BMC Emergency Medicine

Article	Citations
Predictors of specialist care referrals (SCR) following emergency department review or hospital admission in adults with previous acute COVID-19: a prospective UK cohort study	74
Exploring factors influencing time from dispatch to unit availability according to the transport decision in the pre-hospital setting: an exploratory study	54
Effective strategies for reducing patient length of stay in the emergency department: a systematic review and meta-analysis	52
The effects of Pre-hospital Trauma Life Support (PHTLS) training program on the on-scene time interval	35
Shorter laboratory turnaround time is associated with shorter emergency department length of stay: a retrospective cohort study	34
Frequent contacts to Emergency Medical Services (EMS): more than frequent callers	33
Identification of avoidable patients at triage in a Paediatric Emergency Department: a decision support system using predictive analytics	33
Transfusion practice in Central Norway – a regional cohort study in patients suffering from major haemorrhage	31
CT imaging in post-resuscitation care of non-traumatic resuscitation room patients in German hospitals	30
A real-time communication and information system for triage, positioning, and documentation (TriPoD) in mass-casualty incidents: a qualitative observational study	30
Assessing the quality of patient handovers between ambulance services and emergency department – development and validation of the emergency department human factors in handover tool	29
Emergency physician personnel crisis: a survey on attitudes of new generations in Slovenia	26
Emergency care in post-conflict settings: a systematic literature review	26
Nurses’ experiences of providing medical services during the Kermanshah earthquake in Iran: a qualitative study	25
Health problems among disaster responders to the 2023 Turkey-Syria earthquake: a cross-sectional study	25
Impact of seat position on survival outcomes and anatomically specific severe injury patterns in four-wheeled motor vehicle accidents: a retrospective cohort study at a community emergency department	24
Trauma triage criteria as predictors of severe injury - a Swedish multicenter cohort study	24
Association between humoral immunity and clinical outcomes of patients after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and resuscitation: a retrospective study	24
Using mobility status as a frailty indicator to improve the accuracy of a computerised five-level triage system among older patients in the emergency department	24
Evaluation of cardiopulmonary resuscitation quality during the pandemic of COVID-19	24
A prediction model for massive hemorrhage in trauma: a retrospective observational study	23
Recognition of stroke symptoms indicative of anterior circulation large-vessel occlusion via telephone and video calls: a simulation study	23
Design and psychometric evaluation of the Emergency Medical Services Safe Care Scale (EMSSCS): a mixed-method study	22
Prehospital factors associated with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest outcomes in a metropolitan city: a 4-year multicenter study	22
A randomized control trial comparing Falls Reduction for Elderly Emergency Department (FREED) interventions and usual care	22

The use of epinephrine in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest	22
Characteristics of trauma patients treated by Helicopter Emergency Medical Service and transported to the hospital by helicopter or ambulance	21
Characteristics and outcomes of patients screened by rapid response team who transferred to the intensive care unit	21
Emergency medical care of patients with psychiatric disorders -  challenges and opportunities: Results of a multicenter survey	20
Prevalence and determinant of poor treatment outcome of poisoning in Ethiopia: systematic review and meta-analysis	20
Perceived human factors from the perspective of paramedics – a qualitative interview study	20
Induction of pre-hospital emergency anaesthesia i-PHEA: a national survey of UK HEMS practice	20
Prehospital ultrasound scanning for abdominal free fluid detection in trauma patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis	20
A machine learning approach using endpoint adjudication committee labels for the identification of sepsis predictors at the emergency department	20
Effect of emergency physician-operated emergency short-stay ward on emergency department stay length and clinical outcomes: a case-control study	19
Suboptimal prehospital decision- making for referral to alternative levels of care – frequency, measurement, acceptance rate and room for improvement	18
Relatives’ experiences of unsuccessful out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation attempts: a qualitative analysis	18
Major medical events in patients with acute coronary syndrome during helicopter emergency medical service operations	18
Effectiveness and implementation of interventions for health promotion in urgent and emergency care settings: an umbrella review	17
Machine learning models for predicting unscheduled return visits to an emergency department: a scoping review	17
Construction and evaluation of a triage assessment model for patients with acute non-traumatic chest pain: mixed retrospective and prospective observational study	17
Prehospital clinical practice guidelines for unintentional injuries: a scoping review and prioritisation process	17
Acceptability of telephone-cardiopulmonary resuscitation (T-CPR) practice in a resource-limited country- a cross-sectional study	17
Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on interhospital transfer of patients with major trauma in Korea: a retrospective cohort study	16
Empiric antibiotic therapy resistance and mortality in emergency department patients with bloodstream infection: a retrospective cohort study	16
Improving the non-structural preparedness of the selected hospital based on the FOCUS-PDCA1 model: action research	16
Investigating the role of predictive death anxiety in the job satisfaction of pre-hospital emergency personnel during the COVID-19 pandemic	16
External validation of the SCARE score in identifying acute coronary syndromes during medical regulation of chest pain	15
Prehospital transfusion: an 8-year descriptive retrospective monocenter study	15
Real-world experience with vernakalant in the urgent management of atrial fibrillation: results from the VERITA study	15
The relationship between rumination and job fatigue in pre-hospital emergency personnel: a cross-sectional study	15
Impact of intravenous accessibility and prehospital epinephrine use on survival outcomes of adult nontraumatic out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients	15
Study of the value of homocysteine levels in predicting cognitive dysfunction in patients after acute carbon monoxide poisoning	15
ERASE: a feasible early warning tool for elder abuse, developed for use in the Dutch emergency department	15
Could low-acuity emergency medical services patients be redirected to primary care? Findings from a multi-center survey in Berlin, Germany	15
Unselected cardiac troponin testing and the diagnosis of myocardial infarction in the emergency department	15
Triage processes in primary, secondary, and tertiary health care facilities in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal: a mixed-methods study	15
Prediction of pre-hospital blood transfusion in trauma patients based on scoring systems	14
Early lactate dynamics for short-term mortality in emergency department sepsis	14
The effect of time of measurement on the discriminant ability for mortality in trauma of a pre-hospital shock index multiplied by age and divided by the Glasgow Coma Score: a registry study	14
Time indices of pre-hospital EMS missions before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study in Iran	14
Effectiveness of mechanical and manual cardiopulmonary resuscitation: evaluation with carotid doppler and metabolic parameters	13
Under the chest pain center mechanism, whether the nursing handover affects the nursing efficiency and the outcomes of patients with STEMI in the emergency department? A retrospective study	13
Prehospital COVID-19 patients discharged at the scene – an observational study	13
The first positive evidence that training improves triage decisions in Greece: evidence from emergency nurses at an Academic Tertiary Care Emergency Department	13
Emergency department utilisation and treatment for trauma-related presentations of adolescents aged 16–18: a retrospective cross-sectional study	13
Medical needs during the Kumamoto heavy rain 2020: analysis from emergency medical teams’ responses	13
Identification of low-acuity attendances in routine clinical information documented in German Emergency Departments	13
The emergency department arrival mode and its relations to ED management and 30-day mortality in acute heart failure: an ancillary analysis from the EURODEM study	13
War-related traumatic brain injuries during the Syrian armed conflict in Damascus 2014–2017: a cohort study and a literature review	13
Correction: Nebulized budesonide combined with systemic corticosteroid vs systemic corticosteroid alone in acute severe asthma managed in the emergency department: a randomized controlled trial	12
Nebulized budesonide combined with systemic corticosteroid vs systemic corticosteroid alone in acute severe asthma managed in the emergency department: a randomized controlled trial	12
Assessing unsafe behaviors and their relationship with work-related factors among EMS staff in Iran: a cross-sectional study	12
The impact of Ramadan on visits related to diabetes emergencies at a tertiary care center	12
Predicting the need for urgent endoscopic intervention in lower gastrointestinal bleeding: a retrospective review	12

Diagnostic performance of coronary calcifications on CT to rule out acute coronary syndrome in the emergency department	12
What is the best way to keep the patient warm during technical rescue? Results from two prospective randomised controlled studies with healthy volunteers	12
Myocardial injury defined as elevated high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T is associated with higher mortality in patients seeking care at emergency departments with acute dyspnea	11
Fall injuries in Sub-Saharan Africa: analysis of prospective injury registry from 23 health facilities in Malawi and Tanzania	11
Surface electroencephalography (EEG) during the acute phase of stroke to assist with diagnosis and prediction of prognosis: a scoping review	11
Characteristics and mortality of patients categorised with non-specific symptoms when dialling the emergency medical number: a register-based cohort study	11
gEDWIN: a simple and practical index for real-time monitoring of emergency department crowding	11
Peripheral blood monocyte status is a predictor for judging occurrence and development on sepsis in older adult population: a case control study	11
Comparison of emergency physician opinions with MSOFA and PREMEWS scores in determining the necessity of non-traumatic internal medicine patient transfers to the emergency department: a longitudinal s	11
Missed nursing care in emergency departments: a cross-sectional descriptive study	11
Empowerment of volunteer nursing service providers during disasters: A qualitative study	11
Compromised cardiopulmonary resuscitation quality due to regurgitation during endotracheal intubation: a randomised crossover manikin simulation study	11
Prolonged length of stay and associated factors among emergency department patients in Ethiopia: systematic review and meta-analysis	11
Establishing a common ground: the future of triage systems	11
AI-assisted decision-making in mild traumatic brain injury	11
Association between independent practice time and patient outcomes in the emergency department: a retrospective study of residents in three urban hospitals in Taiwan	11
Optimizing CPR performance: the role of body composition and ergonomic positioning	11
Comparison of search and rescue operations involving emergency physicians in devastating earthquakes in Turkey: a 24-year experience study	11
Prehospital telemedicine support for urban stroke care: Analysis of current state of care and conceptualization	10
Contrast Agent Pooling (C.A.P.) sign and imminent cardiac arrest: a retrospective study	10
Effect of intermediate/high versus low dose heparin on the thromboembolic and hemorrhagic risk of unvaccinated COVID-19 patients in the emergency department	10
Accuracy of echocardiography and ultrasound protocol to identify shock etiology in emergency department	10
Evaluation of the C-reactive protein–albumin–lymphocyte (CALLY) index as a prognostic marker in patients with sepsis	10
The trend of change in the role of pre-hospital emergency medical services in Iran’s healthcare system: a situational analysis	10
Exploring paramedic perspectives on emergency medical service (EMS) delivery in Alberta: a qualitative study	10
Predictors of pre-hospital vs. hospital mortality due to road traffic injuries in an Iranian population: results from Tabriz integrated road traffic injury registry	10
Optimizing older patient care in emergency departments: a comprehensive survey of current practices and challenges in Northern Italy	10
Risk perception of emergency medical technicians in biological disasters: a comparison between COVID-19 and Non-COVID-19 cases	10
Workplace violence toward emergency medicine physicians in the hospitals of Taif city, Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional survey	10
Paramedics and emergency medical technicians’ perceptions of geriatric trauma care in Saudi Arabia	10
Impact of the South Korean government’s medical school expansion announcement on pediatric emergency department visits	10
Decreasing boarders in the emergency department by reducing clerical work in the discharge process of in-hospital patients in Brazil – an interrupted time-series analysis	10
Impact of the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic on emergency department-to-intensive care unit admissions in Korea: an interrupted time-series analysis	10
Characterizing people with frequent emergency department visits and substance use: a retrospective cohort study of linked administrative data in Ontario, Alberta, and B.C., Canada	10
Implementation and facilitation of post-resuscitation debriefing: a comparative crossover study of two post-resuscitation debriefing frameworks	10
Chief complaints and computed tomography results in the emergency department: a three-year retrospective cohort study	10
Abated crowding by fast-tracking the Throughput component of the ED for patients in no need of hospitalization with competency managed personnel	10
Moral sensitivity and professional quality of life in EMS personnel: a cross-sectional multicenter study	10
The application of an age adjusted D-dimer threshold to rule out suspected venous thromboembolism (VTE) in an emergency department setting: a retrospective diagnostic cohort study	10
The accuracy of predicting hospital admission by emergency medical service and emergency department personnel compared to the prehospital MEWS: a prospective multicenter study	9
Incidence and outcomes of dysnatremia in crush injury patients admitted to Türkiye’s largest hospital following the Kahramanmaraş earthquake	9
Investigating the professional capability of triage nurses in the emergency department and its determinants: a multicenter cross-sectional study in Iran	9
Evaluation of parameters used in echocardiography and ultrasound protocol for the diagnosis of shock etiology in emergency setting	9
How much time do nurses in Norwegian emergency departments spend on different work tasks with and without a clinical pharmacist present—a time and motion study	9
Validation of the modified Alvarado score on patients attending A&E units with suspected appendicitis	9
Stress of emergency physicians during helicopter operations: impact of patients’ diagnoses, severity of diagnoses, and physicians’ work experience	9
National survey of do not attempt resuscitation decisions on out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in China	9
Operation of national coordinating service for interhospital transfer from emergency departments: experience and implications from Korea	9
Left with a Sisyphean task – the experiences of nurse practitioners with treating non-suicidal self-injury in the emergency department: a descriptive qualitative study	9
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on medical-seeking behavior in older adults by comparing the presenting complaints of the emergency department visits	9
Prehospital assessment of patients with abdominal pain triaged to self-care at home: an observation study	9
Development of a severity score based on the International Classification of Disease-10 for general patients visiting emergency centers	9
Outcome of burn injury and associated factor among patient visited at Addis Ababa burn, emergency and trauma hospital: a two years hospital-based cross-sectional study	9
Redesign of a virtual reality basic life support module for medical training – a feasibility study	9
Earmuff and eye mask in the treatment of acute primary headache in emergency department: a randomized controlled open label study	9
Root causes behind patient safety incidents in the emergency department and suggestions for improving patient safety – an analysis in a Finnish teaching hospital	9
National Emergency Resuscitation Airway Audit (NERAA): a pilot multicentre analysis of emergency intubations in Irish emergency departments	9
Correction: Health mediation does not reduce the readmission rate of frequent users of emergency departments living in precarious conditions: what lessons can be learned from this randomised controlle	9
Comparison and outcomes of emergency department presentations with respiratory disorders among Australian indigenous and non-indigenous patients	9
Point of care gastric ultrasound to predict aspiration in patients undergoing urgent endotracheal intubation in the emergency medicine department	8
Positive signs on physical examination are not always indications for endotracheal tube intubation in patients with facial burn	8
Factors affecting the preparedness of Helicopter Emergency Medical Services (HEMS) in disasters: a systematic review	8
The association between the experience of lay responders and response interval to medical emergencies in a rural area: an observational study	8
Correction: Prehospital respiratory interventions during six waves of COVID-19: results from Israel’s Emergency Medical Services system	8
Patients’ experiences of attending emergency departments where primary care services are located: qualitative findings from patient and clinician interviews from a realist evaluation	8
Asking patients if they have any questions can help improve patient satisfaction with medical team communication in the emergency department	8
Comparing NEWS2, TRISS, and RTS in predicting mortality rate in trauma patients based on prehospital data set: a diagnostic study	8
Improving paramedic responses for patients dying at home: a theory of change-based approach	8
Fundamental care in the emergency room: insights from patients with life-threatening conditions in the emergency room	8
Developing a set of emergency department performance measures to evaluate delirium care quality for older adults: a modified e-Delphi study	8
Implementation status of European guidelines on trauma management of prehospital bleeding control: a national survey in Austria	8
Location-based response times of emergency physicians in rural Germany: an observational study	8
The importance of elderly people knowing basic first-aid measures	8
Evaluation of ChatGPT-5 responses in obstetric and gynecological emergencies: concordance, readability, and clinical reliability	8
Correction: Comparison of the outcomes of EMS vs. Non-EMS transport of patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) in Southern Iran: a population-based study	8
Assessment of nursing managers’ awareness and hospital preparedness for disasters: a cross-sectional study	8
Correction: Radiographer-led discharge for emergency care patients, requiring projection radiography of minor musculoskeletal injuries: a scoping review	8
Ambulance professionals’ adaptations in prehospital services: a critical incident study	8
Paramedic attitudes and experiences working as a community paramedic: a qualitative survey	8
Adaptation of J-SPEED for the emergency department of a regional hospital in the Republic of Uzbekistan: retrospective analysis	8

Effectiveness of clotting factor replacement therapy after antivenom treatment on coagulopathic envenomation following green pit viper bites: a retrospective observational study	8
A randomised controlled trial of verbal guidance versus verbal guidance supplemented by a photographic aid for bystander identification of intramuscular tranexamic acid injection sites in a simulated	8
Providing medical care at mass gathering sporting events: the 2023 Ryder Cup experience	8
Mortality and its predictors in abdominal injury across sub-Saharan Africa: systematic review and meta-analysis	8
Patterns of emergency dispatch calls and their changes during the COVID-19 pandemic in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia	8
Correction: Systematic review on the current state of disaster preparation Simulation Exercises (SimEx)	7
Effectiveness and safety of prehospital tranexamic acid in patients with trauma: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis	7
Evaluation of stabbing assault injuries in a tertiary emergency department: a retrospective observational study	7
A qualitative, cross-cultural investigation into the impact of potentially traumatic work events on Saudi and UK ambulance personnel and how they cope	7
Factors associated with early return visits to the emergency department in patients with vaso-occlusive crisis	7
Early prehospital mechanical cardiopulmonary resuscitation use for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: an observational study	7
Potential to enhance telephone cardiopulmonary resuscitation with improved instructions - findings from a simulation-based manikin study with lay rescuers	7
Key factors impacting morning report learning in emergency residency training: a multicenter qualitative study	7
Prehospital factors associated with mortality among road traffic injury patients: analysis of Cameroon trauma registry data	7
Changes in emergency psychiatric consultations in time of COVID-19: a retrospective observational study in the Verona Academic Hospital over the two pandemic years 2020–2021	7
Time to recovery and its predictors among critically ill patients on mechanical ventilation from intensive care unit in Ethiopia: a retrospective follow up study	7
The prehospital paediatric emergency care burden managed by a public ambulance service in the Western Cape, South Africa	7
An economic evaluation of triage tools for patients with suspected severe injuries in England	7
Civilian mass exposure to hydrazine after an F-16 crash: a retrospective descriptive study	7
The impact of ketamine on emergency rapid sequence intubation: a systematic review and meta-analysis	7
The significance of nonurgent psychiatric emergencies in an ED: a retrospective study	7
Evaluating CPR training: simulation vs. webinars for Iranian emergency medical technicians during COVID-19	7
Emergency pediatric patients and use of the pediatric assessment triangle tool (PAT): a scoping review	7
Examining patient flow in a tertiary hospital’s emergency department at a low coronavirus prevalence region	7
Association between prehospital shock index variation and 28-day mortality among patients with septic shock	7
Using an audiovisual feedback device improves cardiopulmonary resuscitation performance during day and night – a randomized controlled simulation study	7
Changes in peripheral arterial blood pressure after resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA) in non-traumatic cardiac arrest patients	7
Correction: A comparative study on the efficacy of dexketoprofen and methylprednisolone in the treatment of acute low back pain	7
Factors associated with unfavorable outcomes in patients with acute abdominal pain visiting the emergency department	7
Elevated circulating PCSK9 level is associated with 28-day mortality in patients with sepsis: a prospective cohort study	7
Development and psychometric testing of a scale to measure effective rural emergency transfer (RET)	7
Helicopter emergency medical services in Eastern Iran: a 4-year cross-sectional study of time intervals and mission profiles	7
A comparison between the clinical frailty scale and the hospital frailty risk score to risk stratify older people with emergency care needs	7
Pilot implementation of the competence of Czech paramedics to administer sufentanil for the treatment of pain in acute trauma without consulting a physician: observational study	7
Performance improvers in cardio-pulmonary resuscitation: a qualitative study	7
Airway management in a Helicopter Emergency Medical Service (HEMS): a retrospective observational study of 365 out-of-hospital intubations	7
Survival and analysis of prognostic factors for severe burn patients with inhalation injury: based on the respiratory SOFA score	7
Hand grenade blast injuries in the Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo: a case series of 38 patients	7
Characterization of emergency department visits in pediatric patients within first year of liver transplantation: ten years experience in tertiary care center	6
Limited need for hospital resources among patients brought to hospital by the emergency medical services	6
Factors associated with delayed order-to-administration time in the emergency department: a retrospective analysis	6
Comparing the efficacy of intravenous morphine versus ibuprofen or the combination of ibuprofen and acetaminophen in patients with closed limb fractures: a randomized clinical trial	6
Temporal validation of the Ramathibodi Older Sepsis Score (ROSS) for predicting 28-day mortality of older sepsis patients in the emergency department	6
Recognition of visual symptoms in stroke: a challenge to patients, bystanders, and Emergency Medical Services	6
Knowledge about crime scenes and evidence management among emergency medical team professionals	6
Perceptions of workload in emergency care in the Netherlands and how to influence this: a qualitative study	6
Prediction of difficult laryngoscopy / difficult intubation cases using upper airway ultrasound measurements in emergency department: a prospective observational study	6
Comparison of Glasgow coma scale, motor component, eye component, and simplified motor scale for predicting trauma outcomes: a 13-year multicenter retrospective cohort study	6
Emergency department visits and trends related to cocaine, psychostimulants, and opioids in the United States, 2008–2018	6
Effectiveness of extended reality technologies in cardiopulmonary resuscitation training: a bayesian network meta-analysis	6
Emergency and critical care services in Somalia: a cross-sectional nationwide hospital assessment using the WHO Hospital Emergency Unit assessment tool	6
Correction: Psychometric properties of the Farsi version of the disaster nursing readiness evaluation index (F-DNREI)	6
Experiences of patients and next of kin on informed consent process for emergency surgery in two Urban university teaching hospitals in Uganda: a comparative cross sectional study	6
Challenges of providing of special care services in hospitals during emergencies and disasters: a scoping review	6
Association of intensive care unit or paediatric intensive care unit admissions with the method of transporting patients: a multicentre retrospective study	6
Effectiveness of intraosseous access during resuscitation: a retrospective cohort study	6
Three years of tele-emergency medicine with mobile on-site audio-video streaming in lower Saxony, Germany – descriptive results of a longitudinal secondary data analysis	6
Impact of antibiotic post-prescription authorization in resource-limited emergency rooms and acute care units during the COVID-19 pandemic	6
The perceived self-efficacy of senior, middle, and operations managers of the incident command system dealing with emergencies and disasters during the COVID-19 pandemic	6
Impact of emergency fast track on treatment time and outcomes in acute stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis	6
Risk of hospital admission related to scooter trauma injuries: a national emergency room database study	6
Is a randomised controlled trial of take home naloxone distributed in emergency settings likely to be feasible and acceptable? Findings from a UK qualitative study exploring perspectives of people who	6
Lived experiences of Iranian prehospital emergency technicians in facing women’s emergencies: a phenomenological study	6
Health mediation does not reduce the readmission rate of frequent users of emergency departments living in precarious conditions: what lessons can be learned from this randomised controlled trial?	6
Design and psychometric testing of a moral intelligence instrument for pre-hospital emergency medical services personnel: a sequential-exploratory mixed-method study	6
Length of stay and associated factors among pediatric patients in the pediatric emergency unit of the Tikur Anbessa specialized hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	6
Correction: Comparison and outcomes of emergency department presentations with respiratory disorders among Australian indigenous and non-indigenous patients	6
Prospective observational study on clinical and epidemiological profile of adult patients presenting to the emergency department with suspected upper gastrointestinal bleed	6
Psychosocial working conditions and violence prevention climate in German emergency departments – a cross-sectional study	6
Assessing beliefs and preparedness for disasters among high school female students in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia	6
Strategies for implementation of a transmural fall-prevention care pathway for older adults with fall-related injuries at the emergency department	6
Association between endotracheal intubation and outcomes of nonshockable out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Japan	6
A comparative study on the efficacy of dexketoprofen and methylprednisolone in the treatment of acute low back pain	6
Barriers to recruitment of an observational SARS-CoV-2 emergency department cohort at Boston Medical Center	6
Survey of the situation of the prehospital emergency medical services system in Iran	6
Predictors of high-acuity outcomes among 10–17-year-olds utilizing pediatric emergency services in Taiwan: a sex-based comparison of male and female adolescents	6