BMC Medical Ethics

Article	Citations
A scoping review of human genetic resources management policies and databases in high- and middle-low-income countries	133
Development and validation of a tool to assess researchers’ knowledge of human subjects’ rights and their attitudes toward research ethics education in Saudi Arabia	130
What are the views of Quebec and Ontario citizens on the tiebreaker criteria for prioritizing access to adult critical care in the extreme context of a COVID-19 pandemic?	53
Ethical considerations for biobanking and use of genomics data in Africa: a narrative review	50
Personal health monitoring in the armed forces – scouting the ethical dimension	47
Establishing a clinical ethics support service: lessons from the first 18 months of a new Australian service – a case study	46
The ethics of simplification: balancing patient autonomy, comprehension, and accuracy in AI-generated radiology reports	45
Community engagement conduct for genetics and genomics research: a qualitative study of the experiences and perspectives of key stakeholders in Uganda	44
How patients experience respect in healthcare: findings from a qualitative study among multicultural women living with HIV	44
Patient perspectives on advance euthanasia directives in Huntington’s disease. A qualitative interview study	41
Perceptions on using surplus embryos for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease among the Swedish population: a qualitative study	38
Participatory development of CURA, a clinical ethics support instrument for palliative care	37
Increasing physician participation as subjects in scientific and quality improvement research	35
“Everything has been tried and his heart can’t recover…”: A Descriptive Review of “Do Everything!” in the Archive of Ontario Consent and Capacity Board	34
Behind the scenes of research ethics committee oversight: a qualitative research study with committee chairs in the Middle East and North Africa region	34
Key ethical issues encountered during COVID-19 research: a thematic analysis of perspectives from South African research ethics committees	34
A qualitative study of professionals’ perspectives on the ethics of medically-delivered safer injection education for people who inject drugs	34
Differing needs for Advance Care Planning in the Veterans Health Administration: use of latent class analysis to identify subgroups to enhance Advance Care Planning via Group Visits for veterans	33
Uncertain futures and unsolicited findings in pediatric genomic sequencing: guidelines for return of results in cases of developmental delay	30
Readability of health research informed consent forms: case of the National Health Research Ethics Committee in Tanzania	29
Putting patients first: when home-based care staff prioritise loyalty to patients above the system and themselves. An ethnographic study	29
Correction to: Mapping trust relationships in organ donation and transplantation: a conceptual model	28
Being torn by inevitable moral dilemma: experiences of ICU nurses	27
Medical staff’s sense of awareness of informed consent for adolescent cancer patients and the need for decision-making support practiced from the perspective of trauma-informed approach	25
Ethical use of artificial intelligence to prevent sudden cardiac death: an interview study of patient perspectives	24

Objections to assisted dying within institutions: systemic solutions for rapprochement	24
Promoting trans patient autonomy in surgical preparation for phalloplasty and metoidioplasty: results from a community-based cross-sectional survey and implications for preoperative assessments	23
From chaos to symbiosis: exploring adaptive co-evolution strategies for generative AI and research integrity systems	23
Governance frameworks for COVID-19 research ethics review and oversight in Latin America: an exploratory study	22
Ethics education to support ethical competence learning in healthcare: an integrative systematic review	22
How to deal with the criterion of severe mental distress for late termination of pregnancy? A scoping literature review and a content analysis of clinical ethics consultations	22
The search for the principle of justice for infertile couples: characterization of the brazilian population and bioethical discussion	21
Attitudes about withholding or withdrawing life-prolonging treatment, euthanasia, assisted suicide, and physician assisted suicide: a cross-sectional survey among the general public in Croatia	21
The dual role dilemma of liver transplantation health care professionals	21
Investigating ethical considerations in the communication network of married women undergone hysterectomy: instrumentation of a questionnaire	21
The challenges of keeping clinicians unaware of their participation in a national, cluster-randomised, implementation trial	20
Moral approval of xenotransplantation in Egypt: associations with religion, attitudes towards animals and demographic factors	20
A qualitative focus group study on legal experts’ views regarding euthanasia requests based on an advance euthanasia directive	19
Clinical ethics consultations: a scoping review of reported outcomes	19
Family roles in informed consent from the perspective of young Chinese doctors: a questionnaire study	19
The impact on patients of objections by institutions to assisted dying: a qualitative study of family caregivers’ perceptions	19
Physicians’ legal knowledge of informed consent and confidentiality. A cross-sectional study	19
A quantitative study of nurses perception to advance directive in selected private and public secondary healthcare facilities in Ibadan, Nigeria	18
Exploring knowledge and attitudes toward electronic informed consent among clinical trial participants in China: a cross-sectional study	18
Descriptions of risks and benefits of HIV vaccine trials in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs): an integrative review	18
Measuring moral distress in health professionals using the MMD-HP-SPA scale	17
Should AI allocate livers for transplant? Public attitudes and ethical considerations	17
Genetic/genomic testing: defining the parameters for ethical, legal and social implications (ELSI)	16
Ethical concerns when recruiting children with cancer for research: Swedish healthcare professionals’ perceptions and experiences	16
Ownership of individual-level health data, data sharing, and data governance	16
Understanding drug exceptional access programs (DEAPs) in Canada, and their associated social and political issues	16
Ethics rounds in the ambulance service: a qualitative evaluation	16
Professional and academic profile of the Brazilian research ethics committees	16
Differences between doctors of medicine and dental medicine in the perception of professionalism on social networking sites: the development of the e-professionalism assessment compatibility index (eP	16
Examining study participants’ decision-making and ethics-related experiences in a dietary community randomized controlled trial in Malawi	15
How to reveal disguised paternalism: version 2.0	15
Patient-centered empirical research on ethically relevant psychosocial and cultural aspects of cochlear, glaucoma and cardiovascular implants – a scoping review	15
Operationalising a real-time research ethics approach: supporting ethical mindfulness in agriculture-nutrition-health research in Malawi	15
Conceptualizing the impact of moral case deliberation: a multiple-case study in a health care institution for people with intellectual disabilities	15
The genetic technologies questionnaire: lay judgments about genetic technologies align with ethical theory, are coherent, and predict behaviour	15
Ethical considerations and concerns in the implementation of AI in pharmacy practice: a cross-sectional study	14
Analysis of ethical considerations of COVID‑19 vaccination: lessons for future	14
High-reward, high-risk technologies? An ethical and legal account of AI development in healthcare	14
How prehospital emergency personnel manage ethical challenges: the importance of confidence, trust, and safety	14
Ethical considerations for HIV remission clinical research involving participants diagnosed during acute HIV infection	14
Biases in bioethics: a narrative review	14
Age and grit in prioritising intensive care: - a mixed-methods approach of normative challenges	14
Investigating impact of consulting midwives on maternal rights charter on perception of respectful maternity care and postpartum blues among postpartum women: a quasi-experimental study	13
Cardiac organoids do not warrant additional moral scrutiny	13
‘Guidance should have been there 15 years ago’ research stakeholders’ perspectives on ancillary care in the global south: a case study of Malawi	13
Ethical challenges in the algorithmic era: a systematic rapid review of risk insights and governance pathways for nursing predictive analytics and early warning systems	13
Exploring health and disease concepts in healthcare practice: an empirical philosophy of medicine study	13
Performance of IRBs in China: a survey on IRB employees and researchers’ experiences and perceptions	13
Informed consent in genetic and genomic studies in Sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review of bioethical issues	13
Willingness toward post-mortem body donation to science at a Mexican university: an exploratory survey	12

The voice of the profession: how the ethical demand is professionally refracted in the work of general practitioners	12
Third-party refusal of medical treatment – a critical analysis of case report from Islamic ethical perspectives	12
Moral distress and positive experiences of ICU staff during the COVID-19 pandemic: lessons learned	12
Managing community engagement in research in Uganda: insights from practices in HIV/AIDS research	12
Public attitudes towards genomic data sharing: results from a provincial online survey in Canada	11
Ethical challenges in conducting research in low and middle income setting during public health emergencies: a qualitative evidence of a COVID-19 pandemic: the experience of Iran	11
Exploring the foundations and influences of nurses’moral courage: a scoping review	11
Physicians’ moral distinctions between medical assistance in dying (MAiD) and withdrawing life-sustaining treatment in Canada: a qualitative descriptive study	11
Encompassing trust in medical AI from the perspective of medical students: a quantitative comparative study	11
Participant and researcher understandings of research responsibilities in malawi: a comparative analysis	11
Increasing efficiency and well-being? a systematic review of the empirical claims of the double-benefit argument in socially assistive devices	11
Questionable research practices of medical and dental faculty in Pakistan – a confession	11
Willingness to develop an advance directive: perspectives of older persons at a national referral hospital in Uganda	10
Surgical consent, perception of the patients who underwent a surgical operation in the Kurdistan region, Iraq	10
Developing a digital informed consent app: opportunities and challenges of a new format to inform and obtain consent in public health research	10
Experience and perspectives of end-of-life care discussion and physician orders for life-sustaining treatment of Korea (POLST-K): a cross-sectional study	10
Emergency separation of conjoined twins in a tertiary hospital in Indonesia: three case reports	10
The public impact of academic and print media portrayals of TMS: shining a spotlight on discrepancies in the literature	10
How does patient-centered hospital culture affect clinical physicians’ medical professional attitudes and behaviours in Chinese public hospitals: a cross-sectional study?	10
“She was finally mine”: the moral experience of families in the context of trisomy 13 and 18– a scoping review with thematic analysis	10
Development and validation of an instrument to measure pediatric nurses' adherence to ethical codes	9
Risks and benefits of engaging youth living with HIV in research: perspectives from Kenyan Youth, caregivers, and subject matter experts	9
Planning ahead for research participation: survey of public and professional stakeholders’ views about the acceptability and feasibility of advance research planning	9
Advancing equity in healthcare systems: understanding implicit bias and infant mortality	9
Participant recall and understandings of information on biobanking and future genomic research: experiences from a multi-disease community-based health screening and biobank platform in rural South Af	9
Travelling to die: views, attitudes and end-of-life preferences of Israelis considering receiving aid-in-dying in Switzerland	9
Ethical competence: the cornerstone of care in the cardiac operating room, a phenomenological study	9
Healthcare practitioners as accomplices: a qualitative study of gender affirmation in a context of ambiguous regulation in Indonesia	9
Ethical decision-making climate, moral distress, and intention to leave among ICU professionals in a tertiary academic hospital center	9
How is physicians’ implicit prejudice against the obese and mentally ill moderated by specialty and experience?	9
Conscientious objection and barriers to abortion within a specific regional context - an expert interview study	9
Ethical dilemmas in prioritizing patients for scarce radiotherapy resources	9
To donate or not to donate? Future healthcare professionals’ opinions on biobanking of human biological material for research purposes	8
Informed consent in psychotherapy: a survey on attitudes among psychotherapists in Switzerland	8
Public attitudes toward the research use and storage of residual dried blood spots from newborn screening in China	8
A bioethical perspective on the meanings behind a wish to hasten death: a meta-ethnographic review	8
A comparative ethical analysis of the Egyptian clinical research law	8
Physician-reported characteristics, representations, and ethical justifications of shared decision-making practices in the care of paediatric patients with prolonged disorders of consciousness	8
A review of clinical ethics consultations in a regional healthcare system over a two-year timeframe	8
Exploring barriers and ethical challenges to medical data sharing: perspectives from Chinese researchers	8
Exploring defensive medicine: examples, underlying and contextual factors, and potential strategies - a qualitative study	8
Correction: Public trust of AI in healthcare in South Africa: results of a survey	8
Disparity in attitudes regarding assisted dying among physicians and the general public in Japan	8
Ethical issues in unprofessional behavior of residents who dispute dismissal: ten year analysis of case law in hospital-based specialties	8
Preferences for life-sustaining treatments in advance decisions: a cross-sectional survey of Taiwanese general public	8
Prevalence of defensive medicine behaviors, associated risk factors and its mitigation strategies among physicians in Gaza Strip, palestine: a mixed method study	8
Children’s voices on their values and moral dilemmas when being cared and treated for cancer– a qualitative interview study	8
Should healthcare professionals include aspects of environmental sustainability in clinical decision-making? A systematic review of reasons	8
Japan should initiate the discussion on voluntary assisted dying legislation now	8
Between knowledge and hope—the relationship between the patient and the doctor	8
Medical assistance in dying for people living with mental disorders: a qualitative thematic review	8
Project DECIDE, part 1: increasing the amount of valid advance directives in people with Alzheimer’s disease by offering advance care planning—a prospective double-arm intervention study	7
Oncologists’ perspective on advance directives, a French national prospective cross-sectional survey – the ADORE study	7
The impact of moral injury on healthcare workers’ career calling: exploring authentic self-expression, ethical leadership, and self-compassion	7
A genetic researcher’s devil’s dilemma: Warn relatives about their genetic risk or respect confidentiality agreements with research participants?	7
Moral conflicts from the justice and care perspectives of japanese nurses: a qualitative content analysis	7
“I haven’t had to bare my soul but now I kind of have to”: describing how voluntary assisted dying conscientious objectors anticipated approaching conversations with patients in Victoria, Australia	7
Correction: Evaluating the understanding of the ethical and moral challenges of Big Data and AI among Jordanian medical students, physicians in training, and senior practitioners: a cross-sectional st	7
Exploring how biobanks communicate the possibility of commercial access and its associated benefits and risks in participant documents	7
Evaluating trustworthiness in AI-Based diabetic retinopathy screening: addressing transparency, consent, and privacy challenges	7
Adolescent and parental proxy online record access: analysis of the empirical evidence based on four bioethical principles	7
Public funding for mitochondrial donation: An Australian public deliberation	7
Exploration of clinical ethics consultation in Uganda: a case study of Uganda Cancer Institute	7
Where the public health principles meet the individual: a framework for the ethics of compulsory outpatient treatment in psychiatry	7
Exploring the consent process among pregnant and breastfeeding women taking part in a maternal vaccine clinical trial in Kampala, Uganda: a qualitative study	7
Making complex decisions in uncertain times: experiences of Dutch GPs as gatekeepers regarding hospital referrals during COVID-19—a qualitative study	7
A literature review of non-financial conflicts of interest in healthcare research and publication	7
Trustworthy artificial intelligence and ethical design: public perceptions of trustworthiness of an AI-based decision-support tool in the context of intrapartum care	7
Junior medical doctors’ decision making when using advance care directives to guide treatment for people with dementia: a cross-sectional vignette study	7
A qualitative interview study to determine barriers and facilitators of implementing automated decision support tools for genomic data access	7
Ethical implications of AI-driven clinical decision support systems on healthcare resource allocation: a qualitative study of healthcare professionals’ perspectives	7
Would you consider donating your left-over embryos to treat Parkinson’s disease? Interviews with individuals that underwent IVF in Sweden	7
Future healthcare providers and professionalism on social media: a cross-sectional study	6
Situational vulnerability within mental healthcare – a qualitative analysis of ethical challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic	6
Exploring bias risks in artificial intelligence and targeted medicines manufacturing	6
Psychometric properties of instruments measuring ethical climate among healthcare professionals in care settings pre-pandemic: a systematic review	6
Family satisfaction with the end-of-life discussions and resuscitation orders for patients with severe COVID-19: a multicenter study in Saudi Arabia	6
It takes a pirate to know one: ethical hackers for healthcare cybersecurity	6
Dealing with sexual boundary violation in mental healthcare institutions by government policies: the case of Flanders, Belgium	6
Consent to organ offers from public health service “Increased Risk” donors decreases time to transplant and waitlist mortality	6

Evaluating cognitive bias in clinical ethics supports: a scoping review	6
Research, education, ethics consultation: evaluating a Bioethics Unit in an Oncological Research Hospital	6
Between hope and future planning: the dementia journey for care partners through the lens of relational autonomy	6
The research relationship: participant perspectives on consent in biobanking	6
“Data makes the story come to life:” understanding the ethical and legal implications of Big Data research involving ethnic minority healthcare workers in the United Kingdom—a qualitative study	6
Which features of patients are morally relevant in ventilator triage? A survey of the UK public	6
Ethical considerations during Mpox Outbreak: a scoping review	6
Patients accept therapy using embryonic stem cells for Parkinson’s disease: a discrete choice experiment	6
Guardians and research staff experiences and views about the consent process in hospital-based paediatric research studies in urban Malawi: A qualitative study	6
Patient-centred care and patient autonomy: doctors’ views in Chinese hospitals	6
Diversity in decentralized clinical trials: prioritizing inclusion of underrepresented groups	6
Design and psychometric properties of a tool to assess Adherence to the Code of Ethics in Midwifery	6
Attitudes on euthanasia among medical students and doctors in Sri Lanka: a cross sectional study	6
“Age independent, but person dependent”: a Swiss interview-based study on the meaning of good parenthood at an advanced parental age	6
Ethical and practical considerations for cell and gene therapy toward an HIV cure: findings from a qualitative in-depth interview study in the United States	6
Injection‑induced sciatic nerve injuries in Turkey: a public health and patient safety analysis of Supreme Court decisions	6
Views and attitudes about the offer of NIPT: a qualitative study of UK healthcare professionals	6
Patient priorities for fulfilling the principle of respect in research: findings from a modified Delphi study	6
Mapping ethical issues encompassing end-of-life care for persons experiencing severe and persistent mental illness: a qualitative study	6
The ethical requirement of explainability for AI-DSS in healthcare: a systematic review of reasons	6
Bioethics training needs assessment for HIV research in vulnerable populations: a survey of trainees at college of health sciences, Makerere university	6
End-of-life care in Moroccan ICUs: ethical challenges, practices, and perspectives of intensivists	6
Construction and validation of a predictive model for the acceptance of kidney xenotransplantation among patients awaiting kidney transplantation: a cross-sectional study from China	5
What outcomes of moral case deliberations are perceived important for healthcare professionals to handle moral challenges? A national cross-sectional study in paediatric oncology	5
Strengthening ethical oversight in genomics and biobanking: a retrospective analysis of research practices in Zimbabwe	5
Patients acceptance and comprehension to written and verbal consent (PAC–VC)	5
Integrating ethics in AI development: a qualitative study	5
Ethical self-efficacy among healthcare professionals caring for people with dementia: a brief pre- and post-report on the CARE intervention	5
Perception of the ethical climate among hospital employees in a public healthcare system: a cross-sectional survey at the University Hospital of Split, Croatia	5
Should Artificial Intelligence be used to support clinical ethical decision-making? A systematic review of reasons	5
AI-driven decision support systems and epistemic reliance: a qualitative study on obstetricians’ and midwives’ perspectives on integrating AI-driven CTG into clinical decision making	5
Artificial Intelligence to support ethical decision-making for incapacitated patients: a survey among German anesthesiologists and internists	5
Fragmented understanding: exploring the practice and meaning of informed consent in clinical trials in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam	5
“That’s just Future Medicine” - a qualitative study on users’ experiences of symptom checker apps	5
Citizen attitudes to non-treatment decision making: a Norwegian survey	5
Supporting patient decision-making in non-invasive prenatal testing: a comparative study of professional values and practices in England and France	5
Ethics, orthodoxies and defensive practice: a cross-sectional survey of nurse’s decision-making surrounding CPR in deceased inpatients without Do Not Resuscitate orders	5
Surrogate decision-making for people with congenital or acquired incapacity of judgement in the absence of known preferences: a scoping review	5
Shared care planning in people with cognitive disorders and dementia: a survey among patients and caregivers in Italy	5
Researching the future: scenarios to explore the future of human genome editing	5
Why did not all studies conducted during Darfur’s armed conflict obtain ethics approval? Insights from a qualitative study	5
Institutional review boards in Saudi Arabia: the first survey-based report on their functions and operations	5
Respect, equality, and recognition in practice: a qualitative analysis of nurses’ workplace dignity in China	5
Disclosure of true medical information: the case of Bangladesh	5
Does brain-computer interface-based mind reading threaten mental privacy? ethical reflections from interviews with Chinese experts	5
The high-priority ethical issues of advanced paternal age: perspectives from a panel of experts in the fields of men reproduction and family building	5
A scoping review of ethics review processes during public health emergencies in Africa	5
Communication of patients’ and family members’ ethical concerns to their healthcare providers	5
Impact of the life-sustaining treatment decision act on organ donation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrests in South Korea: a multi-centre retrospective study	5
Operationalization of assent for research participation in pre-adolescent children: a scoping review	5
Informed or misinformed consent and use of modified texture diets in dysphagia	5
The missing voices in the conscientious objection debate: British service users’ experiences of conscientious objection to abortion	5
A case study of Muslims’ perspectives of expanded terminal sedation:addressing the elephant in the room	5
Medical ethics in childbirth: a structural equation modeling approach in south of Iran	5
Moral disengagement in critical care nurses: a conventional content analysis	5
Psychometric testing of the Swedish version of the measure of moral distress for healthcare professionals (MMD-HP)	5
REPRESENT: REPresentativeness of RESearch data obtained through the ‘General Informed ConsENT’	5
Biomedical ethical analysis of patients’ perspectives on posthumous reproduction in a gynecology and obstetrics clinic	4
Project DECIDE, part II: decision-making places for people with dementia in Alzheimer’s disease: supporting advance decision-making by improving person-environment fit	4
Speculation fit for a king? Medical announcements from the British royal family and the recurring ethical complexities of personal privacy and public commentary from physicians	4
Trust and digital privacy in healthcare: a cross-sectional descriptive study of trust and attitudes towards uses of electronic health data among the general public in Sweden	4
Extremely premature birth bioethical decision-making supported by dialogics and pragmatism	4
Ethics framework for citizen science and public and patient participation in research	4
The view of Hong Kong parents on secondary use of dried blood spots in newborn screening program	4
Assent, parental consent and reconsent for health research in Africa: thematic analysis of national guidelines and lessons from the SickleInAfrica registry	4
Assessment of decision-making autonomy in chronic pain patients: a pilot study	4
Exploring patients’ rights awareness and implementations amongst hospitalized patients in Northern Palestine: insights from a local perspective	4
Capacity of community advisory boards for effective engagement in clinical research: a mixed methods study	4
Junior Medical Officers’ knowledge of advance care directives and substitute decision making for people without decision making capacity: a cross sectional survey	4
Decision-making and ethical dilemmas experienced by hospital physicians during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Czech Republic	4
Students’ attitudes toward euthanasia and abortion: a cross-cultural study in three Mediterranean countries	4
Views on sharing mental health data for research purposes: qualitative analysis of interviews with people with mental illness	4
Ethics, design, and implementation criteria of digital assistive technologies for people with dementia from a multiple stakeholder perspective: a qualitative study	4
General practitioner residents and patients end-of life: involvement and consequences	4
Correction: Technology solutionism in paediatric intensive care: clinicians’ perspectives of bioethical considerations	4
“No, it is not a breach of my oath because it is beyond my control; I use the policies that are in place.” Ethical challenges faced by healthcare workers in the provision of healthcare to cross-border	4
Evaluation of the surgical informed consent for elective and emergency surgeries in obstetrics and gynaecology in Saudi Arabia	4
Urban people’s preferences for life-sustaining treatment or artificial nutrition and hydration in advance decisions	4
Medical students’ and residents’ views on euthanasia	4
“It is difficult to be absolutely sure one way or the other.” – a mixed method study on Finnish physicians’ views on euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide	4
Justification for requiring disclosure of diagnoses and prognoses to dying patients in saudi medical settings: a Maqasid Al-Shariah-based Islamic bioethics approach	4
Developing the CARE intervention to enhance ethical self-efficacy in dementia care through the use of literary texts	4
“I am in favour of organ donation, but I feel you should opt-in”—qualitative analysis of the #options 2020 survey free-text responses from NHS staff toward opt-out organ donation legislation in Englan	4
Radiation in an emergency situation: attempting to respect the patient’s beliefs as reported by a minor	4
Researchers experience and views on participants’ comprehension of informed consent in clinical trials in Malawi: a descriptive qualitative study	4
Effect of healthcare professionals’ perceived occupational stigma on organizational citizenship behavior: a moral cleansing perspective	4
Regulating professional ethics in a context of technological change	4
A QALY is [still] a QALY is [still] a QALY?	4
Ethics support for ethics support: the development of the Confidentiality Compass for dealing with moral challenges concerning (breaching) confidentiality in moral case deliberation	4
Exploring the ethical decision-making experience of caregivers of end stage cancer patients in Iran: a phenomenological study	4
Decision-making ethics in regards to life-sustaining interventions: when physicians refer to what other patients decide	4
Patients’ views on using human embryonic stem cells to treat Parkinson’s disease: an interview study	4
Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of the ethics in medical research among Moroccan interns and resident physicians	4
Facing a request for assisted death - views of Finnish physicians, a mixed method study	4
Nurses’ experience of nasogastric tube feeding under restraint for Anorexia Nervosa in a psychiatric hospital	4