Biosystems Engineering

Article	Citations
Identification and recognition of rice diseases and pests using convolutional neural networks	270
Channel pruned YOLO V5s-based deep learning approach for rapid and accurate apple fruitlet detection before fruit thinning	152
Yield estimation in cotton using UAV-based multi-sensor imagery	123
Faster R–CNN–based apple detection in dense-foliage fruiting-wall trees using RGB and depth features for robotic harvesting	123
Instance segmentation of apple flowers using the improved mask R–CNN model	101
Detecting powdery mildew disease in squash at different stages using UAV-based hyperspectral imaging and artificial intelligence	92
Recognition of diseased Pinus trees in UAV images using deep learning and AdaBoost classifier	83
Detection of maturity stages of coconuts in complex background using Faster R-CNN model	76
A computer vision-based method for spatial-temporal action recognition of tail-biting behaviour in group-housed pigs	71
Image analysis for individual identification and feeding behaviour monitoring of dairy cows based on Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN)	70
Visual detection of green mangoes by an unmanned aerial vehicle in orchards based on a deep learning method	62
Combining plant height, canopy coverage and vegetation index from UAV-based RGB images to estimate leaf nitrogen concentration of summer maize	62
Safety and ergonomics in human-robot interactive agricultural operations	62
Combining generative adversarial networks and agricultural transfer learning for weeds identification	55
Yield estimation of soybean breeding lines under drought stress using unmanned aerial vehicle-based imagery and convolutional neural network	53
Application of hyperspectral imaging systems and artificial intelligence for quality assessment of fruit, vegetables and mushrooms: A review	52
A real-time table grape detection method based on improved YOLOv4-tiny network in complex background	49
Animal-related, non-invasive indicators for determining heat stress in dairy cows	49
A review of measuring, assessing and mitigating heat stress in dairy cattle	48
Non-destructive evaluation of soluble solids content of apples using a developed portable Vis/NIR device	47
Determination of material and interaction properties of maize and wheat kernels for DEM simulation	46
A litchi fruit recognition method in a natural environment using RGB-D images	46
A data fusion approach on confocal Raman microspectroscopy and electronic nose for quantitative evaluation of pesticide residue in tea	45
Classification of drinking and drinker-playing in pigs by a video-based deep learning method	44
Meta-analysis of greenhouse gas and ammonia emissions from dairy manure composting	42

Influence of the downwash airflow distribution characteristics of a plant protection UAV on spray deposit distribution	42
Scaled-up rice grain modelling for DEM calibration and the validation of hopper flow	42
Performance analysis of a tractor - power harrow system under different working conditions	41
Numerical simulation of airflow field from a six–rotor plant protection drone using lattice Boltzmann method	40
Automatic recognition of feeding and foraging behaviour in pigs using deep learning	40
Simulation of rice threshing performance with concentric and non-concentric threshing gaps	39
Automatic non-destructive video estimation of maturation levels in Fuji apple (Malus Malus pumila) fruit in orchard based on colour (Vis) and spectral (NIR) data	39
Modelling of moving drying process and analysis of drying characteristics for germinated brown rice under continuous microwave drying	38
A mango picking vision algorithm on instance segmentation and key point detection from RGB images in an open orchard	37
GreenLight – An open source model for greenhouses with supplemental lighting: Evaluation of heat requirements under LED and HPS lamps	37
An overview of process monitoring for anaerobic digestion	37
Draft force prediction for a high-speed disc implement using discrete element modelling	36
Deep learning architectures for semantic segmentation and automatic estimation of severity of foliar symptoms caused by diseases or pests	36
Hyperspectral imaging technology combined with deep learning for hybrid okra seed identification	36
Energy, carbon and water footprints on agricultural machinery	36
Intelligent intra-row robotic weeding system combining deep learning technology with a targeted weeding mode	35
Seed motion characteristics and seeding performance of a centralised seed metering system for rapeseed investigated by DEM simulation and bench testing	35
Assessment of dairy cow heat stress by monitoring drinking behaviour using an embedded imaging system	35
A CNN-based lightweight ensemble model for detecting defective carrots	34
In-field and non-destructive monitoring of grapes maturity by hyperspectral imaging	34
Spatiotemporal variability of leaf photosynthesis and its linkage with microclimates across an environment-controlled greenhouse	34
Symmetry-based 3D shape completion for fruit localisation for harvesting robots	32
An efficient method for determining DEM parameters of a loose cohesive soil modelled using hysteretic spring and linear cohesion contact models	32
A CFD analysis on improving lettuce canopy airflow distribution in a plant factory considering the crop resistance and LEDs heat dissipation	31
Discrete element modelling of citrus fruit stalks and its verification	31
A machine learning framework to predict the next month's daily milk yield, milk composition and milking frequency for cows in a robotic dairy farm	31
Power density based fatigue load spectrum editing for accelerated durability testing for tractor front axles	31
The use of UAVs in monitoring yellow sigatoka in banana	30
Energy cost reduction by shifting electricity demand in indoor vertical farms with artificial lighting	30
Real time detection of inter-row ryegrass in wheat farms using deep learning	30
Non-destructive discrimination of avocado fruit ripeness using laser Doppler vibrometry	29
Effect of directional augmentation using supervised machine learning technologies: A case study of strawberry powdery mildew detection	29
Modal vibration response of rice combine harvester frame under multi-source excitation	28
Automatic estimation of dairy cattle body condition score from depth image using ensemble model	28
Design and validation testing of a complete paddy field-coverage path planner for a fully autonomous tillage tractor	28
Hyperspectral imaging for identification of Zebra Chip disease in potatoes	28
Artificial intelligence approaches to predict growth, harvest day, and quality of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) in a IoT-enabled greenhouse system	28
Calibration of discrete-element-method model parameters of bulk wheat for storage	28
Analysis of passive downdraught evaporative cooling windcatcher for greenhouses in hot climatic conditions: Parametric study and impact of neighbouring structures	28
A method of citrus epidermis defects detection based on an improved YOLOv5	28
Active thermal imaging for immature citrus fruit detection	27
In-field proximal sensing of septoria tritici blotch, stripe rust and brown rust in winter wheat by means of reflectance and textural features from multispectral imagery	27
Lighting systems and strategies compared in an optimally controlled greenhouse	27
Optimisation of the power-cycle hydro-mechanical parameters in a continuously variable transmission designed for agricultural tractors	26
Regional soil moisture prediction system based on Long Short-Term Memory network	26
Calibration of discrete element parameters and experimental verification for modelling subsurface soils	26
Automated piglet tracking using a single convolutional neural network	26
Determination of key canopy parameters for mass mechanical apple harvesting using supervised machine learning and principal component analysis (PCA)	26
Real-time robotic weed knife control system for tomato and lettuce based on geometric appearance of plant labels	26
A novel hyperspectral-based approach for identification of maize kernels infected with diverse Aspergillus flavus fungi	25

Modelling of grain breakage of in a vertical rice mill based on DEM simulation combining particle replacement model	25
Managing soil compaction – A choice of low-mass autonomous vehicles or controlled traffic?	25
Non-destructive identification of slightly sprouted wheat kernels using hyperspectral data on both sides of wheat kernels	25
Microclimate and crop performance in a tunnel greenhouse shaded by organic photovoltaic modules – Comparison with conventional shaded and unshaded tunnels	25
Materials with switchable radiometric properties: Could they become the perfect greenhouse cover?	24
Ripeness evaluation of kiwifruit by hyperspectral imaging	24
Method and bench-marking framework for coverage path planning in arable farming	24
Automatic detection of crop root rows in paddy fields based on straight-line clustering algorithm and supervised learning method	24
Pig mounting behaviour recognition based on video spatial–temporal features	24
Image-based size estimation of broccoli heads under varying degrees of occlusion	24
A greenhouse climate-yield model focussing on additional light, heat harvesting and its validation	24
Improved prediction of protein content in wheat kernels with a fusion of scatter correction methods in NIR data modelling	23
Unrest index for estimating thermal comfort of poultry birds (Gallus gallus domesticus) using computer vision techniques	23
Comparative assessment of energy requirement and tillage effectiveness of combined (active-passive) and conventional offset disc harrows	23
Analysis of energy consumption, heat and mass transfer, drying kinetics and effective moisture diffusivity during foam-mat drying of mango in a convective hot-air dryer	23
Cooperation of unmanned systems for agricultural applications: A theoretical framework	23
Performance comparison of charging systems for autonomous electric field tractors using dynamic simulation	23
Distribution characteristics and parameter optimisation of an air-assisted centralised seed-metering device for rapeseed using a CFD-DEM coupled simulation	23
Modelling of heat stress in a robotic dairy farm. Part 1: Thermal comfort indices as the indicators of production loss	23
Application of non-linear partial least squares analysis on prediction of biomass of maize plants using hyperspectral images	23
Bioimpedance analysis of vascular tissue and fluid flow in human and plant body: A review	22
Vision based volume estimation method for automatic mango grading system	22
The reduction of gas concentrations in broiler houses through ventilation: Assessment of the thermal and electrical energy consumption	22
Calculation of ventilation rates and ammonia emissions: Comparison of sampling strategies for a naturally ventilated dairy barn	22
Data reduction based on machine learning algorithms for fog computing in IoT smart agriculture	21
Digital imaging assisted geometry of chicken eggs using Hügelschäffer's model	21
Examination milling non-uniformity in friction rice mills using by discrete element method and experiment	21
Online crop height and density estimation in grain fields using LiDAR	21
A novel wireless instrumentation system for measurement of PTO (power take-off) torque requirement during rotary tillage	21
Determination and interpretation of bonded-particle model parameters for simulation of maize kernels	21
Effect of grain moisture content on physical, mechanical, and bulk dynamic behaviour of maize	21
Variable selection for the determination of the soluble solid content of potatoes with surface impurities in the visible/near-infrared range	21
Optimisation of microwave-rotary drying process and quality parameters of terebinth	21
Effect of guide strips on the distribution of threshed outputs and cleaning losses for a tangential-longitudinal flow rice combine harvester	21
Bag-of-visual-words-augmented Histogram of Oriented Gradients for efficient weed detection	21
Application of fuzzy logic for honey bee colony state detection based on temperature data	21
Development of three-dimensional visualisation technology of the aerodynamic environment in a greenhouse using CFD and VR technology, part 1: Development of VR a database using CFD	20
Soil organic matter prediction using smartphone-captured digital images: Use of reflectance image and image perturbation	20
Semantic segmentation: A modern approach for identifying soil clods in precision farming	20
Cost analysis of autonomous battery electric field tractors in agriculture	20
From species to cultivar: Soybean cultivar recognition using joint leaf image patterns by multiscale sliding chord matching	20
Monitoring methane and nitrous oxide emissions from digestate storage following manure mono-digestion	20
Determination of overall heat transfer coefficient for greenhouse energy-saving screen using Trnsys and hotbox	19
Inverse estimation of thermophysical properties and initial moisture content of cereal grains during deep-bed grain drying	19
Image-based body mass prediction of heifers using deep neural networks	19
Spatially variable pesticide application in vineyards: Part II, field comparison of uniform and map-based variable dose treatments	19
Design and hardware-in-the-loop test of a coupled drive system for electric tractor	19
Spatial and temporal variation of photosynthetic photon flux density within agrivoltaic system in hot arid region of India	19
Stress distribution on a soil tillage machine frame segment with a chisel shank simulated using discrete element and finite element methods and validate by experiment	19
Automatic broiler temperature measuring by thermal camera	19
Automatic shrimp counting method using local images and lightweight YOLOv4	19
Efficacy of adaptation measures to alleviate heat stress in confined livestock buildings in temperate climate zones	19
Body size measurement and live body weight estimation for pigs based on back surface point clouds	19
Monocular positioning of sweet peppers: An instance segmentation approach for harvest robots	19
Modelling carbon dioxide emissions under a maize-soy rotation using machine learning	19
Effect of exposed surface area on ammonia emissions from untreated, separated, and digested cattle manure	18
Nutritional status assessment of olive crops by means of the analysis and modelling of multispectral images taken with UAVs	18
The contribution of fruit and leaves to the dynamic response of secondary branches of orange trees	18
Kinematic discrepancy between driving wheels evaluated for a modular traction device	18
Mapping crop stand count and planting uniformity using high resolution imagery in a maize crop	18
Shift quality of tractors fitted with hydrostatic power split CVT during starting	18
Design and performance of a countersunk screen in a maize cleaning device	18
Automated identification of citrus diseases in orchards using deep learning	18
Application of an adaptive PID controller enhanced by a differential evolution algorithm for precise control of dissolved oxygen in recirculating aquaculture systems	18
Effects of optical variables in a single integrating sphere system on estimation of scattering properties of turbid media	18
On-tree apple fruit size estimation using stereo vision with deep learning-based occlusion handling	18
Sugarcane stem cut quality investigated by finite element simulation and experiment	18
Automatic posture change analysis of lactating sows by action localisation and tube optimisation from untrimmed depth videos	18
Field identification of weed species and glyphosate-resistant weeds using high resolution imagery in early growing season	18
Computational intelligence and mathematical modelling in chanterelle mushrooms’ drying process under heat pump dryer	18
Non-destructive and rapid measurement of sugar content in growing cane stalks for breeding programmes using visible-near infrared spectroscopy	18
Model-based calibration of a gas sensor array for on-line monitoring of ethanol concentration in Saccharomyces cerevisiae batch cultivation	18
Analysis of climate uniformity in indoor plant factory system with computational fluid dynamics (CFD)	18
Cooperation of unmanned systems for agricultural applications: A case study in a vineyard	18
NemaNet: A convolutional neural network model for identification of soybean nematodes	18
Maize lodging resistance: Stalk architecture is a stronger predictor of stalk bending strength than chemical composition	17
Wheat straw direct shear simulation using discrete element method of fibrous bonded model	17
Pecking activity detection in group-housed turkeys using acoustic data and a deep learning technique	17
Video and image classification using atomisation spray image patterns and deep learning	17
Semantic segmentation of sparse 3D point cloud based on geometrical features for trellis-structured apple orchard	17

Influence of temperature and humidity on the dynamics of aerosol numbers and airborne bacteria in a dairy calf house	17
Modelling soil water infiltration variability using scaling	17
Study on the reduction of soil adhesion and tillage force of bionic cutter teeth in secondary soil crushing	17
Semantic interpretation and complexity reduction of 3D point clouds of vineyards	17
In-field and non-invasive determination of internal quality and ripeness stages of Feicheng peach using a portable hyperspectral imager	17
An end-to-end lightweight model for grape and picking point simultaneous detection	17
Utilising variable sorting for normalisation to correct illumination effects in close-range spectral images of potato plants	17
A two-echelon location-routing problem for biomass logistics systems	16
Prediction of outlet dissolved oxygen in micro-irrigation sand media filters using a Gaussian process regression	16
An optimal zone combination model for on-line nondestructive prediction of soluble solids content of apple based on full-transmittance spectroscopy	16
Towards re-identification for long-term tracking of group housed pigs	16
Automatic gear-shifting strategy for fuel saving by tractors based on real-time identification of draught force characteristics	16
Damping behaviour of a prestressed composite beam designed for the thresher of a combine harvester	16
Suction force on high-sphericity seeds in an air-suction seed-metering device	16
DEM simulations and experiments investigating the influence of feeding plate angle in a rubber-roll paddy grain huller	16
Prediction of human odour assessments based on hedonic tone method using instrument measurements and multi-sensor data fusion integrated neural networks	16
Canopy VIS-NIR spectroscopy and self-learning artificial intelligence for a generalised model of predawn leaf water potential in Vitis vinifera	16
Wind-induced response of rice under the action of the downwash flow field of a multi-rotor UAV	16
Diagnosing the symptoms of sheath blight disease on rice stalk with an in-situ hyperspectral imaging technique	16
Computational fluid dynamics for non-experts: Development of a user-friendly CFD simulator (HNVR-SYS) for natural ventilation design applications	16
Generalisation of tea moisture content models based on VNIR spectra subjected to fractional differential treatment	16
Effect of geometrical parameters of air-induction nozzles on droplet characteristics and behaviour	16
Study and modelling the respiration of corn seeds (Zea mays L.) during hermetic storage	16
Monitoring the hot-air drying process of organically grown apples (cv. Gala) using computer vision	16
A multi-branch convolutional neural network with density map for aphid counting	16
YOLO5-spear: A robust and real-time spear tips locator by improving image augmentation and lightweight network for selective harvesting robot of white asparagus	16
Effects of cutting parameters on cutting of citrus fruit stems	16
Estimating particle-size distribution from limited soil texture data: Introducing two new methods	15
Individual neon tetras (Paracheirodon innesi, Myers) optimise their position in the group depending on external selective contexts: Lesson learned from a fish-robot hybrid school	15
Online semi-supervised learning applied to an automated insect pest monitoring system	15
Multi-layer hierarchical optimisation of greenhouse climate setpoints for energy conservation and improvement of crop yield	15
A sustainable localised air distribution system for enhancing thermal environment and indoor air quality of poultry house for semiarid region	15
Dynamic energy modelling for analysis of the thermal and hygroscopic environment in a mechanically ventilated duck house	15
Low-cost Edge Computing devices and novel user interfaces for monitoring pivot irrigation systems based on Internet of Things and LoRaWAN technologies	15
A multiscale approach to estimate the cellular diffusivity during food drying	15
Methodology for designing tractor accelerated structure tests for an indoor drum-type test bench	15
Effect of temperature on the microwave drying process and the viability of amaranth seeds	15
Rapid and non-destructive detection of cassava flour adulterants in wheat flour using a handheld MicroNIR spectrometer	15
Development of a systemic crop signalling system for automated real-time plant care in vegetable crops	15
Development of three-dimensional visualisation technology of the aerodynamic environment in a greenhouse using CFD and VR technology, Part 2: Development of an educational VR simulator	15
Modelling of particle size characteristics and specific energy demand for mechanical size reduction of wheat straw by knife mill	15
Analysing the space-usage-pattern of a cow herd using video surveillance and automated motion detection	14
Tomato tablet drying enhancement by intervention of infrared - A response surface strategy for experimental design and optimization	14
An algorithm to automate the filtering and classifying of 2D LiDAR data for site-specific estimations of canopy height and width in vineyards	14
Machine learning approach to investigate the influence of water quality on aquatic livestock in freshwater ponds	14
Prediction of the fruit development stage of sweet pepper (Capsicum annum var. annuum) by an ensemble model of convolutional and multilayer perceptron	14
Comparison of Vis/SWNIR and NIR spectrometers combined with different multivariate techniques for estimating soil fertility parameters of calcareous topsoil in an arid climate	14
Simultaneous and nondestructive diagnostics of nitrogen/magnesium/potassium-deficient cucumber leaf based on chlorophyll density distribution features	14
Stereo-vision-based multi-crop harvesting edge detection for precise automatic steering of combine harvester	14
Energy of activation, instantaneous energy consumption, and coupled heat and mass transfer modeling in drying of sorghum grains	14
Effect of penetration depth and particle size on detection of wheat flour adulterant using hyperspectral imaging	14
Effects of housing system, measurement methods and environmental factors on estimating ammonia and methane emission rates in dairy barns: A meta-analysis	14
Development and validation of a DEM model for predicting impact damage of maize kernels	14
Assessment of rice seed vigour using selected frequencies of electrical impedance spectroscopy	14
Rice seedling row detection based on morphological anchor points of rice stems	14
Analysis of effect of bentleg opener geometry on performance in cohesive soil using the discrete element method	14
RTD-SEPs: Real-time detection of stem emerging points and classification of crop-weed for robotic weed control in producing tomato	14
Computational modelling applied to predict the pressure coefficients in deformed single arch-shape greenhouses	14
Path tracking control with slip compensation of a global navigation satellite system based tractor-scraper land levelling system	14
The effect of spray structure of oil-based emulsion spray on the droplet characteristics	14
Micro-CT imaging of tomato seeds: Predictive potential of 3D morphometry on germination	14
Reduction of ammonia emissions by applying a urease inhibitor in naturally ventilated dairy barns	14
Modelling and simulation of fruit drop tests by discrete element method	13
Burgers viscoelastic model-based variable stiffness design of compliant clamping mechanism for leafy greens harvesting	13
Design and validation of a centrifugal variable-diameter pneumatic high-speed precision seed-metering device for maize	13
Non-destructive measurement of chicken egg characteristics: Improved formulae for calculating egg volume and surface area	13
Improving rice nitrogen stress diagnosis by denoising strips in hyperspectral images via deep learning	13
Construction of a plant spectral library based on an optimised feature selection method	13
Effects on relaxation properties of Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L.) subjected to different compression directions	13
Modelling the aggregate structure of a bulk soil to quantify fragmentation properties and energy demand of soil tillage tools in the formation of seedbeds	13
Numerical simulation approach to predict the abrasion rate of rice during milling	13
Origins classification of egg with different storage durations using FT-NIR: A characteristic wavelength selection approach based on information entropy	13
The elastoplastic flexural behaviour of corn stalks	13
Effect of concentric and non-concentric threshing gaps on damage of rice straw during threshing for combine harvester	13
Quantitative potato tuber phenotyping by 3D imaging	13
Modelling of heat stress in a robotic dairy farm. Part 2: Identifying the specific thresholds with production factors	13
Measuring soil coverage using image feature descriptors and the decision tree learning algorithm	13
Assessment of a tomography-informed polyhedral discrete element modelling approach for complex-shaped granular woody biomass in stress consolidation	13
A method of green citrus detection based on a deep bounding box regression forest	13
Additives and methods for the mitigation of methane emission from stored liquid manure	13
Tracing algorithm and control strategy for crawler rice combine harvester auxiliary navigation system	13
Optimal control as a tool to investigate the profitability of a Chinese plant factory - lettuce production system	13
Automated classification of stems and leaves of potted plants based on point cloud data	12
Deep learning and computer vision for assessing the number of actual berries in commercial vineyards	12
Discrete element method optimisation of a scraper to remove soil from ridges formed to cold-proof grapevines	12
Optimisation and dynamic simulation of a conveying and top breaking system for whole-stalk sugarcane harvesters	12
Aquaculture production optimisation in multi-cage farms subject to commercial and operational constraints	12
Weed seed burial as affected by mouldboard design parameters, ploughing depth and speed: DEM simulations and experimental validation	12
Improving crop production in solar illuminated vertical farms using fluorescence coatings	12
Role of particle shape and plant roots in the discrete element model of soil–sweep interaction	12
Strategies to mitigate dead-zones in on-farm stored grain silos fitted with aeration ducting modelled using computational fluid dynamics	12
Spatiotemporal graph convolutional network for automated detection and analysis of social behaviours among pre-weaning piglets	12
Assigning apples to individual trees in dense orchards using 3D colour point clouds	12
Wind tunnel study of the effect of planting Haloxylon ammodendron on aeolian sediment transport	12
Low-damage transplanting method for leafy vegetable seedlings based on machine vision	12