Empirical Software Engineering

Article	Citations
Introduction to the special issue on program comprehension	203
An empirical study on the effectiveness of large language models for SATD identification and classification	96
Optimal priority assignment for real-time systems: a coevolution-based approach	81
Consensus task interaction trace recommender to guide developers’ software navigation	64
Effects of variability in models: a family of experiments	64
On the adoption and effects of source code reuse on defect proneness and maintenance effort	63
Path context augmented statement and network for learning programs	63
Does the first response matter for future contributions? A study of first contributions	58
Dynamical analysis of diversity in rule-based open source network intrusion detection systems	57
The human experience of comprehending source code in virtual reality	50
More than React: Investigating the Role of Emoji Reaction in GitHub Pull Requests	44
Can static analysis tools find more defects?	44
Toward effective secure code reviews: an empirical study of security-related coding weaknesses	41
An empirical study of IoT topics in IoT developer discussions on Stack Overflow	40
Understanding the characteristics and the role of visual issue reports	40
Seeing the invisible: test prioritization for object detection system	39
A study of documentation for software architecture	38
Evaluating few-shot and contrastive learning methods for code clone detection	35
Efficient static analysis and verification of featured transition systems	34
TestEvoViz: visualizing genetically-based test coverage evolution	33
Smells in system user interactive tests	32
Bugs in machine learning-based systems: a faultload benchmark	32
Evaluating software user feedback classifier performance on unseen apps, datasets, and metadata	32
Cross-status communication and project outcomes in OSS development	31
A fine-grained taxonomy of code review feedback in TypeScript projects	30

Collaboration failure analysis in cyber-physical system-of-systems using context fuzzy clustering	30
The impact of class imbalance techniques on crashing fault residence prediction models	29
App review driven collaborative bug finding	28
What causes exceptions in machine learning applications? Mining machine learning-related stack traces on Stack Overflow	28
On the use of commit-relevant mutants	28
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on women’s contribution to public code	28
Testing the past: can we still run tests in past snapshots for Java projects?	28
Automated test generation for Scratch programs	27
Deep learning techniques to detect cybersecurity attacks: a systematic mapping study	27
Evaluating the impact of flaky simulators on testing autonomous driving systems	26
Towards cost-benefit evaluation for continuous software engineering activities	26
Developers’ perception matters: machine learning to detect developer-sensitive smells	26
Practitioner’s view of the success factors for software outsourcing partnership formation: an empirical exploration	26
Automatic prediction of rejected edits in Stack Overflow	24
BTLink : automatic link recovery between issues and commits based on pre-trained BERT model	24
On the impact of security vulnerabilities in the npm and RubyGems dependency networks	24
Deep learning based identification of inconsistent method names: How far are we?	24
How far are we with automated machine learning? characterization and challenges of AutoML toolkits	23
Experimental comparison of features, analyses, and classifiers for Android malware detection	23
Static detection of equivalent mutants in real-time model-based mutation testing	23
Visualizing the customization endeavor in product-based-evolving software product lines: a case of action design research	22
Indentation and reading time: a randomized control trial on the differences between generated indented and non-indented if-statements	22
An empirical evaluation of a novel domain-specific language – modelling vehicle routing problems with Athos	22
A grounded theory of community package maintenance organizations	22
The well-being of software engineers: a systematic literature review and a theory	21
How far are app secrets from being stolen? a case study on android	21
JNFuzz-Droid: a lightweight fuzzing and taint analysis framework for native code of Android applications	21
Securing dependencies: A comprehensive study of Dependabot’s impact on vulnerability mitigation	21
Advantages and disadvantages of (dedicated) model transformation languages	21
On combining commit grouping and build skip prediction to reduce redundant continuous integration activity	21
Real world projects, real faults: evaluating spectrum based fault localization techniques on Python projects	21
A configurable method for benchmarking scalability of cloud-native applications	20
A large-scale empirical study of commit message generation: models, datasets and evaluation	20
An empirical study of the impact of log parsers on the performance of log-based anomaly detection	20
An empirical study of untangling patterns of two-class dependency cycles	20
Code reviews in open source projects : how do gender biases affect participation and outcomes?	20
An empirical study on the potential of word embedding techniques in bug report management tasks	20
Software product line testing: a systematic literature review	19
Towards a recipe for language decomposition: quality assessment of language product lines	19
Patterns of multi-container composition for service orchestration with Docker Compose	19
Demystifying regular expression bugs	19
Engineering recommender systems for modelling languages: concept, tool and evaluation	19
What really changes when developers intend to improve their source code: a commit-level study of static metric value and static analysis warning changes	19
LineFlowDP: A Deep Learning-Based Two-Phase Approach for Line-Level Defect Prediction	19
Lightweight dynamic build batching algorithms for continuous integration	18
A metrics-based approach for selecting among various refactoring candidates	18
Common challenges of deep reinforcement learning applications development: an empirical study	18
Systematic Evaluation of Deep Learning Models for Log-based Failure Prediction	18
When less is more: on the value of “co-training” for semi-supervised software defect predictors	18
Take a deep breath: Benefits of neuroplasticity practices for software developers and computer workers in a family of experiments	18

On the Investigation of Empirical Contradictions - Aggregated Results of Local Studies on Readability and Comprehensibility of Source Code	18
OpTrans: enhancing binary code similarity detection with function inlining re-optimization	17
Software testing in the machine learning era	17
Mastering uncertainty in performance estimations of configurable software systems	17
An investigation of online and offline learning models for online Just-in-Time Software Defect Prediction	16
Semantic matching in GUI test reuse	16
RAG-Driven multiple assertions generation with large language models	16
Comparing effectiveness and efficiency of Interactive Application Security Testing (IAST) and Runtime Application Self-Protection (RASP) tools in a large java-based system	16
Präzi: from package-based to call-based dependency networks	16
Automated driver management for Selenium WebDriver	16
Gamification in software engineering: the mediating role of developer engagement and job satisfaction	16
An empirical study of Q&A websites for game developers	15
Can the configuration of static analyses make resolving security vulnerabilities more effective? - A user study	15
What kinds of contracts do ML APIs need?	15
Is GitHub’s Copilot as bad as humans at introducing vulnerabilities in code?	15
Language usage analysis for EMF metamodels on GitHub	15
Test smells 20 years later: detectability, validity, and reliability	15
Toward granular search-based automatic unit test case generation	14
Why secret detection tools are not enough: It’s not just about false positives - An industrial case study	14
Prioritizing test cases for deep learning-based video classifiers	14
Semantically-enhanced topic recommendation systems for software projects	14
Program transformation landscapes for automated program modification using Gin	14
A study of how Docker Compose is used to compose multi-component systems	14
SmartFast: an accurate and robust formal analysis tool for Ethereum smart contracts	14
Studying the explanations for the automated prediction of bug and non-bug issues using LIME and SHAP	14
Correction to: Examining ownership models in software teams	14
Applying bayesian data analysis for causal inference about requirements quality: a controlled experiment	14
Defect prediction using deep learning with Network Portrait Divergence for software evolution	14
Which design decisions in AI-enabled mobile applications contribute to greener AI?	14
Challenges and practices of deep learning model reengineering: A case study on computer vision	14
A comprehensive overview of software product management challenges	13
Reflections on the Empirical Software Engineering journal	13
Static analysis driven enhancements for comprehension in machine learning notebooks	13
Correction to: Towards a recipe for language decomposition: quality assessment of language product lines	13
A multi-model framework for semantically enhancing detection of quality-related bug report descriptions	13
A controlled experiment on the impact of microtasking on programming	13
E-APR: Mapping the effectiveness of automated program repair techniques	13
Experimental Evaluation of a Checklist-Based Inspection Technique to Verify the Compliance of Software Systems with the Brazilian General Data Protection Law	13
DDImage: an image reduction based approach for automatically explaining black-box classifiers	13
Demystifying API misuses in deep learning applications	13
Fixing Dockerfile smells: an empirical study	12
Cross-project defect prediction via semantic and syntactic encoding	12
Finding the sweet spot for organizational control and team autonomy in large-scale agile software development	12
An empirical study on self-admitted technical debt in Dockerfiles	12
Modeling function-level interactions for file-level bug localization	12
A fine-grained data set and analysis of tangling in bug fixing commits	12
CsmithEdge: more effective compiler testing by handling undefined behaviour less conservatively	12
Styler: learning formatting conventions to repair Checkstyle violations	12
Seeing confusion through a new lens: on the impact of atoms of confusion on novices’ code comprehension	11
On the spread and evolution of dead methods in Java desktop applications: an exploratory study	11
Unveiling overlooked performance variance in serverless computing	11
APR4Vul: an empirical study of automatic program repair techniques on real-world Java vulnerabilities	11
A fine-grained evaluation of mutation operators to boost mutation testing for deep learning systems	11
What have we learned? A conceptual framework on New Zealand software professionals and companies’ response to COVID-19	11
Propagating frugal user feedback through closeness of code dependencies to improve IR-based traceability recovery	11
An empirical study of same-day releases of popular packages in the npm ecosystem	11
SoftNER: Mining knowledge graphs from cloud incidents	11
CyberSAGE: The cyber security argument graph evaluation tool	11
Learning to Predict Code Review Completion Time In Modern Code Review	11
Towards automatic labeling of exception handling bugs: A case study of 10 years bug-fixing in Apache Hadoop	11
Explainable automated debugging via large language model-driven scientific debugging	11
A qualitative study on refactorings induced by code review	11
Navigating fairness: practitioners’ understanding, challenges, and strategies in AI/ML development	10
Story points changes in agile iterative development	10
From guidelines to practice: assessing Android app developer compliance with google’s security recommendations	10
A qualitative study of developers’ discussions of their problems and joys during the early COVID-19 months	10
Inter-team communication in large-scale co-located software engineering: a case study	10
Empirically evaluating flaky test detection techniques combining test case rerunning and machine learning models	10
Understanding and effectively mitigating code review anxiety	10
Two N-of-1 self-trials on readability differences between anonymous inner classes (AICs) and lambda expressions (LEs) on Java code snippets	10
Transformer-based code model with compressed hierarchy representation	10
Silent bugs in deep learning frameworks: an empirical study of Keras and TensorFlow	10
Studying differentiated code to support smart contract update	10
Predicting merge conflicts considering social and technical assets	10
Refactoring practices in the context of data-intensive systems	10
Assessing the exposure of software changes	10
Towards understanding quality challenges of the federated learning for neural networks: a first look from the lens of robustness	9
Automatic bi-modal question title generation for Stack Overflow with prompt learning	9
How to cherry pick the bug report for better summarization?	9
Toward a theory on programmer’s block inspired by writer’s block	9

What happens in my code reviews? An investigation on automatically classifying review changes	9
Can search-based testing with pareto optimization effectively cover failure-revealing test inputs?	9
Machine learning-based test smell detection	9
Extracting enhanced artificial intelligence model metadata from software repositories	9
IRJIT: A simple, online, information retrieval approach for just-in-time software defect prediction	9
Agile software development one year into the COVID-19 pandemic	9
Detecting data manipulation errors in android applications using scene-guided exploration	9
The forgotten role of search queries in IR-based bug localization: an empirical study	9
Deep learning approaches for bad smell detection: a systematic literature review	9
Come for syntax, stay for speed, write secure code: an empirical study of security weaknesses in Julia programs	9
How do i refactor this? An empirical study on refactoring trends and topics in Stack Overflow	9
An empirical study of the systemic and technical migration towards microservices	9
Multi-granular software annotation using file-level weak labelling	9
GitHub Discussions: An exploratory study of early adoption	9
Model vs system level testing of autonomous driving systems: a replication and extension study	9
Studying the characteristics of AIOps projects on GitHub	9
On the assignment of commits to releases	9
An empirical study on developers’ shared conversations with ChatGPT in GitHub pull requests and issues	9
A comprehensive study of machine learning techniques for log-based anomaly detection	9
Industrial adoption of machine learning techniques for early identification of invalid bug reports	9
Evaluating pre-trained models for user feedback analysis in software engineering: a study on classification of app-reviews	9
Characterizing refactoring graphs in Java and JavaScript projects	9
Correction to: Utilization of pre-trained language models for adapter-based knowledge transfer in software engineering	8
Software reconfiguration in robotics	8
Developer-centric test amplification	8
Mining and relating design contexts and design patterns from Stack Overflow	8
Automated detection, categorisation and developers’ experience with the violations of honesty in mobile apps	8
Software selection in large-scale software engineering: A model and criteria based on interactive rapid reviews	8
Empirical evaluation of tools for hairy requirements engineering tasks	8
Hyperfuzzing: black-box security hypertesting with a grey-box fuzzer	8
Mining Python fix patterns via analyzing fine-grained source code changes	8
A longitudinal explanatory case study of coordination in a very large development programme: the impact of transitioning from a first- to a second-generation large-scale agile development method	8
WIA-SZZ: Work item aware SZZ	8
SparseCoder: Advancing source code analysis with sparse attention and learned token pruning	8
Quantum circuit mutants: Empirical analysis and recommendations	8
Correction to: Advantages and disadvantages of (dedicated) model transformation languages	8
Just-in-Time crash prediction for mobile apps	8
Reuse and maintenance practices among divergent forks in three software ecosystems	8
Predicting the objective and priority of issue reports in software repositories	8
FeatCompare: Feature comparison for competing mobile apps leveraging user reviews	8
Ethics in AI through the practitioner’s view: a grounded theory literature review	8
A multi-objective effort-aware approach for early code review prediction and prioritization	8
Quality issues in machine learning software systems	8
Studying eventual connectivity issues in Android apps	8
Improving hardware/software interface management in systems of systems through documentation as code	8
Does code review speed matter for practitioners?	8
On the suitability of hugging face hub for empirical studies	8
How programmers find online learning resources	8
Understanding refactorings in Elixir functional language	8
Investigating user feedback from a crowd in requirements management in software ecosystems	8
What makes a code review useful to OpenDev developers? An empirical investigation	8
Opportunities and security risks of technical leverage: A replication study on the NPM ecosystem	7
Correction to: Analysing app reviews for software engineering: a systematic literature review	7
Design smells in multi-language systems and bug-proneness: a survival analysis	7
On the acceptance by code reviewers of candidate security patches suggested by Automated Program Repair tools	7
Developer discussion topics on the adoption and barriers of low code software development platforms	7
Identifying self-admitted technical debt in issue tracking systems using machine learning	7
Leveraging encoder-only large language models for mobile app review feature extraction	7
Revisiting the building of past snapshots — a replication and reproduction study	7
Tracking bad updates in mobile apps: a search-based approach	7
The indolent lambdification of Java	7
Vulnerabilities in infrastructure as code: what, how many, and who?	7
Does class size matter? An in-depth assessment of the effect of class size in software defect prediction	7
Game-based Sprint retrospectives: multiple action research	7
Bug characterization in machine learning-based systems	7
How are project-specific forums utilized? A study of participation, content, and sentiment in the Eclipse ecosystem	7
ROBUST: 221 bugs in the Robot Operating System	7
Deep security analysis of program code	7
The making of accessible Android applications: an empirical study on the state of the practice	7
The evolution of the code during review: an investigation on review changes	7
Fluently specifying taint-flow queries with fluentTQL	7
Works for Me! Cannot Reproduce – A Large Scale Empirical Study of Non-reproducible Bugs	7
A systematic review on smart contracts security design patterns	7
Investigating developers’ perception on software testability and its effects	7
What do class comments tell us? An investigation of comment evolution and practices in Pharo Smalltalk	7
Fixing vulnerabilities potentially hinders maintainability	7
Integrating human values in software development using a human values dashboard	7
A preliminary investigation on using multi-task learning to predict change performance in code reviews	7
Causal inference of server- and client-side code smells in web apps evolution	7
Rotten green tests in Java, Pharo and Python	7
Do I really need all this work to find vulnerabilities?	7
On the usage and development of deep learning compilers: an empirical study on TVM	7
We do not understand what it says – studying student perceptions of software modelling	6
Using acceptance tests to predict merge conflict risk	6
The broken windows theory applies to technical debt	6
Analyzing the BizDev interface in an enterprise context: a case of developers acting in business	6
A theory of factors affecting continuous experimentation (FACE)	6
The upper bound of information diffusion in code review	6
Taxonomy of inline code comment smells	6
PTM4Tag+: Tag recommendation of stack overflow posts with pre-trained models	6
Correction to: Preface to the special issue on program comprehension	6
Simplifying software compliance: AI technologies in drafting technical documentation for the AI Act	6
Large scale reuse of microservices using CI/CD and InnerSource practices - a case study	6
Analysis of a many-objective optimization approach for identifying microservices from legacy systems	6
Balancing technology heterogeneity in microservice architectures	6