd m3
Cross-sectional structures and conductive properties of ITO–Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> composite thin films prepared by aerosol deposition3
Room-temperature fabrication of epitaxial ZnO thin films on polymer substrates coated with a seed layer of exfoliated β-Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> single-crystal thin sheets b3
Domain-wall photovoltaic effect in ferroelectric perovskite oxides3
Glass and biophotonics3
Monte Carlo simulation study of porcelain clay design3
Enhancing fluorescent nanocomposites: Strategies for interaction and interface modification of carbon dots with metal oxides3
Nonconventional Li<sub>2</sub>O–SrO–Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> glass preparable through melt-quenching: A preliminary study3
Call for a Guest Editor for a Special Issue3
<i>In vitro</i> synthesis and microscopic structural change of fetuin-A/calcium phosphate composite nanoparticles during phase transition process3
Preface3
Structural ordering of SiO<sub>2</sub> glass exhibiting different fictive temperatures3
Enhanced reduction of thermal conductivity across kink dislocation textures in magnesium oxide3
Effect of BaO addition on the durability of iron phosphate glasses that contain molybdenum oxide3
Mechanochemically prepared sodium-ion conducting fluorides in the system NaF–TaF<sub>5</sub>3
Preparation and characterization of Na<sub>6</sub>FeS<sub>4</sub> and Na<sub>7</sub>Fe<sub>2</sub>S<sub>6</sub> as positive electrode active3
Fabrication of TiO<sub>2</sub>/SiO<sub>2</sub> multilayer coatings for near-infrared thermal radiation control3
Selectively enhanced microarea crystal growth of ZnO nano- and microwires on GaN on sapphire substrates by mist chemical vapor deposition3
Contents3
Adaptation of Ni<sub>0.6</sub>Cu<sub>0.4</sub>/Ce<sub>0.9</sub>Gd<sub>0.1</sub>O<sub>1.95</sub> cermet anodes for intermediate temperature s3
Structure and acid resistance of fluoride-treated hydroxyapatite particles3
Investigation into the high permittivity [(K<sub>0.5</sub>Bi<sub>0.5</sub>)<i><sub>x</sub></i>Bi<sub>1−</sub><i><sub>x</sub&g3
Aging rate of dielectric permittivity and loss for PMN–PT based single crystals manufactured by continuous-feeding Bridgman with alternating current poling3
Dual-phase oxygen separation membrane composed of Y<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-doped ZrO<sub>2</sub> and stainless steel3
Emerging ceramic nanosheets: From tailored synthesis to electronic applications3
Influence of cutting damage on the bending strength of Ti<sub>2</sub>AlC MAX phase machinable ceramics3
Contents3
Micro-structure analysis in Mn, Ba-doped (K,Na)NbO<sub>3</sub>-based lead-free piezoelectric ceramic3
Phase changes in the Cu/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> catalyst during rapid and slow cooling after thermal aging at 900 °C under air3
Ferromagnetic properties of zinc ferrite prepared by MOD technique3
Calcium ion conduction anisotropy of <i>b</i>-axis-aligned CaAl<sub>4</sub>O<sub>7</sub> polycrystal3
Dependence of the dielectric tunability in Ba(Zr<sub>0.2</sub>Ti<sub>0.8</sub>)O<sub>3</sub> films deposited on (001) SrTiO<sub>3</sub> substrates on fi3
In situ reductive transformation of indium oxides on zeolites towards efficient microwave heating3
Formation of triclusters in silica melt under high pressure3
Effects of the alkaline solution concentration and deposition temperature on film thickness, crystal structure and ferroelectric properties of epitaxial PbTiO<sub>3</sub> films grown by hy3
Effect of M-doping (M = Al, Y, La) on the electronic structure of V-doped ZrO<sub>2</sub>: A first-principles study3
Ultra-high refractive niobate-based borate glasses with visible transparent and large elastic properties3
Role of apatite-type lanthanoid silicate promoter in PdO/Ln<sub>10</sub>Si<sub>6</sub>O<sub>27</sub>/γ-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> catalysts3
Call for a Guest Editor for a Special Issue3
Simulating valence of dopant in BaTiO<sub>3</sub> at room temperature3
Upcycling waste polyethylene into porous chromium carbide (Cr<sub>23</sub>C<sub>6</sub>) ceramics at low temperature3
Effect of classified aluminum nitride whisker addition on densification and mechanical strength of low-temperature-sintered aluminum nitride ceramics3
Historical consideration of Ancient Egyptian faience through a craftsman’s point of view3
Synthesis of Cu fine particles via a solid–liquid reduction method using copper oxide3
Development of segmented titanium oxynitride layer with spinform surfaces exhibiting antibacterial properties3
Microstructural control of MgO–Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>–SiO<sub>2</sub> glass-ceramics using titanium oxides with varying particle sizes and crystallinities as n2
Transparent photocurable Pickering emulsion for improving printing resolution of porous silica components2
Effect of citric acid content on magnetic property of magnetite particles for detecting virus2
Crystallization of molybdenum oxide phase from simulated high-level waste glass under slow cooling2
Low temperature synthesis of aluminum nitride from anhydrous aluminum chloride-organic amine complex2
Synthesis of porous γ-gallium oxide films using refrigerator aging oxidation from gallium nanoparticles2
Additive manufacturing using highly concentrated nanocolloids of metal hydroxide salts towards structured metals and metal oxides2
Preface2
Comparative study on nucleation behavior of silica spheres seeded with silica and magnetite2
Contents2
Effect of Surface Modification on Anion Conductivity of Layered Double Hydroxide Nanoparticles for Anion Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis2
Material properties of chelate-setting cement from hydroxyapatite powder with high specific surface area and their cytotoxicity2
3D printed porous nickel-cobalt oxide objects synthesized by interconnection and thermal conversion of metal hydroxide acrylate nanoparticles2
Colloidal formation process based on electrophoretic phenomena of charged particles in liquid media and electrode reactions2
Call for a Guest Editor for a Special Issue2
Study on preparation and characterization of orthorhombic euxenite-type solid solutions between TbNbTiO<sub>6</sub> and DyNbTiO<sub>6</sub>2
Preparation of cordierite-mullite saggar used in high-temperature synthesis of Li(Ni<sub>0.5</sub>Co<sub>0.2</sub>Mn<sub>0.3</sub>)O<sub>2</sub> cathode2
Aqueous synthesis of dark copper oxide selectively reflecting near-infrared rays2
Preparation and structural characterization of nanoporous silica/magnesium(II)-whitlockite composite particles2
One-pot preparation of highly photoluminescent silica nanoparticles incorporating dozens of hydrophobic quantum dots2
A novel fabrication of Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/SiC composite via surface 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane tailored Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>2
Low-temperature sintering mechanism and electrical properties of CuO-added (Bi<sub>0.5</sub>Na<sub>0.5</sub>)TiO<sub>3</sub> ceramics2
A novel operando observation technique for slurry drying behavior using laser microscopy2
Compactability and sinterability of alumina granules made by spray freeze granulation drying and spray drying2
Development of optical fibers and glasses for fibers—Evolution of optical fiber glasses from multicomponent to pure silica2
Cover2
Sol–gel multilayer coatings for spectral control of thermal radiation2
Small-signal piezoelectric properties on Mn-doped BiFeO<sub>3</sub>–BaTiO<sub>3</sub> lead-free piezoelectric ceramics2
Synthesis of stoichiometric hydroxyapatite nanoparticles via aqueous solution-precipitation at 37 °C2
Thermoelectric properties of BiBO<sub>3</sub>-added Bi<sub>2</sub>Sr<sub>2</sub>Co<sub>2</sub>O<i><sub>y</sub></i> ceramics2
Advanced positive electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries2
Toluene sensing properties of YSZ-based gas sensors attached with Au-based electrodes prepared by a drop-coating method2
Copolymerization effect on the synthesis of Li<sub>2</sub>FeSiO<sub>4</sub>/C nanocomposites by chemical solution deposition2
Contents2
Change in the amorphous photonic crystal structural color glaze under the regulation of firing condition2
Flux growth and evaluation of optical properties of Ce doped Li<sub>2</sub>CaSiO<sub>4</sub> as a candidate for noble neutron scintillator2
Orientation control and metal–insulator transition of VO<sub>2</sub> thin film deposited on Cd<sub>0.9</sub>Mg<sub>0.1</sub>O buffered soda-lime glass2
Synthetic strategies of BiVO<sub>4</sub> for efficient visible-light-induced photocatalytic oxidation reactions: Activation via nanoparticulation and surface modification2
Direct observation of pulse poling effect on reversible 90° domain wall motion in tetragonal Pb(Zr,Ti)O<sub>3</sub> thin films2
Call for a Guest Editor for a Special Issue2
Data analysis of compositional distribution and glass transition temperature of low-melting phosphate glass using big data2
Functionalities in unconventional oxide glasses prepared using a levitation technique2
Call for a Guest Editor for a Special Issue2
Bioactive glass materials for tissue regeneration2
Reactivity and electrical properties of (Bi<sub>0.5</sub>Na<sub>0.5</sub>)TiO<sub>3</sub> ceramics fabricated by hydrothermal synthesis using Bi and Ti oxides2
Synthesis and structural characterization of gadolinium barium cobalt oxide Gd<sub>8</sub>Ba<sub>5</sub>Co<sub>4</sub>O<sub>21</sub> with CoO<sub>2
Characteristics of calcium silicate cement: Effects of CO<sub>2</sub> curing and CaCO<sub>3</sub> micro-filler addition2
Contents2
Effect of Al co-doping on the phase transition of V-doped ZrO<sub>2</sub>2
Low temperature synthesis of nanocrystalline tantalum nitride2
Evaluation of sodium magnesium silicate-based glasses for alkali waste2
Preface2
Optimizing the growth of K(Ta<sub>0.6</sub>Nb<sub>0.4</sub>)O<sub>3</sub> films using pulsed laser deposition and their electro-optic property2
The 1st (FY2025) CerSJ Fellow (International) Award Recipient2
Contents2
Buffer-free epitaxial growth of ZnO(0001) thin films at room temperature by tetramethylammonium hydroxide pretreatment of α-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>(0001) substrates2
Contents2
Structural control of ceramics through multi-step processes with liquid phase reactions2
A kinetic Monte Carlo study for Haven ratio of proton transport in perovskite ceramics2
Unique properties and potential of glass-ceramics2
Effects of magnesium ion supplement on physicochemical properties and bioactivities of medical bone materials converted from oyster shell2
Ionic insertion fabrication of novel octacalcium phosphate block materials exhibiting antibacterial ability and biocompatibility2
Call for a Guest Editor for a Special Issue2
Contents2
Lithium separation from heat-treated waste lithium-ion batteries2
Bioceramics x soft material as a simple model to mimic functions in bones2
Effect of TiC layer thickness on the thermal conductivity and mechanical properties of Diamond/TiC/SiC composites2
What we can learn from crystals about the mechanical properties of glass2
Ultrafiltration for bovine serum albumin protein by all alumina porous membranes2
Elimination of volatile organic compound by hydroxyapatites derived from waste bone biomass1
Preparation of hollow silica particles by template method via chemical vapor deposition1
Aqueous zinc secondary battery using phosphorus-substituted zinc silicate as anode1
Melilite-type silicate single crystals for high-temperature piezoelectric applications1
Crystal structure and dielectric properties of Ba<sub>6−</sub><i><sub>x</sub></i>Ca<i><sub>x</sub></i>Ti<sub>2</sub>Nb<sub>1
Topological analyses of structure of glassy materials toward extraction of order hidden in disordered structure1
Study of polarization behavior in BaTiO<sub>3</sub>-based multilayer ceramic capacitors using AC- and Uni-poling treatment ∼ Part 1: Effects of microstructural changes1
Contents1
Investigation into the effect on the property of Na<sub>2</sub>WO<sub>4</sub> ceramic prepared by the further modified solid-state reaction method1
Experimental studies on crystal structures and phase transitions in perovskite-type RbNbO<sub>3</sub>1
Controlling dielectric properties of pyrochlore neodymium zirconate by substitution of rare earth ions1
Cover1
Mathematical modelling of batch melting process in cold-top electric furnace1
Cover1
<i>In-plane</i> lattice orientation in aluminum scandium nitride epitaxial films deposited on Nb-doped SrTiO<sub>3</sub>(111) substrates via reactive magnetron sputtering1
Development of phosphors for ionizing radiation detection1
Synthesis and characterization of Ti<sub>1−2</sub><i><sub>x</sub></i>(FeNb)<i><sub>x</sub></i>O<sub>2</sub> solid solutions for 1
Phase stability and ferroelectricity in HfO<sub>2</sub>–Y<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> nanolaminate films1
Dipole pinning and quenching effects on depolarization temperature of ZnO and (Bi<sub>0.5</sub>Na<sub>0.5</sub>)TiO<sub>3</sub> ceramics composites1
Preface1
Effect of cristobalite on the response to indentation in potassium-fluorrichterite glass-ceramics1
Call for a Guest Editor for a Special Issue1
Relation between high thermal conductivity and dissolved-oxygen content in AlN ceramics fabricated by spark plasma sintering1
Novel Mn<sup>3+</sup>-doped Na<sub>3</sub>Ga(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub> Violet Pigment Based on Trigonal Bipyramidal Coordination Environment1
Characterization of porous β-tricalcium phosphate fabricated by physical foaming with a nonionic surfactant: Effect of adding a thickener1
Low-temperature fabrication of α-Mn<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and Mn<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> thin films by the spin-spray method1
Cover1
Probing order within disorder in oxide glasses and liquids by quantum beam diffraction1
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