Acta Materialia

Article	Citations
Acta Journals’ Outstanding Reviewers in 2020	298
Suppressing embrittlement and enhancing thermal resistance of bulk superlattice alloys by controllable grain-boundary segregation	267
Corrigendum to ‘In situ laser-ultrasonic monitoring of Poisson's ratio and bulk sound velocities of steel plates during thermal processes’ [Acta Materialia (2022) 118097]	232
Corrigendum to Emmanuel Clouet Articles	210
Restructuring of emergent grain boundaries at free surfaces – An interplay between core stabilization and elastic stress generation	199
Super-defects in superatomic crystals	195
Coarsening of metal/ceramics bicontinuous structures enhanced by stress-induced instability under cyclic thermal stress	195
Thermodynamics and Ferroelectric Properties of Pb1-xSrxTiO3 Solid Solutions	188
Architected materials informatics: Construction and application to cellular-structured heat sink optimization	181
Hydrogen-assisted spinodal decomposition in a TiNbZrHfTa complex concentrated alloy	168
Simultaneous dependent transformations nucleated at vertices and faces of 3D Poisson-Voronoi tessellations	168
Passivating oxidation behavior of Ti0.12Al0.21B0.67 coatings investigated by scanning transmission electron microscopy and chemical environment dependent density functional theory simulations	163
Solute clustering in polycrystals: Unveiling the interplay of grain boundary junction and long-range solute attraction effects	158
Effect of external stress on hydride reorientation in zirconium	157
Discovery of Guinier-Preston zone hardening in refractory nitride ceramics	150
Magnetic properties and microstructure of Sm5Fe17-based composite magnets	148
A spall and diffraction study of nanosecond pressure release across the iron ε-α phase boundary	148
Strong interfaces: the key to high strength in nano metallic laminates	139
Scalar permeability microstructure model considering crystallographic texture and grain size for magnetic evaluation of anisotropy in steel	138
Revealing the impact of acceptor dopant type on the electrical conductivity of sodium bismuth titanate	130
Ultrastrong and stress corrosion cracking-resistant martensitic steels	128
Brittle and ductile deformations in uniaxial compression of Si micropillars	128
Temperature-insensitive PMN-PZ-PT ferroelectric ceramics for actuator applications	125
Effect of CMAS infiltration on the optical properties of thermal barrier coatings: Study of the mechanisms supported by FDTD simulations and ALD	116
A data science approach for analysis and reconstruction of spinodal-like composition fields in irradiated FeCrAl alloys	115

The origin of graphite morphology in cast iron	114
Room temperature plasticity in amorphous SiO2 and amorphous Al	113
{202¯	112
Superhardness Induced by Grain Boundary Vertical Sliding in (001)-textured ZrB2	106
Microstructure evolution in ultra-high purity Fe-Cr alloys under low-PKA proton irradiation	105
Achieving superior lithium storage performances of CoMoO4 anode for lithium-ion batteries by Si-doping dual vacancies engineering	104
Bimodal structured chromium-tungsten composite as plasma-facing materials: Sinterability, mechanical properties, and deuterium retention assessment	102
Predicting path-dependent diffusion barrier spectra in vast compositional space of multi-principal element alloys via convolutional neural networks	102
Convective effects on columnar dendritic solidification – A multiscale dendritic needle network study	102
Ternary diagrams of phase, stability, and optical properties of cesium lead mixed-halide perovskites	101
Mechanical properties, failure mechanisms, and scaling laws of bicontinuous nanoporous metallic glasses	100
Uncovering deformation twins in intermetallic AuSn and Au5Sn	99
Extraction of reversible hydrogen trapped on prior austenite grain boundaries and promoting intergranular fracture in the elastic region of tempered martensitic steel by utilizing frozen-in hydrogen d	99
Formation and self-organisation of nano-porosity in swift heavy ion irradiated amorphous Ge	97
Kawin: An open source Kampmann–Wagner Numerical (KWN) phase precipitation and coarsening model	97
Ion kinetic energy- and ion flux-dependent mechanical properties and thermal stability of (Ti,Al)N thin films	96
Constrained sintering of alumina micro-ring films on stiff and compliant substrates: Constriction or dilation?	95
Formation and switching of chiral magnetic field textures in three-dimensional gyroid nanostructures	95
High-throughput microstructure and composition characterisation of microplatelet reinforced composites using directional reflectance microscopy	94
The effects of diffusional couplings on compositional trajectories and interfacial free energies during phase separation in a quaternary Ni-Al-Cr-Re model superalloy	93
Precipitate dissolution during deformation induced twin thickening in a CoNi-base superalloy subject to creep	93
Demonstration of Helide formation for fusion structural materials as natural lattice sinks for helium	92
Short-range order and its impacts on the BCC MoNbTaW multi-principal element alloy by the machine-learning potential	91
A phase field crystal model for real-time grain boundary formation and motion in complex concentration alloy	91
Chemical core-shell metastability-induced large ductility in medium-entropy maraging and reversion alloys	90
Deformation twin interactions with grain boundary particles in multi-phase magnesium alloys	85
Martensitic transformation during electrochemical polishing of metastable austenitic stainless steel	85
On microstructure development during laser melting and resolidification: An experimentally validated simulation study	85
Ultra-fine-grained and gradient FeCrAl alloys with outstanding work hardening capability	84
First-principles insights into complex interplays among nano-phases in an Al-Cu-Li-Zr alloy	84
In situ laser-ultrasonic monitoring of Poisson’s ratio and bulk sound velocities of steel plates during thermal processes	84
Revealing the mechanism of grain refinement and anti Si-poisoning induced by (Nb, Ti)B2 with a sandwich-like structure	84
Hydrogen concentration and hydrides in Zircaloy-4 during cyclic thermomechanical loading	83
Sudoku-inspired high-Shannon-entropy alloys	83
From irregular to regular eutectic growth in the Al-Al3Ni system: In situ observations during directional solidification	80
Bilayer period and ratio dependent structure and mechanical properties of TiN/MoN superlattices	80
Atomistic simulations of pipe diffusion in bcc transition metals	80
Defect accumulation in β-Ga2O3 implanted with Yb	80
Influence of substrate polarity on thermal stability, grain growth and atomic interface structure of Au thin films on ZnO surfaces	80
Substituting Ce with La and Nd in Al11Ce3: Effect on microstructure and mechanical properties	79
Intra-grain orientation distributions in deformed aluminium: Synchrotron X-ray diffraction experiment and crystal-plasticity finite-element simulation	79
Enhancing strengthening effect of topologically close-packed superlattices in medium-entropy alloys via enabling imperfect atomic packing	79
Electronic effects on the radiation damage in high-entropy alloys	78
Solid solution softening and hardening in binary BCC alloys	78
〈110〉	78
Atomistically informed mesoscale modelling of deformation behavior of bulk metallic glasses	77
Solid solution and precipitation strengthening effects in basal slip, extension twinning and pyramidal slip in Mg-Zn alloys	77
The Effect of Grain Boundary Facet Junctions on Segregation and Embrittlement	77
Ni coarsening in Ni-yttria stabilized zirconia electrodes: Three-dimensional quantitative phase-field simulations supported by ex-situ ptychographic nano-tomography	77
Grain boundaries modification of the spinel LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 ceramic cathode towards low interfacial resistance for lithium-ion batteries with ultrahigh areal energy density	76

Effect of thermal ageing on the deformation behaviour of ferrite and austenite in a duplex stainless steel: Micropillar characterisation and dislocation density modelling	76
Phase-field modelling of anisotropic solid-state dewetting on patterned substrates	76
A novel Re-free Ni-based single-crystal superalloy with enhanced creep resistance and microstructure stability	75
On the exceptional creep resistance in a die-cast Gd-containing Mg alloy with Al addition	75
A novel two-step grain boundary diffusion process using TaF5 and Pr70Cu15Al10Ga5 for realizing high-coercivity in Nd-Fe-B-sintered magnets without use of heavy rare-earth	75
Achieving excellent elevated-temperature mechanical properties in dual-phase high-entropy alloys via nanoscale co-precipitation and heterostructure engineering	75
Grain boundary segregation predicted by quantum-accurate segregation spectra but not by classical models	74
A model for solute evolution in laser powder bed fused Al-Si alloys and its application to improve thermal conductivity	74
The toughening effect of twins on fracture in nanotwinned Cu during cyclic loading	74
In situ synchrotron study of sintering of gas-atomized Ti-6Al-4 V powders using concomitant micro-tomography and X-ray diffraction: Effect of particle size and interstitials on densification and phase	74
Critical assessment of hydrogen pipe diffusion at dislocations in metals	73
Mechanisms underlying enhanced strength-ductility combinations in TRIP/TWIP Ti-12Mo alloy engineered via isothermal omega precipitation	72
Dynamic deformation mechanism in submicro-laminated copper with interlamellar graphene multilayers	72
Evolution of martensitic microstructures in nanocrystalline NiTi wires deformed in tension	72
Fatigue-resistant elastocaloric effect in hypoeutectic TiNi58 alloy with heterogeneous microstructure	72
Cracking mechanism in a laser powder bed fused cold-work tool steel: The role of residual stresses, microstructure and local elemental concentrations	72
A Model correlating fluidity to alloy variables in hypoeutectic alloys	71
The effects of grain boundary structure and bulk Cr content on grain boundary degradation behavior of Ni-Cr binary alloys in high temperature CO2	71
Clustering-mediated enhancement of glass-forming ability and plasticity in oxygen-minor-alloyed Zr-Cu metallic glasses	70
Cr-promoted formation of B2+L21 composite nanoprecipitates and enhanced mechanical properties in ferritic alloy	70
The time dependence of proton irradiation effect on the intergranular oxidation of 316 L stainless steel in high-temperature hydrogenated water	70
Quasi-static modulation of multiferroic properties in flexible magnetoelectric Cr2O3/muscovite heteroepitaxy	70
Time resolved insights into abnormal grain growth by in situ synchrotron measurements	70
Importance of surface roughness on the magnetic properties of additively manufactured FeSi thin walls	70
Effect of concurrent thermal grooving and grain growth on morphological and topological evolution of a polycrystalline thin film: Insights from a 3D phase-field study	69
Solid-state dewetting of co-sputtered thin Mo-Cu films accompanied by phase separation	69
Quantum mechanical moduli field	69
Flash luminescence, resistive switching and metal-insulator transitions in ceramic oxides	68
Coarsening of dendrites in solution-based freeze-cast ceramic systems	68
Phase-field model for anisotropic grain growth	68
Microstructural controls on the plastic consolidation of porous brittle solids	68
Thermodynamic trapping and diffusion model for multiple species in systems with multiple sorts of traps	68
Phase-field investigation on the peritectic transition in Fe-C system	67
Synergistic effect of Fe3C quantum dots, N-doped carbon and selenium on high conductive stable host for lithium sulfur batteries	67
Structural insight using anomalous XRD into Mn2CoAl Heusler alloy films grown by magnetron sputtering, IBAS, and MBE techniques	67
A low-temperature prismatic slip instability in Mg understood using machine learning potentials	65
A grain-size driven transition in the deformation mechanism in slow snow compression	64
In situ annealing studies on the microstructural evolution of a macro defect free electroformed nanocrystalline Ni-Co sheet metal and its relation to tensile properties	64
Size-dependent stress response of nanoscale B2 intermetallic precipitates revealed by in-situ high-energy X-ray diffraction	64
The grain boundary stiffness and its impact on equilibrium shapes and boundary migration: Analysis of the	64
Stress-sensitive fatigue crack initiation mechanisms of coated titanium alloy	64
Insight into low-temperature sintering of samarium-doped ceria mixed with scavenging lithium	64
Predicting impact sensitivity of energetic materials: insights from energy transfer of carriers	64
First-principles study of the effect of Al and Hf impurities on Co3	63
Enhancement of the electrocaloric effect in PbZr0.7Ti0.3O3 ceramics via La doping: Driven by phase co-existence or defect effects?	63
A discrete dislocation plasticity assessment of the effective temperature in thermodynamic dislocation theory	63
Differentiating the bonding states in calcium carbonate polymorphs by low-loss electron-energy-loss spectroscopy	63
Realizing near-full density monophasic tetragonal 1.5-mol% yttria-stabilized zirconia ceramics via current-ramp flash sintering	63
Bridging the gap between the short-range to long-range structural descriptions of the lead magnesium niobate relaxor	62
Pinning of extended dislocations in atomically disordered crystals	62
David Dye, 2022 Acta Materialia Silver Medal recipient	62
Fe segregation as a tool to enhance electrical conductivity of grain boundaries in Ti(Co,Fe)Sb half Heusler thermoelectrics	62
Nucleation behavior of the primary FCC-Al phase in a Al86Ni10MM4 metallic glass	61
Kazuhiro Hono, 2024 Acta Materialia Gold Medal Recipient	61
Simultaneous strength and toughness increase in low dose neutron irradiated austenitic stainless steel at sub-zero temperatures due to changes in strain-induced martensitic transformation	61
Editorial Board	61
Local charge distortion due to Cr in Ni-based concentrated alloys	60
Bulk and grain boundary tracer diffusion in multiphase AlCoCrFeNiTi0.2 compositionally complex alloy	60
Characterizing the microstructural effect of build direction during solidification of laser-powder bed fusion of Al-Si alloys in the dilute limit: A phase-field study	60
Stress delocalization by grain boundaries densified in microsized alloying particles for advanced sodium storage	60
Exploring microcrack formation in cyclic and dwell fatigue in MTR-lean Ti 6242 alloy	60
Property and microstructure of Ni50.3Ti29.7Hf20 high-temperature shape memory alloys with different aging conditions	60
Investigations on the crystallographic stacking disordering and properties of novel Ga-containing in-plane chemically ordered (Cr2/3R1/3)2GaC (R=Y, Tb - Lu) i-MAX phases	60
A thermodynamically consistent machine learning-based finite element solver for phase-field approach	59
Enthalpy of anelasticity and rejuvenation of metallic glasses	58
The dynamics of recrystallized grains during static recrystallization in a hot-compressed Mg-3.2Zn-0.1Ca wt.% alloy using in-situ far field high-energy diffraction microscopy	58
Large hardening response mediated by room-temperature dynamic solute clustering behavior in a dilute Mg-Zn-Ca-Sn-Mn alloy	58
Unveiling the radiation-induced defect production and damage evolution in tungsten using multi-energy Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy in channeling configuration	58
CALPHAD-informed phase-field model for two-sublattice phases based on chemical potentials: η-phase	58
Decomposition and phase transformation mechanisms of α2 lamellae in β-solidified γ-TiAl alloys	57
Dependence of friction-stir welding on mechanism of hydrogen embrittlement in medium-Mn steel with triplex-phase microstructure	57
Observation of atomically displacive transformation out of the boundary-reconstructive phase competition	57
Mechanism of elemental segregation around extended defects in high-entropy alloys and its effect on mechanical properties	57
Nitrogen-induced hardening of refractory high entropy alloys containing laminar ordered phases	57
Effects of Ni/Cu replacement on improvement of tensile and hydrogen-embrittlement properties in austenitic stainless steels	57
Accessing versatile tensile ductility of amorphous materials by fractal nanoarchitecture design	57
Uncovering the fracture mechanism of Laves (1 1 1)/ Ni6Nb7 (0 0 0 1) interfaces by first-principles calculations	57
Molecular dynamics study on the ductile-to-brittle transition in W-Re alloy systems	57
Deformation twins stimulated by {112¯2} twin	57
Stress sensitivity origin of extended defects production under coupled irradiation and mechanical loading	57

In situ transmission electron microscopy investigation of electroplasticity in single crystal nickel	57
Austenite decomposition behavior adjacent to δ-ferrite in a Si-modified Fe-Cr-Ni austenitic stainless steel during thermal aging at 550 °C	57
Third element diffusion induced amorphization of NiTi in a NiTi-Nb nanocomposite	56
Molecular dynamics simulations of ultralow hysteretic behavior in super-elastic shape memory alloys	56
On the habit planes between elastically distorted austenite and martensite in NiTi	56
Towards pressureless sintering of nanocrystalline tungsten	56
Direct observations of dynamic and reverse transformation of Ti-6Al-4V alloy and pure titanium	56
Role of point defects in the formation of relaxor ferroelectrics	56
The coordination environment dominated clustering behavior of vacancy and rhenium in molybdenum	56
Determination of hydrogen diffusibility and embrittlement susceptibility of high-strength steel evaluated at different temperatures based on the local equilibrium theory	56
Precipitation and micromechanical behavior of the coherent ordered nanoprecipitation strengthened Al-Cr-Fe-Ni-V high entropy alloy	56
The investigation of the influence of B-site disorder on giant exchange bias: Experimental observations and theoretical insights	55
Bond strength between TiN coating and microstructural constituents of a high speed steel determined by first principle calculations	55
Tensile creep behavior of the Nb45Ta25Ti15Hf15 refractory high entropy alloy	55
Characterization of nanostructures in a high pressure die cast Al-Si-Cu alloy	55
Comprehensive investigation of crystallographic, spin-electronic and magnetic structure of	55
Ferromagnetism in High Entropy Cantor alloy triggered and tuned by severe plastic deformation	54
Quench rate sensitivity of age-hardenable Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys with respect to the Zn/Mg ratio: An in situ SAXS and HEXRD study	54
Spinodal decomposition and the pseudo-binary decomposition in high-entropy alloys	54
Data-driven optimization of FePt heat-assisted magnetic recording media accelerated by deep learning TEM image segmentation	54
Theory-guided design of high-strength, high-melting point, ductile, low-density, single-phase BCC high entropy alloys	53
Stability of immiscible nanocrystalline alloys in compositional and thermal fields	53
Mechanistic origin of the enhanced strength and ductility in Mg-rare earth alloys	53
Interface strain gradient enabled high strength and hardening in laminated nanotwinned Cu	53
Austenite grain boundary segregation and precipitation of boron in low-C steels and their role on the heterogeneous nucleation of ferrite	53
First-principles thermodynamics of precipitation in aluminum-containing refractory alloys	53
A new insight into heterogeneous nucleation mechanism of Al by non-stoichiometric TiCx	53
Grain boundary engineering during the laser powder bed fusion of TiC/316L stainless steel composites: New mechanism for forming TiC-induced special grain boundaries	53
CALPHAD-aided design for superior thermal stability and mechanical behavior in a TiZrHfNb refractory high-entropy alloy	53
Revealing 3D intragranular micromechanical fields at triple junctions	53
A finite element method to calculate geometrically necessary dislocation density: Accounting for orientation discontinuities in polycrystals	53
Three orthogonally arranged ultrasounds modulate solidification microstructures and mechanical properties for AZ91 magnesium alloy	53
Atom probe tomography-assisted kinetic assessment of spinodal decomposition in an Al-12.5 at.%Zn alloy	52
Discovering novel γ-γ′ Pt-Al superalloys via lattice stability in Pt3Al induced by local atomic environment distortion	52
Hot cracking susceptibility prediction from quantitative multi-phase field simulations with grain boundary effects	52
Editors for Acta Materialia	52
Cryogenic deformation strengthening mechanisms in FeMnSiNiAl high-entropy alloys	52
Six new transformation pathways connecting simple crystal structures and common intermetallic crystal structures	52
Iver E. Anderson, 2024 Acta Materialia Hollomon Award Medal Recipient	52
Evolution analysis of γ' precipitate coarsening in Co-based superalloys using kinetic theory and machine learning	52
Grain-boundary-dependent segregation and phase separation in ceria–zirconia from atomistic simulation	51
Pseudo-4D view of the growth and form of locked eutectic colonies	51
Plasticity of the Nb-rich μ-Co7Nb6 phase at room temperature and 600°C	51
Prediction of grain boundary chemistry in multicomponent Mo alloys with coupled precipitation and segregation kinetics simulations	51
First-principles study of Suzuki segregation at stacking faults in disordered face-centered cubic Co-Ni alloys	51
Influence of microstructure on the application of Ni-Mn-In Heusler compounds for multicaloric cooling using magnetic field and uniaxial stress	50
Solute-strengthening in metal alloys with short-range order	50
Controlling solute channel formation using magnetic fields	50
Orientation dependent interface morphology and oxide stability in a commercial niobium alloy: Explaining experimental results with density functional theory	50
Editorial Board	50
Nitrogen diffusion in vacancy-rich ferrite and austenite, from first principles to applications	50
Prediction of novel ordered phases in U-X (X= Zr, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Y, Nb, Mo, Hf, Ta, W) binary alloys under high pressure	50
Twin boundary structure and mobility	50
Toward the understanding of crystallization, mechanical properties and reactivity of multicomponent bioactive glasses	50
Synergistically enhanced thermoelectric properties in n-type Bi6Cu2Se4O6 through inducing resonant levels	50
Computational discovery of novel U-N-C ternary phases as promising accident-tolerant fuels	50
Investigating the thermal decomposition of BP into B12P2: experimental insights and kinetic modelling at high temperatures	50
Comprehensive characterization of the irradiation effects of glassy carbon	50
In-situ investigation on the oxygen vacancy-driven topotactic phase transition in charge-orbital ordered Nd0.5Sr0.5MnO3 films	49
A cluster-based computational thermodynamics framework with intrinsic chemical short-range order: Part I. Configurational contribution	49
Grain boundary junction disclinations in nanoparticles	49
Adaptive kinetic Monte Carlo analysis of healing mechanisms in radiation damaged pyrochlore Gd2Ti2O7.	49
Percolation of grain boundaries and triple junctions in three-dimensions: A test of theory	49
Elucidating grain boundary energy minimization mechanisms in textured Ca-doped alumina with inclination-dependent Monte Carlo Potts simulations	49
Solid-solution and precipitation softening effects in defect-free faceted Nickel-Iron nanoparticles	49
Extracting free energies from local composition fluctuations in solids: A frequency distribution analysis of simulated atom probe data obtained by TAPSim	49
Atomic and electronic structures of inversion domain boundary in MgO doped AlN	48
Independent enhancement of the in-plane Seebeck effect in 2D PtSe2/PtSe2 homostructures via a facile interface tuning method	48
Formation and modulation mechanisms of Fe-As phases in melting-processed Ba(Fe1-xCox)2As2 superconductor	47
Effect of physical aging on ionic conductivity of network oxide glasses	47
Formation of core-shell-like structure in β-solidified TiAl alloy and its effect on hot workability	47
The effect of size, orientation and temperature on the deformation of microcast silver crystals	47
Self-assembly of vertically orientated graphene nanostructures: Multivariate characterisation by Minkowski functionals and fractal geometry	47
Encapsulate lithium sulfide cathodes with carbon-doped MoS2 for fast kinetics in lithium-sulfur batteries, a theoretical study	47
Unusual nanoscale amorphization of metallic chromium interfacing with SiC under high energy irradiation	47
Effect of Nb incorporation in Mo2	47
Insights into strain dependent lattice thermal conductivity of tin oxide	47
Complexions and grain growth retardation: First-principles modeling of phase boundaries in WC-Co cemented carbides at elevated temperatures	47
Revealing ‘invisible’ subsurface structural change/damage in silicate glass made by ‘nearly-elastic contact’ with a spherical smooth surface	47
Predicting the formation enthalpy and phase stability of (Ti,Al,TM)N (TM = III-VIB group transition metals) by high-throughput ab initio calculations and machine learning	47
Unique twinning mode and extended twin boundary core structure associated with symmetry breaking in a multifunctional Ti-Nb-based alloy	47
An all-lithium-metal-oxides-based low temperature solid oxide fuel cell with triple (H+/O2−/Li+) conducting electrolyte	46
Transient to steady-state morphology evolution of carbon surfaces under ion bombardment: Monte Carlo simulations	46
Rattling-like scattering behavior in ALiSb (A = Ca, Sr, Eu, Yb) Zintl phases with low thermal conductivity	46
Understanding the mechanisms behind the development of cube orientation in the non-cube grains during plane strain compression of medium to high stacking-fault energy FCC metals	46
Data-driven texture design for reducing elastic and plastic anisotropy in titanium alloys	46
In-situ quantitative tracking of micro-crack evolution behavior inside CMCs under load at high temperature: A deep learning method	46
Peculiarities of phase diagram of Fe-Ni system at Ni concentrations 0 – 20 at.%.	46
Slip transfer and crack initiation at grain and twin boundaries during strain-controlled fatigue of solution-hardened Ni-based alloys	46
A phase-field model for study of ferroelastic deformation behavior in yttria stabilized zirconia	46
Evolving corundum nanoparticles at room temperature	45
Direct evidence of the formation mechanisms of TiC nanoparticles and Al	45
Synergistic polarization engineering on BaTiO3 bulk and surface for boosting redox kinetics of polysulfides in lithium–sulfur batteries	45
Effects of initial 3D printed microstructures on subsequent microstructural evolution in 316L stainless steel	45
Laser deposited superalloys with rotated substrate orientations: Microstructures and single-crystal formation	45