Integrative and Comparative Biology

Papers
(The median citation count of Integrative and Comparative Biology is 2. The table below lists those papers that are above that threshold based on CrossRef citation counts [max. 250 papers]. The publications cover those that have been published in the past four years, i.e., from 2022-01-01 to 2026-01-01.)
ArticleCitations
The Metamorphosing Professor: Adapting Teaching to Fulfill the Promise of Biology Education63
Awards, Scholarships, and Grants Awarded at the SICB Meeting in January 202444
An Animal Model of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Exposure to Light and Sound in the Preterm Infant42
Integrating DNA-Based Prey Occurrence Probability into Stable Isotope Mixing Models34
Estimating Wingbeat Frequency of Hummingbirds Using a No-Labeling Learning Computer Vision Approach33
Day Versus Night Melatonin and Corticosterone Modulation by LPS in Distinct Tissues of Toads (Rhinella Icterica)33
Mind the Gap: A Review of Disjunctions in Coastal Marine Species31
Climate-Change Impacts on Cephalopods: A Meta-Analysis30
Hydric Environment and Chemical Composition Shape Non-avian Reptile Eggshell Absorption30
Gut Microbial Ecology of Five Species of Sympatric Desert Rodents in Relation to Herbivorous and Insectivorous Feeding Strategies30
The Shape of Water: Physiological Adaptations to Habitat Aridity in the Ornate Tree Lizard (Urosaurus ornatus)29
Collective Neuromechanics in Sea Stars28
Exoskeletal Trade-off between Claws and Carapace in Deep-sea Hydrothermal Vent Decapod Crustaceans28
Trunk Tip Wear in Wild African Savanna Elephants27
Beyond the Hexagon: Meso-structures in the Bee’s Honeycomb for Bio-Inspired Design26
Exploring the Unknown: How Can We Improve Single-cell RNAseq Cell Type Annotations in Non-model Organisms?25
Rare and Opportunistic Use of Torpor in Mammals—An Echo from the Past?25
Maternal Responses in the Face of Infection Risk22
Physiological Basis of Convergent Evolution in Animal Communication Systems20
Incorporating Sex-Diverse and Gender-Inclusive Perspectives in Higher Education Biology Courses20
Asymmetric Segregation of Maternal mRNAs and Germline-related Determinants in Cephalochordate Embryos: Implications for the Evolution of Early Patterning Events in Chordates20
The Variability and Malleability of Frog Call-Timing Mechanisms are Neglected in Traditional Call-Timing Models20
Temperature and Turgor “Limitation” and Environmental “Control” in Xylem Biology and Dendrochronology19
Evolutionary Patterns in Chemical Composition and Biomechanics of Articulated Coralline Algae19
Effect of Network Structure and Adaptive Foraging on Pollination Services of Species-Rich Plant-Pollinator Communities19
A Mitochondrial Perspective on the Demands of Reproduction19
Comparing Functional Immune Responses in Three Aquatic Turtle Species18
Innovative techniques to investigate comparative biomaterials across disciplines and length scales18
Correction to: Proteomic Signatures of SARS-CoV-2 Susceptibility in Mexican Free-tailed Bats and Their Application to Viral Surveillance18
Awards, Scholarships, and Grants Awarded at the SICB Meeting in January 202317
The Influence of Life History on the Response to Parasitism: Differential Response to Non-Lethal Sea Lamprey Parasitism by Two Lake Charr Ecomorphs17
Ecological Transitions and the Shape of the Decapod Tree of Life16
Induced Power Scaling Alone Cannot Explain Griffenfly Gigantism16
Practical Guidance and Workflows for Identifying Fast Evolving Non-Coding Genomic Elements Using PhyloAcc16
From Individual Calcifiers to Ecosystem Dynamics: Ocean Acidification Effects on Urchins and Abalone16
Common Interests Without Common Expertise: Reflections on Early-career Experiences in Cross-Disciplinary Research15
Developmental Plasticity in Anurans: Meta-analysis Reveals Effects of Larval Environments on Size at Metamorphosis And Timing of Metamorphosis15
Scaling of Jumping Performance in Click Beetles (Coleoptera: Elateridae)15
Sleep Posture Influences Metabolic Rate and Vigilance in the Common Whitethroat (Curruca Communis)15
Sex Without Sexes: Can the Cost of Finding a Mate Explain Diversity in Fungal Mating Systems?15
Trait Loss in Evolution: What Cavefish Have Taught Us about Mechanisms Underlying Eye Regression15
The Versatility of Simplicity: Structures of Cardiocephaloides longicollis Used for Different Purposes during Cercarial Transmission15
A Perspective on the Role of Motivated Thinking in Research on Black Representation in Science15
Oxygenation-Controlled Collective Dynamics in Aquatic Worm Blobs14
How Hot is too Hot? Metabolic Responses to Temperature Across Life Stages of a Small Ectotherm14
Overcoming Waves of Challenges: Experiences of BIPOC Shark Scientists in the Global South14
Equipment Repositories for Accessibility: A Model for Improving Access in Field Science14
On the Physiology of High-altitude Flight and Altitudinal Migration in Birds14
Early Development of Locomotion in the Term Piglet Model: Does Size Matter?14
Chronic Stress Decreases Lactation Performance13
Host–Microbiome Interactions as Moderators of Host Quality and Biodiversity–Disease Relationships13
Limited Cranial Shifts in City-Dwelling Rodents after a Century of Urbanization13
Food hoarding, anxiety, and stress in a mammalian hibernator13
Revisiting TSHβ’s Role in Avian Seasonal Reproduction, Insights, and Challenges from Mammalian Models13
Building, Maintaining, and (re-)Deploying Genetic Toolkits during Convergent Evolution13
Racing Time: Physiological Rates and Metabolic Scaling in Marine Mammals13
Non-Bilaterians as Model Systems for Tissue Mechanics13
Every Hue Has Its Fan Club: Diverse Patterns of Color-Dependent Flower Visitation across Lepidoptera13
Starting a Dialogue: Understanding the Knowledge, Attitudes, and Values Related to Fisheries Management of a Black Fishing Community in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina13
Freshwater Salinization Leads to Sluggish, Bloated Frogs and Small, Cramped Embryos but Adaptive Countergradient Variation in Eggs13
The role of epigenetics and non-genetic inheritance in plant–pollinator interactions: A perspective13
Suction Feeding Turned on Its Head: A Functional Novelty Facilitates Lower Jaw Protrusion13
Foraging Under Fire: A Robotic Flower System Incorporating Multimodal Signaling and Aversive Stimuli13
Steep Decline in the Rare Flat Abalone, Haliotis walallensis, Following Fishing Exploitation and a Marine Heat Wave: The Next Neoextinction?13
Advances and Challenges in Paleobiological Reconstructions of Joint Mobility12
Does Phenotypic Integration Promote Convergent Evolution?12
Invited Letter. Organ Regeneration Occurs in Vertebrates with Aquatic-Related Life Cycles Including Metamorphosis and was Lost During Land Transition12
Muscle-Driven Predictive Physics Simulations of Quadrupedal Locomotion in the Horse12
Knowing Your Field Community: Elevating the Human Dimension in Ecological Research and Teaching12
The Joy Factor: Redefining Leadership Excellence at Black in Marine Science through Joy-Centered Leadership Practices12
Editor-in-Chief's Note—Thank you to Reviewers12
Does Urbanization Alter Purifying Selection? A Case Study in the Burrowing Owl12
Communication via Biotremors in the Veiled Chameleon (Chamaeleo calyptratus): Part I- Biotremor Production and Response to Substrate-Borne Vibrations11
Water Availability and Temperature as Modifiers of Evaporative Water Loss in Tropical Frogs11
The Spring-Mass Model and Other Reductionist Models of Bipedal Locomotion on Inclines11
Circulating Hormones and Dominance Status Predict Female Behavior during Courtship in a Lekking Species11
The Influence of Bee Movements on Patterns of Pollen Transfer between Plants: An Exploratory Model11
Environmental Cue Integration and Phenology in a Changing World11
The Development and Expansion of in vivo Germline Editing Technologies in Arthropods: Receptor-Mediated Ovary Transduction of Cargo (ReMOT Control) and Beyond11
Cross-sexual Transfer Revisited11
Microbiomes in Animal Ecology: Advances, Assumptions, and Opportunities10
Sex and Biology: Broader Impacts Beyond the Binary10
Interspecific Asymmetries in Behavioral Plasticity Drive Seasonal Patterns of Temporal Niche Partitioning in an Island Carnivore Community10
An Exploratory Look at Functional Responses to a Second Antigen Injection in a Freshwater Turtle10
What about Females? Urban Female Song Sparrows Elevate Aggressive Signaling Compared to Rural10
Mudskippers Modulate their Locomotor Kinematics when Moving on Deformable and Inclined Substrates10
Microbiome Comparison and Pathogen Identification for Three Migrating Passerines Captured During Spring Season in Jordan Using 16S rRNA Sequencing10
Honey Bee (Apis mellifera L.) and Wild Bee Resource Competition: How Big Is This Problem?10
Digestive Enzyme Activities in Mussel Mytilus californianus Endure Acute Heat Exposure in Air10
Addressing Diverse Motivations to Enable Bioinspired Design10
The Young and the Resilient: Investigating Coral Thermal Resilience in Early Life Stages10
Mechanosensory Control of Locomotion in Animals and Robots: Moving Forward10
Best Practices of Bioinspired Design: Key Themes and Challenges10
An Integrative Perspective On the Mechanistic Basis of Context- Dependent Species Interactions9
Application of Microbiome Feedback Theory to Animals: Can Parasites Drive Coexistence in Ungulate Communities?9
Preferred body temperatures are increasing in 3 anguimorph lizards with passive thermoregulation9
Roles and Future Opportunities for Genomic Architecture in Understanding Repeated Evolution9
High Wing-Loading Correlates with Dive Performance in Birds, Suggesting a Strategy to Reduce Buoyancy9
Sex, Science, and Society: Reckonings and Responsibilities for Biologists9
The Microbiome as a Maternal Effect: A Systematic Review on Vertical Transmission of Microbiota9
Analysis of Odor-Tracking Performance of Silk Moth Using a Sensory–Motor Intervention System9
Multi-Joint Analysis of Pose Viability Supports the Possibility of Salamander-Like Hindlimb Configurations in the Permian TetrapodEryops megacephalus9
Complementary Roles for Differential Gene Expression and Differential Exon Use in the Heat Shock Response of an Intertidal Copepod9
Invasive Spotted Lanternflies (Lycorma delicatula) Are Larger in More Urban Areas9
Remaining safe conducting Field work While Black (FWB), and Tips for PIs, Universities, and Employers of Black Individuals9
“The PO-Driven Model”: A Basic Science Pipeline for the Bioeconomy with Solutions Inspired by Convergent Evolution for Connecting Parallel Research Ideas9
The Yin and Yang of Self-Regulation in Developing Vertebrates. An Energetics Perspective9
Re-imagining Reproduction: The Queer Possibilities of Plants9
The Aquatic Microbial Environment Shapes the Tadpole Microbiome and Antipredator Behavior8
Kinematic Trajectories in Response to Speed Perturbations in Walking Suggest Modular Task-Level Control of Leg Angle and Length8
Metabarcoding Approaches in Amphibian Disease Ecology: Disentangling the Functional Contributions of Skin Bacteria on Disease Outcome8
Loss of collagen gene expression in the notochord of the tailless tunicate Molgula occulta8
Motherhood and Academia: Tradeoffs8
Cnidarian Circadian Clocks Model How Animals Find Predictability in a Complex World8
Applying 3D Models of Giant Salamanders to Explore Form–Function Relationships in Early Digit-Bearing Tetrapods8
Cnidarian Eyes as a Meta-Model to Explore Evolutionary Repeatability Over Deep Time8
A Guide for Successful Research Collaborations between Zoos and Universities8
What Women Want: Lessons Learned from Grant Applications8
Correction to: Awards, Scholarships, and Grants Awarded at the SICB Meeting in January 20228
Divergent Genital Morphologies and Female–Male Covariation in Watersnakes8
CRISPR/Cas9 Protocols for Disrupting Gene Function in the Non-vertebrate Chordate Ciona7
Introduction to the 2024 Chordate Origins, Evolution, and Development SICB Symposium7
Perspectives on Bioinspired Product Development: Entrapping Surfaces Based on Leaf Microstructures7
Scaling Relationships among the Mass of Eggshell, Albumen, and Yolk in Six Precocial Birds7
Investigating Best Practices for Applying a Quantitative Tooth Complexity Metric to Fishes7
Pheromone Perception in Fish: Mechanisms and Modulation by Internal Status7
The Causes and Consequences of Public Misunderstanding of Shark Conservation7
In Hot Water: Current Thermal Threshold Methods Unlikely to Predict Invasive Species Shifts in NW Atlantic7
The Silverjaw Minnow, Ericymba buccata: An Extraordinary Lateral Line System and its Contribution to Prey Detection7
Time-Series Sequences for Evolutionary Inferences7
Methods for Artificial Incubation of Passerine Eggs7
Towards a Grading Model That Supports Learning in Biology Courses7
Patterns of Phenotypic Evolution Associated with Marine/Freshwater Transitions in Fishes7
Testing the Adaptive Sterilization Hypothesis in Mice Inoculated with Chlamydia muridarum7
Katydids Shift to Higher-Stability Gaits when Climbing Inclined Substrates7
Rhagovelia Uses Interfacial Run-and-Tumble Locomotion to Improve Food Capture in Flowing Environments7
Thermomechanical and Morphological Properties of Loligo vulgaris Squid Sucker Ring Teeth7
Interrogating Metabolic Plasticity in Marine Organisms: A Framework for Best Practices Using Metabolomic and Lipidomic Approaches7
How Damage, Recovery, and Repair Alter the Fitness Impacts of Thermal Stress6
Effects of Ocean Warming on the Underexplored Members of the Coral Microbiome6
Mechanosensory Feedback in Lamprey Swimming Models and Applications in the Field of Spinal Cord Regeneration6
Biomechanics of Insect Flight Stability and Perturbation Response6
Ontogenetic Plasticity in Shoaling Behavior in a Forage Fish under Warming6
Biotic Interactions and the Future of Fishes on Coral Reefs: The Importance of Trait-Based Approaches6
Mechanistic Hypotheses for Proprioceptive Sensing Within the Avian Lumbosacral Spinal Cord6
DNA Metabarcoding Across Disciplines: Sequencing Our Way to Greater Understanding Across Scales of Biological Organization6
Viewing Fragmentation through the Disease Triangle: Implications for Pathogen Pressure on Seeds6
An Adaptable Flying Fish Robotic Model for Aero- and Hydrodynamic Experimentation6
The Effect of Venipuncture Site on Hematology of Bats: Implications for Comparative Analyses6
Diverse Tongue Base Retraction Strategies Drive Bolus Propulsion during Mammalian Swallowing6
Reproductive Steroid Hormone Patterns in Baleen of Two Pregnant Humpback Whales (Megaptera novaeangliae)6
Impacts of Quaternary Climatic Changes on the Diversification of Riverine Cichlids in the Lower Congo River6
Insect Flight Energetics and the Evolution of Size, Form, and Function6
Into the spongy-verse: structural differences between leaf and flower mesophyll6
Best Practices to Promote Field Science Safety6
What Can Frogs Teach Us about Resilience? Adaptive Renewal in Amphibian and Academic Ecosystems6
Under the Sea: Investigation of Telson Morphology and Cryptic Diversity within Eucopia sculpticauda, a Deep-Sea Lophogastrid from the Gulf of Mexico (Peracarida: Lophogastrida)6
Time-dependent Changes in Shrimp Armor and Escape Kinematics under Ocean Acidification and Warming6
The Bioinspiration Feedback Loop: An Interdisciplinary Exchange of Processes and Progress Between Biologists and Engineers6
Locomotor Challenges of Waterfall-Climbing Gobies during Transitions between Media6
Repeated Hyposalinity Pulses Immediately and Persistently Impair the Sea Urchin Adhesive System6
Leeches Predate on Fast-Escaping and Entangling Blackworms by Spiral Entombment6
Coping With Urban Habitats Via Glucocorticoid Regulation: Physiology, Behavior, and Life History in Stream Fishes6
Do We All Walk the Walk? A Comparison of Walking Behaviors across Tetrapods6
Daily Torpor in Birds and Mammals: Past, Present, and Future of the Field6
Independent Transitions to Freshwater Environments Promote Phenotypic Divergence, Not Convergence, in Stingrays6
The Evolution of Offspring Size: A Metabolic Scaling Perspective5
Effects of Constant and Fluctuating Temperatures on Gene Expression During Gonadal Development5
Correction to: Amphibians Exhibit Extremely High Hydric Costs of Respiration5
Minireview: Glucocorticoid−Leptin Crosstalk: Role of Glucocorticoid–Leptin Counterregulation in Metabolic Homeostasis and Normal Development5
Bat Dentitions: A Model System for Studies at the Interface of Development, Biomechanics, and Evolution5
Serca Uncoupling May Facilitate Cold Acclimation in Dark-Eyed Juncos (Junco hyemalis) without Regulation by Sarcolipin or Phospholamban5
Tracing the Evolutionary Origin of Chordate Somites in the Hemichordate Ptychodera flava5
Integrating Spatial Analyses of Genomic and Physiological Data to Understand Avian Responses to Environmental Change5
Genetic Insight into Tiger Sharks ( Galeocerdo cuvier ) and Whiprays ( Brevitrygon sp.) in Sri Lanka5
Social Brain Energetics: Ergonomic Efficiency, Neurometabolic Scaling, and Metabolic Polyphenism in Ants5
Correction To: Large Diversity in Nitrogen- and Sulfur-Containing Compatible Solute Profiles in Polar And Temperate Diatoms5
Conducting Impactful Research at Primarily Undergraduate Institutions5
Warming Accelerates the Onset of the Molecular Stress Response and Increases Mortality of Larval Atlantic Cod5
Population Genomic Time Series Data of a Natural Population Suggests Adaptive Tracking of Fluctuating Environmental Changes5
The Effects of Vertebral Deformities on Swimming Kinematics in Lumpfish, Cyclopterus lumpus5
Characterizing Primary Immune Responses Against Three Antigens in a Reptile5
Females with Increased Costs Maintain Reproductive Output: A Field Experiment in a Common Songbird5
Zooming in on Bonnetheads: Quantifying Impacts of Maturity on Denticle Morphology5
A Fish-Like Soft-Robotic Model Generates a Diversity of Swimming Patterns5
Lizard and Snake Tongues as Muscular Hydrostats: Morphology, Function, and Diversity5
Cephalopod-omics: Emerging Fields and Technologies in Cephalopod Biology5
Evolutionary Transitions of Parasites between Freshwater and Marine Environments5
Improving Cross-Disciplinary Knowledge Transfer for Bio-Inspired Engineering Design5
Anterior–Posterior Wnt Signaling Network Conservation between Indirect Developing Sea Urchin and Hemichordate Embryos5
Assistant editors and Associate editors for 20245
Heterothermic Migration Strategies in Flying Vertebrates4
Mechanisms of Carotenoid Metabolism: Understanding the Links between Red Coloration, Cellular Respiration, and Individual Quality4
Sleep: An Essential and Understudied Process in the Biology of Blood-Feeding Arthropods4
Groovy and Gnarly: Surface Wrinkles as a Multifunctional Motif for Terrestrial and Marine Environments4
That Stinging Sensation: Modularity and the Origin of the Stinging Cell4
Recognizing Salinity Threats in the Climate Crisis4
Strategies of Invertebrate Osmoregulation: An Evolutionary Blueprint for Transmuting into Fresh Water from the Sea4
Diversification of Cnidarian Mechanosensory Neurons Across Life Cycle Phases: Evidence from Hydrozoa4
Awards, Scholarships, and Grants Awarded at the SICB Meeting in January 20244
Sex-specific Morphological Shifts Across Space and Time in Replicate Urban Wall Lizard Introductions4
The Impact of Light Availability on the Functional Traits of Quercus Robur L. and Acer Platanoides L. Firs4
Formation and Replacement of Bone and Tooth Mineralized Tissues in Green Iguanas (Iguana iguana) Revealed by In-Vivo Fluorescence Marking4
The Evolution of Mechanical Properties of Conifer and Angiosperm Woods4
Highlighting Potential Physical and Chemical Cues Involved in Conspecific Recognition System in a Predator Nematode,Seinura caverna4
Phenotypic Convergence Is Stronger and More Frequent in Herbivorous Fishes4
The Function of the Mammal Extrinsic Tongue Musculature in the Transition from Suckling to Drinking4
Advancing Integrative Pollinator Biology Education With Course-Based Undergraduate Research Experiences4
Simulation-Based Evaluation of Methods, Data Types, and Temporal Sampling Schemes for Detecting Recent Population Declines4
Effects of a Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Agonist on Sex Behavior in Females of the Southern Giant Pouched Rat4
Characterizing Physical Interactions between Male and Female Mosquitoes ( Aedes aegypti ) in Relation to Female Receptivity and Insemination Outcomes Usi4
Testing Morphological Relationships between Female and Male Copulatory Structures in Bats4
The Squamate Clitoris: A Review and Directions for Future Research4
Resting Metabolic Rate Does Not Predict Peak Metabolic Rate in the Glanville Fritillary Butterfly4
Perspective: Social License as a Lens for Improving Ethical and Welfare Standards in Cephalopod Research4
Meager Milk: Lasting Consequences for Adult Daughters of Primiparous Mothers Among Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta)4
No Single Association of Constitutive Immune Defenses with Fat Condition or Protein Content4
Critically Assessing Undergraduate Field Experiences: Understanding Conceptualizations and Opportunities for Building Inclusive Programs4
Is the Medium the Message? Functional Diversity Across Abiotic Gradients in Freshwater Electric Fishes4
Developmental Patterns Underlying Variation in Form and Function Exhibited by House Gecko Toe Pads4
Combining Morphological Characteristics and DNA Barcoding Techniques Confirm Sea Urchins of the Genus Echinometra (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) in Marine Habitat Located at Extreme Regions of the4
The Kinematics and Functional Significance of Chemosensory Tongue-Flicking in Northern Water Snakes (Nerodia sipedon) on Land, in Water, and in between4
Clinging for Shear Life: Active Input Improves Adhesion in the Northern Clingfish4
Exploring the Dual Functionality of Plant Pulvini Using a Physical Modeling Approach4
Morphology of pig nasal structure and modulation of airflow and basic thermal conditioning4
The Wind Niche: The Thermal and Hydric Effects of Wind Speed on Terrestrial Organisms4
Detecting Mismatch in Functional Narratives of Animal Morphology: A Test Case with Fossils4
Show Me Your Teeth And I Will Tell You What You Eat: Differences in Tooth Enamel in Snakes with Different Diets4
A legacy of competitive exclusion: Host demography and amplified disease4
Computational and Physical Modeling to Understand Form–Function Relationships4
Expression Analysis in a Dispersal-Fecundity Polyphenism Identifies Growth Regulators and Effectors4
Defensins of the Stable Fly (Stomoxys calcitrans) have Developmental-Specific Regulation and Evolve at Different Rates4
When to Go Against the Flow: Examining Patterns of Performance Over Multiday Migration Events in the Hawaiian Stream Fish, ‘O‘opu Nōpili (Sicyopterus stimpsoni)4
Robotics as a Comparative Method in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology4
Gut Microbiome as a Mediator of Stress Resilience: A Reactive Scope Model Framework3
Acidic Apple Snails: Effects of Climate Change on the Mechanical Properties of an Invasive Gastropod3
Getting Nosy: Olfactory Rosette Morphology and Lamellar Microstructure of Two Chondrichthyan Species3
Timing of Breeding Reveals a Trade-Off between Immune Investment and Life History in Tree Swallows3
Evo-Devo Mechanobiology: The Missing Link3
Deuterostome Ancestors and Chordate Origins3
Are the Kids Alright? Dehydration and High Temperatures During Pregnancy Impact Offspring Physiology, Morphology, and Survival in a Cold-adapted Lizard3
A Conceptual Framework for Integrative Work in Organismal Biology, Bioinspired Design, and Beyond3
Using Pose Estimation and 3D Rendered Models to Study Leg-Mediated Self-righting by Lanternflies3
Sharing Pollinators and Viruses: Virus Diversity of Pollen in a Co-Flowering Community3
The nutritional content of anthropogenic resources affects wildlife disease dynamics3
Cardueline Finches Vary in Constitutive Innate Immunity Against a Harmful Strain of Avian Salmonella3
Amphibians Exhibit Extremely High Hydric Costs of Respiration3
Effect of Temperature on Mosquito Olfaction3
Birth and the Pathway to Adulthood: Integration across Development, Environment, and Evolution3
Behavioral Strategizing Among Animals: A Systems Approach3
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