Empirical Software Engineering

Article	Citations
Introduction to the special issue on program comprehension	232
Consensus task interaction trace recommender to guide developers’ software navigation	108
Toward effective secure code reviews: an empirical study of security-related coding weaknesses	77
Understanding the characteristics and the role of visual issue reports	71
Can static analysis tools find more defects?	68
TestEvoViz: visualizing genetically-based test coverage evolution	68
Dynamical analysis of diversity in rule-based open source network intrusion detection systems	55
Shaky structures: The wobbly world of causal graphs in software analytics	52
(In)Security of mobile apps in developing countries: a systematic literature review	47
Bugs in machine learning-based systems: a faultload benchmark	45
Seeing the invisible: test prioritization for object detection system	45
Evaluating software user feedback classifier performance on unseen apps, datasets, and metadata	45
Efficient static analysis and verification of featured transition systems	43
Path context augmented statement and network for learning programs	40
Underproduction analysis of open source software	39
On the adoption and effects of source code reuse on defect proneness and maintenance effort	35
Effects of variability in models: a family of experiments	34
An empirical study on the effectiveness of large language models for SATD identification and classification	32
Does the first response matter for future contributions? A study of first contributions	31
More than React: Investigating the Role of Emoji Reaction in GitHub Pull Requests	31
The human experience of comprehending source code in virtual reality	30
Optimal priority assignment for real-time systems: a coevolution-based approach	30
A study of documentation for software architecture	30
Practitioner’s view of the success factors for software outsourcing partnership formation: an empirical exploration	29
Developers’ perception matters: machine learning to detect developer-sensitive smells	29

Evaluating few-shot and contrastive learning methods for code clone detection	29
Analyzing and mitigating (with LLMs) the security misconfigurations of Helm charts from Artifact Hub	29
Towards cost-benefit evaluation for continuous software engineering activities	28
What causes exceptions in machine learning applications? Mining machine learning-related stack traces on Stack Overflow	28
Testing the past: can we still run tests in past snapshots for Java projects?	28
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on women’s contribution to public code	27
Cross-status communication and project outcomes in OSS development	27
A fine-grained taxonomy of code review feedback in TypeScript projects	27
Collaboration failure analysis in cyber-physical system-of-systems using context fuzzy clustering	27
Deep learning based identification of inconsistent method names: How far are we?	26
Smells in system user interactive tests	26
Automatic prediction of rejected edits in Stack Overflow	25
App review driven collaborative bug finding	25
Automated test generation for Scratch programs	25
On the impact of security vulnerabilities in the npm and RubyGems dependency networks	24
BTLink : automatic link recovery between issues and commits based on pre-trained BERT model	23
The impact of class imbalance techniques on crashing fault residence prediction models	23
Deep learning techniques to detect cybersecurity attacks: a systematic mapping study	23
Evaluating the impact of flaky simulators on testing autonomous driving systems	23
On the use of commit-relevant mutants	23
Understanding practitioners’ reasoning and requirements for efficient tool support in technical debt management	22
How far are we with automated machine learning? characterization and challenges of AutoML toolkits	22
AI support for data scientists: An empirical study on workflow and alternative code recommendations	22
An empirical evaluation of a novel domain-specific language – modelling vehicle routing problems with Athos	22
JNFuzz-Droid: a lightweight fuzzing and taint analysis framework for native code of Android applications	21
The well-being of software engineers: a systematic literature review and a theory	20
An empirical study of untangling patterns of two-class dependency cycles	20
Visualizing the customization endeavor in product-based-evolving software product lines: a case of action design research	20
A grounded theory of community package maintenance organizations	20
The effect of stereotypes on perceived competence of indigenous software practitioners: a study of dress style in professional photos	20
On combining commit grouping and build skip prediction to reduce redundant continuous integration activity	20
Indentation and reading time: a randomized control trial on the differences between generated indented and non-indented if-statements	20
How far are app secrets from being stolen? a case study on android	19
Experimental comparison of features, analyses, and classifiers for Android malware detection	19
Securing dependencies: A comprehensive study of Dependabot’s impact on vulnerability mitigation	19
A large-scale empirical study of commit message generation: models, datasets and evaluation	19
An empirical study of the impact of log parsers on the performance of log-based anomaly detection	19
Real world projects, real faults: evaluating spectrum based fault localization techniques on Python projects	19
Why android app testing falls short: empirical insights from open-source projects and a practitioner survey	19
LineFlowDP: A Deep Learning-Based Two-Phase Approach for Line-Level Defect Prediction	18
Advantages and disadvantages of (dedicated) model transformation languages	18
Static detection of equivalent mutants in real-time model-based mutation testing	18
Code reviews in open source projects : how do gender biases affect participation and outcomes?	18
A configurable method for benchmarking scalability of cloud-native applications	18
Engineering recommender systems for modelling languages: concept, tool and evaluation	17
Patterns of multi-container composition for service orchestration with Docker Compose	16
Demystifying regular expression bugs	16
An empirical study on the potential of word embedding techniques in bug report management tasks	16
Mastering uncertainty in performance estimations of configurable software systems	16
Systematic Evaluation of Deep Learning Models for Log-based Failure Prediction	16

What really changes when developers intend to improve their source code: a commit-level study of static metric value and static analysis warning changes	16
Towards a recipe for language decomposition: quality assessment of language product lines	16
A metrics-based approach for selecting among various refactoring candidates	16
Lightweight dynamic build batching algorithms for continuous integration	16
Software product line testing: a systematic literature review	16
Take a deep breath: Benefits of neuroplasticity practices for software developers and computer workers in a family of experiments	16
When less is more: on the value of “co-training” for semi-supervised software defect predictors	15
On the Investigation of Empirical Contradictions - Aggregated Results of Local Studies on Readability and Comprehensibility of Source Code	15
Software testing in the machine learning era	15
Language usage analysis for EMF metamodels on GitHub	15
Enhanced SQL error messages facilitate faster error fixing	14
Common challenges of deep reinforcement learning applications development: an empirical study	14
Comparing effectiveness and efficiency of Interactive Application Security Testing (IAST) and Runtime Application Self-Protection (RASP) tools in a large java-based system	14
What kinds of contracts do ML APIs need?	14
Semantic matching in GUI test reuse	14
Can the configuration of static analyses make resolving security vulnerabilities more effective? - A user study	14
Gamification in software engineering: the mediating role of developer engagement and job satisfaction	14
OpTrans: enhancing binary code similarity detection with function inlining re-optimization	14
An investigation of online and offline learning models for online Just-in-Time Software Defect Prediction	14
RAG-Driven multiple assertions generation with large language models	14
Studying the explanations for the automated prediction of bug and non-bug issues using LIME and SHAP	13
Präzi: from package-based to call-based dependency networks	13
Challenges and practices of deep learning model reengineering: A case study on computer vision	13
SmartFast: an accurate and robust formal analysis tool for Ethereum smart contracts	13
Toward granular search-based automatic unit test case generation	13
Is GitHub’s Copilot as bad as humans at introducing vulnerabilities in code?	13
Program transformation landscapes for automated program modification using Gin	13
Measuring SES-related traits relating to technology usage: Two validated surveys	13
Applying bayesian data analysis for causal inference about requirements quality: a controlled experiment	13
Semantically-enhanced topic recommendation systems for software projects	13
Test smells 20 years later: detectability, validity, and reliability	13
Correction to: Examining ownership models in software teams	13
Which design decisions in AI-enabled mobile applications contribute to greener AI?	13
Defect prediction using deep learning with Network Portrait Divergence for software evolution	13
Correction to: Towards a recipe for language decomposition: quality assessment of language product lines	12
What have we learned? A conceptual framework on New Zealand software professionals and companies’ response to COVID-19	12
Why secret detection tools are not enough: It’s not just about false positives - An industrial case study	12
On the spread and evolution of dead methods in Java desktop applications: an exploratory study	12
An empirical study on self-admitted technical debt in Dockerfiles	12
Styler: learning formatting conventions to repair Checkstyle violations	12
CsmithEdge: more effective compiler testing by handling undefined behaviour less conservatively	12
Towards understanding the challenges of bug localization in deep learning systems	12
A multi-model framework for semantically enhancing detection of quality-related bug report descriptions	12
DDImage: an image reduction based approach for automatically explaining black-box classifiers	12
Seeing confusion through a new lens: on the impact of atoms of confusion on novices’ code comprehension	12
A controlled experiment on the impact of microtasking on programming	12
Prioritizing test cases for deep learning-based video classifiers	12
Fixing Dockerfile smells: an empirical study	12
Demystifying API misuses in deep learning applications	12
CyberSAGE: The cyber security argument graph evaluation tool	11
Cross-project defect prediction via semantic and syntactic encoding	11
APR4Vul: an empirical study of automatic program repair techniques on real-world Java vulnerabilities	11
A fine-grained data set and analysis of tangling in bug fixing commits	11
Modeling function-level interactions for file-level bug localization	11
Unveiling overlooked performance variance in serverless computing	11
Experimental Evaluation of a Checklist-Based Inspection Technique to Verify the Compliance of Software Systems with the Brazilian General Data Protection Law	11
A comprehensive overview of software product management challenges	11
Towards automatic labeling of exception handling bugs: A case study of 10 years bug-fixing in Apache Hadoop	11
Explainable automated debugging via large language model-driven scientific debugging	11
A fine-grained evaluation of mutation operators to boost mutation testing for deep learning systems	11
When uncertainty leads to unsafety: Empirical insights into the role of uncertainty in unmanned aerial vehicle safety	11
A qualitative study on refactorings induced by code review	10
GitHub Discussions: An exploratory study of early adoption	10
Agile software development one year into the COVID-19 pandemic	10
Transformer-based code model with compressed hierarchy representation	10
Understanding and effectively mitigating code review anxiety	10
Propagating frugal user feedback through closeness of code dependencies to improve IR-based traceability recovery	10
SoftNER: Mining knowledge graphs from cloud incidents	10
Studying differentiated code to support smart contract update	10
Model vs system level testing of autonomous driving systems: a replication and extension study	10
Two N-of-1 self-trials on readability differences between anonymous inner classes (AICs) and lambda expressions (LEs) on Java code snippets	10
Static analysis driven enhancements for comprehension in machine learning notebooks	10
Learning to Predict Code Review Completion Time In Modern Code Review	10
Predicting merge conflicts considering social and technical assets	10
Studying the characteristics of AIOps projects on GitHub	10
A qualitative study of developers’ discussions of their problems and joys during the early COVID-19 months	10
Reflections on the Empirical Software Engineering journal	10
Assessing the exposure of software changes	9
Inter-team communication in large-scale co-located software engineering: a case study	9
Towards understanding quality challenges of the federated learning for neural networks: a first look from the lens of robustness	9

What happens in my code reviews? An investigation on automatically classifying review changes	9
Come for syntax, stay for speed, write secure code: an empirical study of security weaknesses in Julia programs	9
Multi-granular software annotation using file-level weak labelling	9
How do i refactor this? An empirical study on refactoring trends and topics in Stack Overflow	9
Industrial adoption of machine learning techniques for early identification of invalid bug reports	9
Evaluating pre-trained models for user feedback analysis in software engineering: a study on classification of app-reviews	9
Empirically evaluating flaky test detection techniques combining test case rerunning and machine learning models	9
Refactoring practices in the context of data-intensive systems	9
Story points changes in agile iterative development	9
On the assignment of commits to releases	9
Software selection in large-scale software engineering: A model and criteria based on interactive rapid reviews	9
An empirical study on developers’ shared conversations with ChatGPT in GitHub pull requests and issues	9
Silent bugs in deep learning frameworks: an empirical study of Keras and TensorFlow	9
Understanding refactorings in Elixir functional language	9
A comprehensive study of machine learning techniques for log-based anomaly detection	9
Can search-based testing with pareto optimization effectively cover failure-revealing test inputs?	9
Navigating fairness: practitioners’ understanding, challenges, and strategies in AI/ML development	9
Detecting data manipulation errors in android applications using scene-guided exploration	9
Automatic bi-modal question title generation for Stack Overflow with prompt learning	9
Hyperfuzzing: black-box security hypertesting with a grey-box fuzzer	9
Machine learning-based test smell detection	9
Toward a theory on programmer’s block inspired by writer’s block	9
From guidelines to practice: assessing Android app developer compliance with google’s security recommendations	9
Reuse and maintenance practices among divergent forks in three software ecosystems	9
Correction to: Why do companies create and how do they succeed with a vendor-led open source foundation	9
Extracting enhanced artificial intelligence model metadata from software repositories	9