Empirical Software Engineering

Article	Citations
Introduction to the special issue on program comprehension	101
Consensus task interaction trace recommender to guide developers’ software navigation	84
TestEvoViz: visualizing genetically-based test coverage evolution	83
Shaky structures: The wobbly world of causal graphs in software analytics	77
More than React: Investigating the Role of Emoji Reaction in GitHub Pull Requests	69
Does the first response matter for future contributions? A study of first contributions	63
Underproduction analysis of open source software	55
The human experience of comprehending source code in virtual reality	52
Security by documentation? characterizing GitHub SECURITY.md policy and their adoption in Python libraries	48
The design space of lockfiles across package managers	47
(In)Security of mobile apps in developing countries: a systematic literature review	44
Seeing the invisible: test prioritization for object detection system	41
Optimal priority assignment for real-time systems: a coevolution-based approach	40
Can static analysis tools find more defects?	39
Evaluating software user feedback classifier performance on unseen apps, datasets, and metadata	39
Evaluating few-shot and contrastive learning methods for code clone detection	38
Fuzzing-based mutation testing of C/C++ software in cyber-physical systems	38
Understanding the characteristics and the role of visual issue reports	37
Toward effective secure code reviews: an empirical study of security-related coding weaknesses	36
Mitigating omitted variable bias in empirical software engineering	35
Bugs in machine learning-based systems: a faultload benchmark	35
On the adoption and effects of source code reuse on defect proneness and maintenance effort	35
A study of documentation for software architecture	34
The impact of class imbalance techniques on crashing fault residence prediction models	32
An empirical study on the effectiveness of large language models for SATD identification and classification	32

Developers’ perception matters: machine learning to detect developer-sensitive smells	31
On the use of commit-relevant mutants	31
Cross-status communication and project outcomes in OSS development	30
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on women’s contribution to public code	30
On the impact of security vulnerabilities in the npm and RubyGems dependency networks	29
Automated test generation for Scratch programs	29
Automatic prediction of rejected edits in Stack Overflow	28
Smells in system user interactive tests	28
The Influence of Code Comments on the Perceived Helpfulness of Stack Overflow Posts	28
Output format biases in the evaluation of large language models for code translation	27
Maintaining shared understanding of non-functional requirements in small companies using continuous software engineering	26
Collaboration failure analysis in cyber-physical system-of-systems using context fuzzy clustering	25
App review driven collaborative bug finding	25
Deep learning based identification of inconsistent method names: How far are we?	24
What causes exceptions in machine learning applications? Mining machine learning-related stack traces on Stack Overflow	24
Analyzing and mitigating (with LLMs) the security misconfigurations of Helm charts from Artifact Hub	24
Testing the past: can we still run tests in past snapshots for Java projects?	24
Towards cost-benefit evaluation for continuous software engineering activities	24
Deep learning techniques to detect cybersecurity attacks: a systematic mapping study	23
BTLink : automatic link recovery between issues and commits based on pre-trained BERT model	23
A fine-grained taxonomy of code review feedback in TypeScript projects	23
Evaluating the impact of flaky simulators on testing autonomous driving systems	23
An empirical study of untangling patterns of two-class dependency cycles	22
The effect of stereotypes on perceived competence of indigenous software practitioners: a study of dress style in professional photos	22
AI support for data scientists: An empirical study on workflow and alternative code recommendations	22
A grounded theory of community package maintenance organizations	21
A Comprehensive Study of the Lifecycle of Dormant npm Packages	21
On combining commit grouping and build skip prediction to reduce redundant continuous integration activity	21
Indentation and reading time: a randomized control trial on the differences between generated indented and non-indented if-statements	21
Securing dependencies: A comprehensive study of Dependabot’s impact on vulnerability mitigation	20
JNFuzz-Droid: a lightweight fuzzing and taint analysis framework for native code of Android applications	20
How far are app secrets from being stolen? a case study on android	20
Why android app testing falls short: empirical insights from open-source projects and a practitioner survey	20
Real world projects, real faults: evaluating spectrum based fault localization techniques on Python projects	20
Static detection of equivalent mutants in real-time model-based mutation testing	20
Understanding practitioners’ reasoning and requirements for efficient tool support in technical debt management	19
Scalable hierarchical protocol format inference via feature-heuristic message delimiter	19
The well-being of software engineers: a systematic literature review and a theory	19
Code reviews in open source projects : how do gender biases affect participation and outcomes?	19
Advantages and disadvantages of (dedicated) model transformation languages	19
Experimental comparison of features, analyses, and classifiers for Android malware detection	18
An empirical study of the impact of log parsers on the performance of log-based anomaly detection	18
Quantifying adoption: A SEM study of quantum software technology in software development	18
An empirical evaluation of a novel domain-specific language – modelling vehicle routing problems with Athos	18
A large-scale empirical study of commit message generation: models, datasets and evaluation	17
Patterns of multi-container composition for service orchestration with Docker Compose	17
How far are we with automated machine learning? characterization and challenges of AutoML toolkits	17
Lightweight dynamic build batching algorithms for continuous integration	17
LineFlowDP: A Deep Learning-Based Two-Phase Approach for Line-Level Defect Prediction	17
A configurable method for benchmarking scalability of cloud-native applications	17

A metrics-based approach for selecting among various refactoring candidates	17
What really changes when developers intend to improve their source code: a commit-level study of static metric value and static analysis warning changes	16
Validation of an analyzability model for quantum software: a family of experiments	16
Securing LLM-in-the-loop software for empirical study of risks, mitigations, and utility trade-offs in a safety-critical case	16
Local software buildability across Java versions	16
Engineering recommender systems for modelling languages: concept, tool and evaluation	16
Software product line testing: a systematic literature review	16
An empirical study on the potential of word embedding techniques in bug report management tasks	16
ContractFull: a rapid and comprehensive static analysis tool for Ethereum smart contracts	15
An investigation of online and offline learning models for online Just-in-Time Software Defect Prediction	15
Mastering uncertainty in performance estimations of configurable software systems	15
Software testing in the machine learning era	15
Systematic Evaluation of Deep Learning Models for Log-based Failure Prediction	15
Language usage analysis for EMF metamodels on GitHub	15
Take a deep breath: Benefits of neuroplasticity practices for software developers and computer workers in a family of experiments	15
Tools and benchmarks evolve: what is their impact on parameter tuning in SBSE experiments?	15
Preface to the Special Issue on Security Testing for Complex Software Systems Special Issue 1239 Editorial	14
When less is more: on the value of “co-training” for semi-supervised software defect predictors	14
What kinds of contracts do ML APIs need?	14
Präzi: from package-based to call-based dependency networks	14
OpTrans: enhancing binary code similarity detection with function inlining re-optimization	14
Common challenges of deep reinforcement learning applications development: an empirical study	14
Enhanced SQL error messages facilitate faster error fixing	14
On the Investigation of Empirical Contradictions - Aggregated Results of Local Studies on Readability and Comprehensibility of Source Code	14
Semantic matching in GUI test reuse	14
Can the configuration of static analyses make resolving security vulnerabilities more effective? - A user study	13
Is GitHub’s Copilot as bad as humans at introducing vulnerabilities in code?	13
An exploratory study on fine-tuning large language models for secure code generation	13
A zero-shot framework for cross-project vulnerability detection in source code	13
Test schedule generation for acceptance testing of mission-critical satellite systems	13
Toward granular search-based automatic unit test case generation	13
Semantically-enhanced topic recommendation systems for software projects	13
Test smells 20 years later: detectability, validity, and reliability	13
RAG-Driven multiple assertions generation with large language models	13
Defect prediction using deep learning with Network Portrait Divergence for software evolution	13
Classifier or prompt: A case study on legal requirements traceability	13
Which design decisions in AI-enabled mobile applications contribute to greener AI?	13
Applying bayesian data analysis for causal inference about requirements quality: a controlled experiment	13
Comparing effectiveness and efficiency of Interactive Application Security Testing (IAST) and Runtime Application Self-Protection (RASP) tools in a large java-based system	13
Prioritizing test cases for deep learning-based video classifiers	13
Correction to: Examining ownership models in software teams	13
Exploring the black box: analysing explainable AI challenges and best practices through stack exchange discussions	13
Challenges and practices of deep learning model reengineering: A case study on computer vision	13
Measuring SES-related traits relating to technology usage: Two validated surveys	13
An empirical study of testing practices in open source AI agent frameworks and agentic applications	12
DDImage: an image reduction based approach for automatically explaining black-box classifiers	12
Studying the explanations for the automated prediction of bug and non-bug issues using LIME and SHAP	12
SmartFast: an accurate and robust formal analysis tool for Ethereum smart contracts	12
Correction to: Towards a recipe for language decomposition: quality assessment of language product lines	12
Program transformation landscapes for automated program modification using Gin	12
On the spread and evolution of dead methods in Java desktop applications: an exploratory study	12
A fine-grained data set and analysis of tangling in bug fixing commits	12
Towards understanding the challenges of bug localization in deep learning systems	12
A controlled experiment on the impact of microtasking on programming	11
A fine-grained evaluation of mutation operators to boost mutation testing for deep learning systems	11
How challenging it is to identify real code authors: an empirical study	11
Towards automatic labeling of exception handling bugs: A case study of 10 years bug-fixing in Apache Hadoop	11
A multi-model framework for semantically enhancing detection of quality-related bug report descriptions	11
Learning to Predict Code Review Completion Time In Modern Code Review	11
Cross-project defect prediction via semantic and syntactic encoding	11
APR4Vul: an empirical study of automatic program repair techniques on real-world Java vulnerabilities	11
CsmithEdge: more effective compiler testing by handling undefined behaviour less conservatively	11
What have we learned? A conceptual framework on New Zealand software professionals and companies’ response to COVID-19	11
Demystifying API misuses in deep learning applications	11
KPIRoot+: An efficient integrated framework for anomaly detection and root cause analysis in large-scale cloud systems	11
Styler: learning formatting conventions to repair Checkstyle violations	11
Fixing Dockerfile smells: an empirical study	11
CyberSAGE: The cyber security argument graph evaluation tool	11
Explainable automated debugging via large language model-driven scientific debugging	11
Modeling function-level interactions for file-level bug localization	11
On detection latencies of network intrusion detectors – discussion and application	11
Automated detection of algorithm debt in deep learning frameworks: an empirical study	11
Experimental Evaluation of a Checklist-Based Inspection Technique to Verify the Compliance of Software Systems with the Brazilian General Data Protection Law	11
Static analysis driven enhancements for comprehension in machine learning notebooks	11
When uncertainty leads to unsafety: Empirical insights into the role of uncertainty in unmanned aerial vehicle safety	11
A comprehensive overview of software product management challenges	11
A qualitative study on refactorings induced by code review	10
Navigating fairness: practitioners’ understanding, challenges, and strategies in AI/ML development	10
Unveiling overlooked performance variance in serverless computing	10
Detecting data manipulation errors in android applications using scene-guided exploration	10

An empirical study on developers’ shared conversations with ChatGPT in GitHub pull requests and issues	10
Assessing the exposure of software changes	10
Understanding and effectively mitigating code review anxiety	10
Towards understanding quality challenges of the federated learning for neural networks: a first look from the lens of robustness	10
Predicting merge conflicts considering social and technical assets	10
Studying differentiated code to support smart contract update	10
Silent bugs in deep learning frameworks: an empirical study of Keras and TensorFlow	10
Investigating cross-market android apps: Security, protection, and components	10
Studying the characteristics of AIOps projects on GitHub	10
A qualitative study of developers’ discussions of their problems and joys during the early COVID-19 months	10
Detecting API compatibility issues of android applications based on screen transition graphs	10
Seeing confusion through a new lens: on the impact of atoms of confusion on novices’ code comprehension	10
Transformer-based code model with compressed hierarchy representation	10
Empirically evaluating flaky test detection techniques combining test case rerunning and machine learning models	10
Agile software development one year into the COVID-19 pandemic	10
From guidelines to practice: assessing Android app developer compliance with google’s security recommendations	9
Story points changes in agile iterative development	9
Can search-based testing with pareto optimization effectively cover failure-revealing test inputs?	9
Peer-aided repairer: empowering large language models to repair advanced student assignments	9
Developers and generative AI: A study of self-admitted usage in open source projects	9
An efficient model maintenance approach for MLOps	9
Industrial adoption of machine learning techniques for early identification of invalid bug reports	9
A comprehensive study of machine learning techniques for log-based anomaly detection	9
An empirical study of the systemic and technical migration towards microservices	9
Software selection in large-scale software engineering: A model and criteria based on interactive rapid reviews	9
Refactoring practices in the context of data-intensive systems	9
Automatic bi-modal question title generation for Stack Overflow with prompt learning	9
Evaluating pre-trained models for user feedback analysis in software engineering: a study on classification of app-reviews	9
On the assignment of commits to releases	9
Correction to: Utilization of pre-trained language models for adapter-based knowledge transfer in software engineering	9
Deep learning approaches for bad smell detection: a systematic literature review	9
GenCode: A generic data augmentation framework for boosting deep learning-based code understanding	9
Extracting enhanced artificial intelligence model metadata from software repositories	9
Machine learning-based test smell detection	9
Correction to: Why do companies create and how do they succeed with a vendor-led open source foundation	9
How programmers find online learning resources	9
Hyperfuzzing: black-box security hypertesting with a grey-box fuzzer	9
Model vs system level testing of autonomous driving systems: a replication and extension study	9
IRJIT: A simple, online, information retrieval approach for just-in-time software defect prediction	9
Multi-granular software annotation using file-level weak labelling	9
What characteristics make ChatGPT effective for software issue resolution? An empirical study of task, project, and conversational signals in GitHub issues	9
Come for syntax, stay for speed, write secure code: an empirical study of security weaknesses in Julia programs	9
Can generative AI bridge the gap? A quasi-experimental study of non-programmers with AI vs. programmers without AI	9
“What really happened to my models?” Extending co-evolution with cross-layer traceability in metamodel-model histories	9
The whos, whats, and whys of issues related to personal data and data protection in open-source projects on GitHub	9
Understanding refactorings in Elixir functional language	9
Toward a theory on programmer’s block inspired by writer’s block	9