Nutrition Journal

Article	Citations
Does vitamin D affect strength and speed characteristics and testosterone concentration in elite young track and field athletes in the North European summer?	191
Agreement between 24-hour urine and 24-hour food recall in measuring salt intake in primary school children in Australia	80
Trajectories of adherence to an obesogenic dietary pattern and changes in diet quality, food intake, and adiposity during adolescence	64
Mendelian randomization of serum micronutrients and osteoarthritis risk: focus on zinc	61
Time-restricted eating (TRE) for obesity in general practice: study protocol of a controlled, randomized implementation study (INDUCT) within the Research Practice Network Baden-Wuerttemberg (FoPraNet	54
Association of dietary fiber intake with newly-diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus in middle-aged Chinese population	42
Reply to: Meta-analysis of vitamin D supplementation and hemoglobin concentration: methodological faults obscure the interpretation of the data	41
Associations between estimation of salt intake and salt-restriction spoons and hypertension status in patients with poorly controlled hypertension: a community-based study from Huzhou City, Eastern Ch	39
Types of dietary sugars and carbohydrates, cardiometabolic risk factors, and risk of diabetes: a cohort study from the general Danish population	38
Association between early dietary patterns and cardiometabolic health at age 8: a confirmatory analysis of the European Childhood Obesity Project	32
An exploratory study of serum creatine kinase as a prognostic marker for patients with resectable pancreatic cancer: looking into the relationship with body composition	30
Burden of diseases attributable to excess body weight in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019	30
Validation of the role of apolipoproteins in coronary artery disease patients with impaired kidney function for prognosis: a prospective cohort study in China	30
Dietary carotenoid intakes and biological aging among US adults, NHANES 1999–2018	29
Association of sugar intake from different sources with cardiovascular disease incidence in the prospective cohort of UK Biobank participants	28
Genetic variants in epoxyeicosatrienoic acid processing and degradation pathways are associated with gestational diabetes mellitus	28
Having breakfast has no clinically relevant effect on bioelectrical impedance measurements in healthy adults	27
Seafood intake in childhood/adolescence and the risk of obesity: results from a Nationwide Cohort Study	27
Mediterranean diet lowers risk of new-onset diabetes: a nationwide cohort study in China	23
The effect of prebiotic fibre on the gut microbiome and surgical outcomes in patients with prosthetic joint infection (PENGUIN) - study protocol for a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled tria	23
Sensory processing and child appetitive traits: findings from the ROLO longitudinal birth cohort study	22
Dietary inflammatory index and cardiovascular disease risk in Hispanic women from the Women’s Health Initiative	22
Prospective study of dietary mushroom intake and risk of mortality: results from continuous National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2014 and a meta-analysis	22
Food insecurity and its determinants among adults in North and South India	22
Effect of omega-3 supplementation on lipid profile in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials	22

“Association between dietary inflammatory index (DII) and risk of irritable bowel syndrome: a case-control study”	21
Healthy U.S.-style dietary patterns can be modified to provide increased energy from protein	21
Effects of supplementation with main coffee components including caffeine and/or chlorogenic acid on hepatic, metabolic, and inflammatory indices in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and	21
Association of admission cortisol levels with outcomes and treatment response in patients at nutritional risk	21
Impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on household diet diversity in rural Bihar, India: a longitudinal survey	21
A Bidirectional Mendelian Randomization Study to evaluate the causal role of reduced blood vitamin D levels with type 2 diabetes risk in South Asians and Europeans	20
Clinically-diagnosed vitamin deficiencies and disorders in the entire United States military population, 1997–2015	20
Female dietary patterns and outcomes of in vitro fertilization (IVF): a systematic literature review	19
Characterisation, procedures and heritability of acute dietary intake in the Twins UK cohort: an observational study	19
Weight gain attempts and diet modification efforts among adults in five countries: a cross-sectional study	18
High vitamin K status is prospectively associated with decreased left ventricular mass in women: the Hoorn Study	18
Scaling-up food policies in the Pacific Islands: protocol for policy engagement and mixed methods evaluation of intervention implementation	17
Relationship between caffeine intake and thyroid function: results from NHANES 2007–2012	17
NCGS like IBS ‘type’ symptoms is a diagnosis of exclusion	16
Dietary networks identified by Gaussian graphical model and general and abdominal obesity in adults	16
Association between dietary inflammatory index scores and the increased disease activity of rheumatoid arthritis: a cross-sectional study	16
Pre-analytical and analytical procedures to avoid loss of vitamin C. Comment on: “COVID-19: up to 82% critically ill patients had low vitamin C values”	16
Experiences participating in federal nutrition assistance programs during the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic: an investigation in Vermont	16
Consumption of meals prepared away from home is associated with inadequacy of dietary fiber, vitamin C and mineral intake among Japanese adults: analysis from the 2015 National Health and Nutrition Su	16
Partnering for prevention in under-resourced communities: a randomized pilot study	15
Evolution of dietary patterns in Flanders: an ecological trend study on best-selling cookbook recipes (2008–2018) and their correlation with household purchases	14
Association of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations with all-cause and cause-specific mortality among individuals with gout and hyperuricemia	14
Correlation between serum trimethylamine-N-oxide and body fat distribution in middle-aged and older adults: a prospective cohort study	14
Validity and reliability of a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire in groups at high risk for cardiovascular diseases	14
Trends and disparities in prevalence of cardiometabolic diseases by food security status in the United States	13
Serum levels of vitamin B12 combined with folate and plasma total homocysteine predict ischemic stroke disease: a retrospective case-control study	12
Circulating concentrations of bile acids and prevalent chronic kidney disease among newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional study	12
Association of tea consumption with life expectancy in US adults	12
Correction: Magnesium intake and all-cause mortality after stroke: a cohort study	12
Dietary phytochemical index in relation to risk of glioma: a case-control study in Iranian adults	12
Relationship between sex, APOE genotype, endocannabinoids and cognitive change in older adults with metabolic syndrome during a 3-year Mediterranean diet intervention	12
Consuming spicy food and type 2 diabetes incidence in Southwestern Chinese aged 30–79: a prospective cohort study	12
Correction: Diet quality in young adulthood and sleep at midlife: a prospective analysis in the Bogalusa Heart Study	11
Neck circumference, waist-to-height ratio, Chinese visceral adiposity index and incident heart failure	11
Analyzing dietary exposure to critical nutrients on a plant-based diet using the food- and total nutrient index	11
Correction: An unbiased, sustainable, evidence-informed Universal Food Guide: a timely template for national food guides	11
SWAP-MEAT Athlete (study with appetizing plant-food, meat eating alternatives trial) – investigating the impact of three different diets on recreational athletic performance: a randomized crossover tr	11
Curcumin extract improves beta cell functions in obese patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial	11
Low-calorie diets and remission of type 2 diabetes in Chinese: phenotypic changes and individual variability	11
The effects of portfolio moderate-carbohydrate and ketogenic diets on anthropometric indices, metabolic status, and hormonal levels in overweight or obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a rando	11
Food insecurity among households with children during the COVID-19 pandemic: results from a study among social media users across the United States	11
The efficacy of vitamin D supplementation for irritable bowel syndrome: a systematic review with meta-analysis	10
Effect of soluble fiber on blood pressure in adults: a systematic review and dose–response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials	10
Gardening and subjective cognitive decline: a cross-sectional study and mediation analyses of 136,748 adults aged 45+ years	10
Potassium levels and the risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality among patients with cardiovascular diseases: a meta-analysis of cohort studies	10
“We think about the quantity more”: factors influencing emerging adults’ food outlet choice in a university food environment, a qualitative enquiry	10
Combined 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations and physical activity on mortality in US stroke survivors: findings from the NHANES	10
The effects of L-carnitine supplementation on inflammation, oxidative stress, and clinical outcomes in critically Ill patients with sepsis: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial	10
A review of statistical methods for dietary pattern analysis	10
Effect of probiotic fermented dairy products on incidence of respiratory tract infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials	10

Association of vitamin D and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio in treatment escalation risk for newly diagnosed Crohn’s disease adults	10
Adherence to French dietary guidelines is associated with a reduced risk of mortality in the E3N French prospective cohort	10
Effect of nutrition education integrating the health belief model and theory of planned behavior on dietary diversity of pregnant women in Southeast Ethiopia: a cluster randomized controlled trial	10
Multiomics approach reveals the comprehensive interactions between nutrition and children’s gut microbiota, and microbial and host metabolomes	10
Efficacy of Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition as potential cachexia screening tool for patients with solid cancer	10
Effects of vitamin D supplementation on liver fibrogenic factors, vitamin D receptor and liver fibrogenic microRNAs in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) patients: an exp	9
Adherence to diabetes risk reduction diet is associated with metabolic health status in adolescents with overweight or obesity	9
Dietary intake of fatty acids and risk of pancreatic cancer: Golestan cohort study	9
Assessing the relation between alcohol consumption and risk of disease and mortality – reply	9
Breakfast quality and its sociodemographic and psychosocial correlates among Italian children, adolescents, and adults from the Italian Nutrition & HEalth Survey (INHES) study	9
Validity and reproducibility of the PERSIAN Cohort food frequency questionnaire: assessment of major dietary patterns	9
Greater adherence to the Mediterranean diet pattern in the United States is associated with sustainability trade-offs	9
Towards objective measurements of habitual dietary intake patterns: comparing NMR metabolomics and food frequency questionnaire data in a population-based cohort	9
Insights into the cardiovascular benefits of taurine: a systematic review and meta-analysis	9
Analysis of different plant- and animal-based dietary patterns and their relationship with serum uric acid levels in Chinese adults	8
Association between novel dietary and lifestyle inflammation indices with risk of breast cancer (BrCa): a case–control study	8
Brief instruments for measuring nutrition literacy - the Nutrition Health Literacy Scale and the Self-Perceived Food Literacy Scale Short Form	8
Higher oxidative balance score was associated with decreased risk of erectile dysfunction: a population-based study	7
Dietary macronutrient intake according to sex and trait anxiety level among non-diabetic adults: a cross-sectional study	7
Iodine nutrition status and thyroid autoimmunity during pregnancy: a cross-sectional study of 4635 pregnant women	7
Maternal feeding practices and toddlers’ fruit and vegetable consumption: results from the DIT-Coombe Hospital birth cohort in Ireland	7
Adherence to a healthy and potentially sustainable Nordic diet is associated with child development in The Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study (MoBa)	7
The associations between evening eating and quality of energy and macronutrients and obesity: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 2003–2016	7
Diet quality in relation to the risk of hypertension among Iranian adults: cross-sectional analysis of Fasa PERSIAN cohort study	7
Early life and socio-economic determinants of dietary trajectories in infancy and early childhood – results from the HSHK birth cohort study	7
Dietary carbohydrate quality and risk of breast cancer among women	7
Effect of topical applications of sunflower seed oil on systemic fatty acid levels in under-two children under rehabilitation for severe acute malnutrition in Bangladesh: a randomized controlled trial	7
Association between watching eating broadcast “Mukbang and Cookbang” and body mass index status in South Korean adolescents stratified by gender	7
A multi-centre survey on hospital malnutrition: result of PNSI study	7
Determinants of mortality among under-five children admitted with severe acute malnutrition in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	7
Objective understanding of front of pack warning labels among Mexican children of public elementary schools. A randomized experiment	7
Metabolic syndrome risk in adult coffee drinkers with the rs301 variant of the LPL gene	6
Association between nut consumption and mortality risk: a 20-year cohort study in Korea with a stratified analysis by health-related variables	6
Atopic heredity modifies the association between maternal vitamin D status in pregnancy and the risk of atopic disease in childhood: an observational study	6
Nitrate containing vegetables and dietary nitrate and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a case control study	6
Automated wearable cameras for improving recall of diet and time use in Uganda: a cross-sectional feasibility study	6
Associations between food groups and liver cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies	6
Healthy Nordic diet and associations with plasma concentrations of metabolites in the choline oxidation pathway: a cross-sectional study from Northern Sweden	6
Oxidative balance scores and gallstone disease: mediating effects of oxidative stress	5
Diet quality in young adulthood and sleep at midlife: a prospective analysis in the Bogalusa Heart Study	5
The association between serum phosphate and length of hospital stay and all-cause mortality in adult patients: a cross-sectional study	5
Associations between maternal diet, family eating habits and preschool children’s dietary patterns: insights from the UPBEAT trial	5
Validation of improved 24-hour dietary recall using a portable camera among the Japanese population	5
Prognostic value of the geriatric nutritional risk index in patients with non-metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma: a propensity score matching analysis	5
Chronotype is associated with eating behaviors, physical activity and overweight in school-aged children	5
Association between dietary inflammatory potential and risk of developing gestational diabetes: a prospective cohort study	5
Development of the two-factor modified Kids Eating Disorder Survey (M-KEDS): a validation study with hispanic adolescents	5
Identifying the barriers and facilitators to fruit and vegetable consumption in rural Australian adults: a mixed methods analysis	5
Dietary flavonoid intake is negatively associated with accelerating aging: an American population-based cross-sectional study	5
Relationship between emotional eating and nutritional intake in adult women with overweight and obesity: a cross-sectional study	5
Adverse events profile associated with intermittent fasting in adults with overweight or obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials	5
Is the frequency of breakfast consumption associated with life satisfaction in children and adolescents? A cross-sectional study with 154,151 participants from 42 countries	5
Estimating effects of whole grain consumption on type 2 diabetes, colorectal cancer and cardiovascular disease: a burden of proof study	5
Associations of sugary beverage intake with type 2 diabetes and the role of physical activity: a prospective cohort study	5
Artificially sweetened beverage consumption and all-cause and cause-specific mortality: an updated systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies	5
Dietary intake during a pragmatic cluster-randomized weight loss trial in an underserved population in primary care	5
Maternal iron nutrition during pregnancy and fetal intrauterine growth	5
The effect of diet-induced weight loss on circulating homocysteine levels in people with obesity and type 2 diabetes	5
Effects of mixed nuts as part of a Brazilian Cardioprotective diet on LDL-cholesterol in adult patients after myocardial infarction: a multicenter randomized controlled clinical trial	5
Cognitive and biological effects of citrus phytochemicals in subjective cognitive decline: a 36-week, randomized, placebo-controlled trial	4
Plasma nitrate, dietary nitrate, blood pressure, and vascular health biomarkers: a GRADE-Assessed systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials	4
Effects of curcumin and/or coenzyme Q10 supplementation on metabolic control in subjects with metabolic syndrome: a randomized clinical trial	4
Reply to: vitamin D supplementation and hemoglobin: dosing matters in prevention/treatment of anemia	4
Lower energy intake associated with higher risk of cardiovascular mortality in chronic kidney disease patients on a low-protein diets	4
Correction: Reducing cardiometabolic risk in adults with a low socioeconomic position: protocol of the Supreme Nudge parallel cluster-randomised controlled supermarket trial	4
Niacin intake and mortality (total and cardiovascular disease) in patients with cardiovascular disease: Insights from NHANES 2003–2018	4
Fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols (FODMAPs) and mortality among survivors of liver cirrhosis: a prospective cohort study	4
Correction: High dietary and lifestyle inflammatory scores are associated with increased risk of chronic kidney disease in Iranian adults	4
Associations of healthy eating patterns with biological aging: national health and nutrition examination survey (NHANES) 1999–2018	4
Combined versus independent effects of exercise training and intermittent fasting on body composition and cardiometabolic health in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis	4
National trends in nine key minerals intake (quantity and source) among U.S. adults, 1999 to march 2020	4
Low carbohydrate high fat-diet in real life assessed by diet history interviews	4
Association of main meal frequency and skipping with metabolic syndrome in Korean adults: a cross-sectional study	4
Dietary total antioxidant capacity in relation to metabolic health status in overweight and obese adolescents	4
The effect of magnesium supplementation on serum concentration of lipid profile: an updated systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis on randomized controlled trials	4
Protective effect of serum carotenoids on mortality among metabolic syndrome patients: attenuated by lipid-lowering drugs	4
Associations of breakfast cereal consumption with all-cause and cause-specific mortality: a large-scale prospective analysis	4
The association between hyperuricemia and insulin resistance surrogates, dietary- and lifestyle insulin resistance indices in an Iranian population: MASHAD cohort study	4
Maternal dietary patterns during pregnancy and birth weight: a prospective cohort study	4
Dietary content and eating behavior in ulcerative colitis: a narrative review and future perspective	4

Association of marine PUFAs intakes with cardiovascular disease, all-cause mortality, and cardiovascular mortality in American adult male patients with dyslipidemia: the U.S. National Health and Nutri	4
Effect of probiotic supplementation along with calorie restriction on metabolic endotoxemia, and inflammation markers in coronary artery disease patients: a double blind placebo controlled randomized	4
Correction to: To what extent do dietary costs explain socio-economic differences in dietary behavior?	4
Correction: Dietary intake and gastrointestinal symptoms are altered in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: the relative contribution of autism-linked traits	4
Food groups and nutrients consumption and risk of endometriosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies	3
Causal relationship of interleukin-6 and its receptor on sarcopenia traits using mendelian randomization	3
Correction: Associations Between Plant-Based Dietary Patterns and Risks of Type 2 Diabetes, Cardiovascular Disease, Cancer, and Mortality – A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis	3
The effects of Taurine supplementation on inflammatory markers and clinical outcomes in patients with traumatic brain injury: a double-blind randomized controlled trial	3
The association between caffeine intake and testosterone: NHANES 2013–2014	3
Dietary fiber and prevalence of abdominal aortic calcification in the United States (from the national health and nutrition examination survey data [2013–2014])	3
Relationship between high fructose corn syrup sweetened drinks, diet soft drinks, and serum sodium: NHANES 2003–2006	3
Dietary pattern trajectories in early childhood and their associations with patterns of maternal feeding practices in a multi-ethnic Asian cohort	3
Comparison of energy expenditure measurements by a new basic respiratory room vs. classical ventilated hood	3
Nonlinear relationship between oxidative balance score and hyperuricemia: analyses of NHANES 2007–2018	3
Fish oil supplementation and risk of incident systemic lupus erythematosus: a large population-based prospective study	3
Dietary antioxidant and inflammatory potential in asthmatic patients and its association with all-cause mortality	3
Association of dietary patterns with blood uric acid concentration and hyperuricemia in northern Chinese adults	3
Validation and reproducibility of a semi-qualitative food frequency questionnaire for assessment of sodium intake in Iranian population	3
Correction: Impact of nutritional status on heart failure mortality: a retrospective cohort study	3
Which dietary shifts to improve nutritional quality while reducing diet cost in the French West Indies?	3
Validation of a digital food frequency questionnaire for the Northern Sweden Diet Database	3
Relationship between dietary carotenoid intake and sleep duration in American adults: a population-based study	3
Breakfast skipping is linked to a higher risk of major depressive disorder and the role of gut microbes: a mendelian randomization study	3
Benefits and side effects of protein supplementation and exercise in sarcopenic obesity: A scoping review	3
Relationship between serum carotenoids and osteoarthritis or degenerative arthritis: A cross-sectional study using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey	3
40 years of adding more fructose to high fructose corn syrup than is safe, through the lens of malabsorption and altered gut health–gateways to chronic disease	3
Sodium and potassium intakes and adiposity among Iranian pre-adolescents and adolescents: a cross-sectional study	3
Correction to: Changes in dairy product consumption and subsequent type 2 diabetes among individuals with prediabetes: Tehran lipid and glucose study	3
The effect of bovine dairy products and their components on the incidence and natural history of infection: a systematic literature review	3
Very high high-density lipoprotein cholesterol may be associated with higher risk of cognitive impairment in older adults	2
Consumption of flavonoids and risk of hormone-related cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies	2
Assessing the relative validity of a web-based self-administered 24-hour dietary recall in a Canadian adolescent’s population	2
Neonatal heel prick screening TSH concentration in the Netherlands as indicator of iodine status	2
The association between nutritional risk and contrast-induced acute kidney injury in patients undergoing coronary angiography: a cross-sectional study	2
Low vitamin D levels do not aggravate COVID-19 risk or death, and vitamin D supplementation does not improve outcomes in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: a meta-analysis and GRADE assessment of co	2
Dietary patterns and all-cause and cardiovascular disease, and cancer mortality in Korean adults	2
The effect of an app-based dietary education on dietary intake and cardiometabolic risk markers in people with type 2 diabetes: results from a randomized controlled trial	2
Citrus supplementation in subjective cognitive decline: results of a 36-week, randomized, placebo-controlled trial	2
Correlation of sarcopenia with progression of liver fibrosis in patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: a study from two cohorts in China and the United States	2
Association between dietary inflammatory index and infertility of women; Results from RaNCD Cohort Study	2
A school-based nutrition education program involving children and their guardians in Japan: facilitation of guardian-child communication and reduction of nutrition knowledge disparity	2
Matcha green tea beverage moderates fatigue and supports resistance training-induced adaptation	2
Dietary choline intake in European and non-european populations: current status and future trends—a narrative review	2
Longitudinal trends in produce purchasing behavior: a descriptive study of transaction level data from loyalty card households	2
Maternal vitamin D status and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus in twin pregnancies: a longitudinal twin pregnancies birth cohort study	2
Residential exposure to fast-food restaurants and its association with diet quality, overweight and obesity in the Netherlands: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-NL cohort	2
Association between dietary choline and betaine intake and 10.6-year cardiovascular disease in adults	2
Local food procurement behavior and overall diet quality among adults in Québec: results from the NutriQuébec project	2
An unbiased, sustainable, evidence-informed Universal Food Guide: a timely template for national food guides	2
Different levels of physical activity and risk of developing type 2 diabetes among adults with prediabetes: a population-based cohort study	2
Tracking progress toward a climate-friendly public food service strategy: assessing nutritional quality and carbon footprint changes in childcare centers	2
Role of D-mannose in urinary tract infections – a narrative review	2
Changes in dairy product consumption and subsequent type 2 diabetes among individuals with prediabetes: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study	2
Assessing the role of dietary acid load in the development of hypertensive disorders during pregnancy: uncovering the association through prospective cohort analysis	2
Reproducibility and relative validity of a food frequency questionnaire for a diet-related study in a rural Chinese population	2
Comments on “Diet quality in relation to the risk of hypertension among Iranian adults: cross-sectional analysis of Fasa PERSIAN cohort study”	2
Planetary health diet index and mortality among US cancer survivors: mediating roles of systemic immune-inflammation index and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio	2
Dairy food intake is not associated with spinal trabecular bone score in men and women: the Framingham Osteoporosis Study	2
Impact of sociodemographic factors on the consumption of tubers in Brazil	2
Dysgeusia in MASLD-related advanced chronic liver disease (ACLD): a silent driver towards the “Bermuda” triangle of malnutrition-sarcopenia-frailty severely affecting prognosis	2
Association of dietary inflammatory index and the SARS-CoV-2 infection incidence, severity and mortality of COVID-19: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis	2
Effect of vitamin E intake on glycemic control and insulin resistance in diabetic patients: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials	2
Dietary amino acids intake and all-cause and cause-specific mortality: results from the Golestan Cohort Study	2
Effects of whole grains on glycemic control: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies and randomized controlled trials	2