Integrative and Comparative Biology

Papers
(The median citation count of Integrative and Comparative Biology is 3. The table below lists those papers that are above that threshold based on CrossRef citation counts [max. 250 papers]. The publications cover those that have been published in the past four years, i.e., from 2021-04-01 to 2025-04-01.)
ArticleCitations
Movement, Space Use, and the Responses of Coral Reef Fish to Climate Change72
Estimating Wingbeat Frequency of Hummingbirds Using a No-Labeling Learning Computer Vision Approach56
Erratum To: Biology Beyond the Classroom: Experiential Learning Through Authentic Research, Design, and Community Engagement51
The Weis-Fogh Number Describes Resonant Performance Tradeoffs in Flapping Insects50
Rocks and Vegetation Cover Improve Body Condition of Desert Lizards during Both Summer and Winter35
The Development and Expansion of in vivo Germline Editing Technologies in Arthropods: Receptor-Mediated Ovary Transduction of Cargo (ReMOT Control) and Beyond33
ICB’S Editorial Appointments32
Editor-in-Chief's Note—Thank you to Reviewers31
Awards, Scholarships, and Grants Awarded at the SICB Meeting in January 202329
Erratum To: A Creative Model for an Interdisciplinary Approach to Service-Learning28
Comparison of Hydric and Thermal Physiology in an Environmentally Diverse Clade of Caribbean Anoles28
The Joy Factor: Redefining Leadership Excellence at Black in Marine Science through Joy-Centered Leadership Practices27
Correction to: Living in a Turbulent World—A New Conceptual Framework for the Interactions of Fish and Eddies25
Awards, Scholarships, and Grants Awarded at the SICB Meeting in January 202425
Correction To: Large Diversity in Nitrogen- and Sulfur-Containing Compatible Solute Profiles in Polar And Temperate Diatoms25
Invited Letter. Organ Regeneration Occurs in Vertebrates with Aquatic-Related Life Cycles Including Metamorphosis and was Lost During Land Transition24
From Telson to Attack in Mantis Shrimp: Bridging Biomechanics and Behavior in Crustacean Contests24
Stabbing Spines: A review of the Biomechanics and Evolution of Defensive Spines23
Walking—and Running and Jumping—with Dinosaurs and their Cousins, Viewed Through the Lens of Evolutionary Biomechanics22
Intraspecific and Interspecific Attachment between Cohabitant Dogs and Human Caregivers22
Correction to: Amphibians Exhibit Extremely High Hydric Costs of Respiration21
SICB 2024 Annual Meeting Abstracts20
Mind the Gap: A Review of Disjunctions in Coastal Marine Species20
Muscle Fatigue in the Latch-Mediated Spring Actuated Mandibles of Trap-Jaw Ants20
Social Brain Energetics: Ergonomic Efficiency, Neurometabolic Scaling, and Metabolic Polyphenism in Ants19
Mudskippers Modulate their Locomotor Kinematics when Moving on Deformable and Inclined Substrates19
The Evolution of Offspring Size: A Metabolic Scaling Perspective19
Evolution and Morphology of Genitalia in Female Amniotes19
What about Females? Urban Female Song Sparrows Elevate Aggressive Signaling Compared to Rural19
Integrating DNA-Based Prey Occurrence Probability into Stable Isotope Mixing Models19
Effects of Spring Warming on Seasonal Neuroendocrinology and Activation of the Reproductive Axis in Hibernating Arctic Ground Squirrels18
Ecoimmunology: What Unconventional Organisms Tell Us after Two Decades18
Vertebrate Phenological Plasticity: From Molecular Mechanisms to Ecological and Evolutionary Implications18
Den-Associated Behavior ofOctopus rubescensRevealed by a Motion-Activated Camera Trap System18
Centering Transgender and Gender Non-Conforming Experience, Access, & Safety in Ecological Fieldwork17
The Spring-Mass Model and Other Reductionist Models of Bipedal Locomotion on Inclines17
Open Source Solutions in Experimental Design: An Introduction to the Symposium17
Cross-sexual Transfer Revisited17
The Metamorphosing Professor: Adapting Teaching to Fulfill the Promise of Biology Education17
The Life-History Traits of Soil-Dwelling Nematode (Acrobeloides sp.) Exhibit More Resilience to Water Restriction Than Caenorhabditis elegans16
Probing the Phycosphere: Techniques to Study Bacteria-Phytoplankton Interactions16
An Animal Model of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Exposure to Light and Sound in the Preterm Infant16
Following the Principles of the Universe: Lessons from Plants on Individual and Communal Thriving16
Females with Increased Costs Maintain Reproductive Output: A Field Experiment in a Common Songbird16
Unexpected Performance in Developing Birds16
Consequences of Preterm Birth: Knowns, Unknowns, and Barriers to Advancing Cardiopulmonary Health16
Learning to Move in a Changing Body in a Changing World15
Response to Food Restriction, but Not Social Information Use, Varies Seasonally in Captive Cardueline Finches15
The Whole is Greater Than the Sum of Its Parts: Large-scale Phenomena Arising from Small-scale Biophysical Processes15
Acidic Apple Snails: Effects of Climate Change on the Mechanical Properties of an Invasive Gastropod15
Communication via Biotremors in the Veiled Chameleon (Chamaeleo calyptratus): Part I- Biotremor Production and Response to Substrate-Borne Vibrations15
Establishing Bilateral Symmetry in Hydrozoan Planula Larvae, a Review of Siphonophore Early Development15
Floral Diversity and Pollination Syndromes in Agave subgenus Manfreda15
Does Phenotypic Integration Promote Convergent Evolution?14
Once Is Not Enough: Seasonal Patterns in Abundance of Hydromedusae Are Not Consistent in the Coastal Waters of the Bay of Panama14
Anterior–Posterior Wnt Signaling Network Conservation between Indirect Developing Sea Urchin and Hemichordate Embryos14
The Interplay of Binary and Quantitative Structure on the Stability of Mutualistic Networks14
Tracing the Evolutionary Origin of Chordate Somites in the Hemichordate Ptychodera flava14
Modeling Organismal Responses to Changing Environments13
Integrating Spatial Analyses of Genomic and Physiological Data to Understand Avian Responses to Environmental Change13
Genotype-specific Expression of Uncle Fester Suggests a Role in Allorecognition Education in a Basal Chordate13
Digestive Enzyme Activities in Mussel Mytilus californianus Endure Acute Heat Exposure in Air13
Global Change in a Material World13
Experimental Studies of Bioinspired Shark Denticles for Drag Reduction13
Water Availability and Temperature as Modifiers of Evaporative Water Loss in Tropical Frogs13
Dogs as Pets and Pests: Global Patterns of Canine Abundance, Activity, and Health12
Links between Innate and Adaptive Immunity Can Favor Evolutionary Persistence of Immunopathology12
Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Conyza canadensis12
Swimming Kinematics of Cyprids of the Barnacle Balanus glandula12
Microplastic Leachate Negatively Affects Fertilization in the Coral Montipora capitata12
Recent Progress in the Physical Principles of Dynamic Ground Self-Righting12
Taking the Pulse of Resilience in Conserving Seagrass Meadows12
Estrogenic Modulation of Retinal Sensitivity in Reproductive Female Túngara Frogs12
An Integrative Understanding of Evolutionary Convergence Across Organisms and Biological Scales12
Centering Microbes in the Emerging Role of Integrative Biology in Understanding Environmental Change12
Spatio-temporal Dynamics in Animal Communication: A Special Issue Arising from a Unique Workshop-Symposium Model11
Who Rules Over Immunology? Seasonal Variation in Body Temperature, Steroid Hormones, and Immune Variables in a Tegu Lizard11
Tail Control Enhances Gliding in Arboreal Lizards: An Integrative Study Using a 3D Geometric Model and Numerical Simulation11
Engaging the Community in Pollinator Research: The Effect of Wing Pattern and Weather on Butterfly Behavior11
Assessing the Vulnerabilities of Vertebrate Species to Light and Noise Pollution: Expert Surveys Illuminate the Impacts on Specialist Species11
Hormonal Prostaglandin F2α Mediates Behavioral Responsiveness to a Species-Specific Multi-component Male Hormonal Sex Pheromone in a Female Fish11
Hybrid Metachronal Rowing Augments Swimming Speed and Acceleration via Increased Stroke Amplitude11
Metachronal Swimming of Mantis Shrimp: Kinematics and Interpleopod Vortex Interactions11
Tail Base Deflection but not Tail Curvature Varies with Speed in Lizards: Results from an Automated Tracking Analysis Pipeline11
How to Stick the Landing: Kangaroo Rats Use Their Tails to Reorient during Evasive Jumps Away from Predators10
Biology’s best friend: Bridging disciplinary gaps to advance canine science10
Effects of Constant and Fluctuating Temperatures on Gene Expression During Gonadal Development10
Environmental Cue Integration and Phenology in a Changing World10
Circulating Hormones and Dominance Status Predict Female Behavior during Courtship in a Lekking Species10
The Dendrite Arbor of Purkinje Cells Is Altered Following to Tail Regeneration in the Leopard Gecko10
Day Versus Night Melatonin and Corticosterone Modulation by LPS in Distinct Tissues of Toads (Rhinella Icterica)10
Regional Patterning in Tail Vertebral Form and Function in Chameleons (Chamaeleo calyptratus)10
Addressing Diverse Motivations to Enable Bioinspired Design10
A Fish-Like Soft-Robotic Model Generates a Diversity of Swimming Patterns10
Tail Beat Synchronization during Schooling Requires a Functional Posterior Lateral Line System in Giant Danios,Devario aequipinnatus10
Corrigendum To: Peeking Inside the Lizard Brain: Neuron Numbers in Anolis and Its Implications for Cognitive Performance and Vertebrate Brain Evolution10
Introduction to the Symposium: Effects of Light Pollution Across Diverse Natural Systems10
Effects of Parental Experience and Age on Expression of Prolactin, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide and their Receptors in a Biparental Bird (Columba livia)10
Bat Dentitions: A Model System for Studies at the Interface of Development, Biomechanics, and Evolution10
How Signaling Geometry Shapes the Efficacy and Evolution of Animal Communication Systems9
The Impacts of Transdermal Application of Corticosterone on Toad (Rhinella icterica) Immunity9
ICB's Jumpstart Associate Editors9
Balancing on a Limb: Effects of Gravidity on Locomotion in Arboreal, Limbed Vertebrates9
Multimodal Integration Across Spatiotemporal Scales to Guide Invertebrate Locomotion9
ICB’s Editorial Appointments9
Dopamine Modulation of Motor and Sensory Cortical Plasticity among Vertebrates9
Trade-offs Among Resilience, Robustness, Stability, and Performance and How We Might Study Them9
Warming Accelerates the Onset of the Molecular Stress Response and Increases Mortality of Larval Atlantic Cod9
Erratum To: Foretelling the Flex—Vertebral Shape Predicts Behavior and Ecology of Fishes9
Co-occurring Environmental Stressors have Emerging Impacts on Sensory-Motor Behavior9
Protein composition and associated material properties of cobweb spiders’ gumfoot glue droplets9
Future Tail Tales: A Forward-Looking, Integrative Perspective on Tail Research9
The Comparative Approach to Bio-Inspired Design: Integrating Biodiversity and Biologists into the Design Process9
Strong, Non-specific Adhesion Using C-Lectin Heterotrimers in a Molluscan Defensive Secretion9
Assistant editors and Associate editors for 20249
Photosymbiont Density Is Correlated with Constitutive and Induced Immunity in the Facultatively Symbiotic Coral, Astrangia poculata9
Half a Century of Global Invasion: How Global Trends Can Inform the Spread and Phenology of the Non-Native Kelp, Undaria Pinnatifida, in California, United States9
Sensory Mechanisms of Parent-Offspring Recognition in Fishes, Amphibians, and Reptiles8
Comparative Trophic Levels of Phragmocone-Bearing Cephalopods (Nautiloids, Ammonoids, and Sepiids)8
Scaling of Gait, Limb Posture, Forces, and Inertial Properties in Terrestrial Locomotion of American Alligators Across a Thousand-Fold Increase in Body Mass8
History-Dependent Deformations of Rat Vaginas under Inflation8
Morphology of pig nasal structure and modulation of airflow and basic thermal conditioning8
Minireview: Glucocorticoid−Leptin Crosstalk: Role of Glucocorticoid–Leptin Counterregulation in Metabolic Homeostasis and Normal Development8
Sex, Science, and Society: Reckonings and Responsibilities for Biologists8
Mechanosensory Control of Locomotion in Animals and Robots: Moving Forward8
The Shape of Water: Physiological Adaptations to Habitat Aridity in the Ornate Tree Lizard (Urosaurus ornatus)8
20-hydroxyecdysone Upregulates Ecdysone Receptor (ECR) Gene to Promote Pupation in the Honeybee, Apis mellifera Ligustica8
Analysis of Odor-Tracking Performance of Silk Moth Using a Sensory–Motor Intervention System8
Show Me Your Teeth And I Will Tell You What You Eat: Differences in Tooth Enamel in Snakes with Different Diets8
Sex and Biology: Broader Impacts Beyond the Binary8
Persist or Perish: Can Bats Threatened with Extinction Persist and Recover from White-nose Syndrome?8
Gut Microbial Ecology of Five Species of Sympatric Desert Rodents in Relation to Herbivorous and Insectivorous Feeding Strategies8
Best Practices of Bioinspired Design: Key Themes and Challenges8
Perspective: Social License as a Lens for Improving Ethical and Welfare Standards in Cephalopod Research8
Freezing and Mechanical Failure of a Habitat-Forming Kelp in the Rocky Intertidal Zone8
Serca Uncoupling May Facilitate Cold Acclimation in Dark-Eyed Juncos (Junco hyemalis) without Regulation by Sarcolipin or Phospholamban7
Evolutionary Transitions of Parasites between Freshwater and Marine Environments7
Use of the LunAero Open-Source Hardware Platform to Enhance the Accuracy and Precision of Traditional Nocturnal Migration Bird Counts7
Capturing High Resolution Plant Movement in the Field7
Temporal Monitoring of the Floreana Island Galapagos Giant Tortoise Captive Breeding Program7
Monitoring Bivalve Behavior and Physiology in the Laboratory and Field Using Open-Source Tools7
Combining Morphological Characteristics and DNA Barcoding Techniques Confirm Sea Urchins of the Genus Echinometra (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) in Marine Habitat Located at Extreme Regions of the7
Hydric Environment and Chemical Composition Shape Non-avian Reptile Eggshell Absorption7
Phenotypic Convergence Is Stronger and More Frequent in Herbivorous Fishes7
“The PO-Driven Model”: A Basic Science Pipeline for the Bioeconomy with Solutions Inspired by Convergent Evolution for Connecting Parallel Research Ideas7
Exploring the Unknown: How Can We Improve Single-cell RNAseq Cell Type Annotations in Non-model Organisms?7
Evaluating The Precocial-altricial Axis of Motor Skill at Birth in A Preterm Pig Model7
Testing Morphological Relationships between Female and Male Copulatory Structures in Bats7
The Squamate Clitoris: A Review and Directions for Future Research7
Population Genomic Time Series Data of a Natural Population Suggests Adaptive Tracking of Fluctuating Environmental Changes7
The Young and the Resilient: Investigating Coral Thermal Resilience in Early Life Stages7
Regulation of Green Fluorescent Proteins by Sea Anemones (Anthopleura spp.) in Response to Light7
Levels of Airborne Sound And Substrate-borne Vibration Calling Are Negatively Related Across Neotropical False-leaf Katydids7
Traffic Noise Impacts Glucocorticoid Response, Activity, and Growth in Two Species of Tadpoles7
Exoskeletal Trade-off between Claws and Carapace in Deep-sea Hydrothermal Vent Decapod Crustaceans7
Multi-Joint Analysis of Pose Viability Supports the Possibility of Salamander-Like Hindlimb Configurations in the Permian TetrapodEryops megacephalus7
Viridiplantae Body Plans Viewed Through the Lens of the Fossil Record and Molecular Biology7
Strategies of Invertebrate Osmoregulation: An Evolutionary Blueprint for Transmuting into Fresh Water from the Sea7
An Integrative Perspective On the Mechanistic Basis of Context- Dependent Species Interactions7
Reptilian Innate Immunology and Ecoimmunology: What Do We Know and Where Are We Going?7
Structural and Evolutionary Relationships of Melanin Cascade Proteins in Cnidarian Innate Immunity7
Resting Metabolic Rate Does Not Predict Peak Metabolic Rate in the Glanville Fritillary Butterfly7
The Ecosystem as Super-Organ/ism, Revisited: Scaling Hydraulics to Forests under Climate Change7
Robust Performance of Spider Viscid Silk on Hairy and Smooth Insect Substrates6
Tail Autotomy Alters Prey Capture Performance and Kinematics, but not Success, in Banded Geckos6
The Epigenome and Beyond: How Does Non-genetic Inheritance Change Our View of Evolution?6
Female–Female Reproductive Suppression: Impacts on Signals and Behavior6
Increasing Faculty Involvement in the Undergraduate Interdisciplinary Learning Experience6
Tail Length Evolution in Deer Mice: Linking Morphology, Behavior, and Function6
Pervasiveness of Biological Impacts of Artificial Light at Night6
Acclimation to Future Climate Exposes Vulnerability to Cold Extremes in Intertidal Sea Hares6
Early-Life Corticosterone Body Condition Influence Social Status and Survival in a Food-Caching Passerine6
Constraint and Function in the Predefinitive Plumages of Manakins (Aves: Pipridae)6
Nuestra Ciencia: Transforming Microbiology for Spanish-Speaking Elementary and College Students6
Anthropogenic Alteration of Flow, Temperature, and Light as Life-History Cues in Stream Ecosystems6
Foretelling the Flex—Vertebral Shape Predicts Behavior and Ecology of Fishes6
What is Known—and not Known—About Acoustic Communication in an Urban Soundscape6
Opsin Expression Varies with Reproductive State in the Cichlid FishAstatotilapia burtoni6
Most Dogs Are Not NATIVE Dogs6
Endocrine Modulation of Sending and Receiving Signals in Context-Dependent Social Communication6
Cost-Reducing Traits for Agonistic Head Collisions: A Case for Neurophysiology6
Gaps to Address in Ecological Studies of Temperament and Physiology6
A Unifying Framework for Understanding Biological Structures and Functions Across Levels of Biological Organization6
Associate Editor5
Connected While Distant: Networking CUREs Across Classrooms to Create Community and Empower Students5
High Wing-Loading Correlates with Dive Performance in Birds, Suggesting a Strategy to Reduce Buoyancy5
Temperature-dependent Developmental Plasticity and Its Effects on Allen’s and Bergmann’s Rules in Endotherms5
Leptin Resistance Does Not Facilitate Migratory Fattening in Ruby-Throated Hummingbirds (Archilochus Colubris)5
The Yin and Yang of Self-Regulation in Developing Vertebrates. An Energetics Perspective5
Terrestrial Capabilities of Invasive Fishes and Their Management Implications5
Body Caudal Undulation Measured by Soft Sensors and Emulated by Soft Artificial Muscles5
A Comparison of the Mitochondrial Performance between Migratory and Sedentary Mimid Thrushes5
Rising to the Challenge: Mounting an Acute Phase Immune Response Has No Long-Term Negative Effects on Captive Sparrow Migratory Body Composition or Migratory Restlessness5
The Kinematics and Functional Significance of Chemosensory Tongue-Flicking in Northern Water Snakes (Nerodia sipedon) on Land, in Water, and in between5
Problems with Paralogs: The Promise and Challenges of Gene Duplicates in Evo-Devo Research5
Correction to: Collecting–Gathering Biophysics of the Blackworm Lumbriculus variegatus5
Universal Features in Panarthropod Inter-Limb Coordination during Forward Walking5
Identifying the abiotic factors that determine the inland range limits of a mesic-adapted lizard species5
Interspecific Asymmetries in Behavioral Plasticity Drive Seasonal Patterns of Temporal Niche Partitioning in an Island Carnivore Community5
Detecting Mismatch in Functional Narratives of Animal Morphology: A Test Case with Fossils5
Quantifying Glucocorticoid Plasticity Using Reaction Norm Approaches: There Still is So Much to Discover!5
Robotics as a Comparative Method in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology5
A Framework for Investigating Rules of Life Across Disciplines5
A Minimal Framework for Describing Living Systems: A Multi-Dimensional View of Life Across Scales5
The Microbiome as a Maternal Effect: A Systematic Review on Vertical Transmission of Microbiota5
Rare and Opportunistic Use of Torpor in Mammals—An Echo from the Past?5
Feather, But Not Plasma, Glucocorticoid Response to Artificial Light at Night Differs between Urban and Forest Blue Tit Nestlings5
Re-imagining Reproduction: The Queer Possibilities of Plants5
Toward an Understanding of Octopus Arm Motor Control5
Climate-Change Impacts on Cephalopods: A Meta-Analysis5
Quality vs. Quantity: The Consequences of Elevated CO2 on Wood Biomaterial Properties5
Autonomous Expansion of Grasshopper Wings Reveals External Forces Contribute to Final Adult Wing Shape5
Rescaling Biology: Increasing Integration Across Biological Scales and Subdisciplines to Enhance Understanding and Prediction5
Reintegrating Biology Through the Nexus of Energy, Information, and Matter5
Perspectives on Community STEM: Learning from Partnerships between Scientists, Researchers, and Youth5
Recognizing Salinity Threats in the Climate Crisis5
The Integrated Defense System: Optimizing Defense against Predators, Pathogens, and Poisons5
Hypoxia Tolerance of Two Killifish Species4
Asymmetric Segregation of Maternal mRNAs and Germline-related Determinants in Cephalochordate Embryos: Implications for the Evolution of Early Patterning Events in Chordates4
Relationships in Shark Skin: Mechanical and Morphological Properties Vary between Sexes and among Species4
SICB 2022 Annual Meeting Abstracts4
Characterizing Physical Interactions between Male and Female Mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti) in Relation to Female Receptivity and Insemination Outcomes Using a Hydrophobic Fluorescent Dye4
The Inner Lives of Cephalopods4
Meager Milk: Lasting Consequences for Adult Daughters of Primiparous Mothers Among Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta)4
Exploring the Dual Functionality of Plant Pulvini Using a Physical Modeling Approach4
Simulation-Based Evaluation of Methods, Data Types, and Temporal Sampling Schemes for Detecting Recent Population Declines4
Closer Appendage Spacing Augments Metachronal Swimming Speed by Promoting Tip Vortex Interactions4
Emergent Metachronal Waves using Tension-Driven, Fluid-Structure Interaction Models of Tomopterid Parapodia4
Computational and Physical Modeling to Understand Form–Function Relationships4
Motherhood and Academia: Tradeoffs4
Octopus death and dying4
Introduction to the Symposium: An Integrative Look at Whole-organism Trade-offs from the Female-centered Perspective of Biology4
Implementing Fabrication as a Pedagogical Tool in Vertebrate Anatomy Courses: Motivation, Inclusion, and Lessons4
Awards, Scholarships, and Grants Awarded at the SICB Meeting in January 20214
Museum Genomics of an Agricultural Super-Pest, the Colorado Potato Beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Chrysomelidae), Provides Evidence of Adaptation from Standing Variation4
Remaining safe conducting Field work While Black (FWB), and Tips for PIs, Universities, and Employers of Black Individuals4
A Creative Model for an Interdisciplinary Approach to Service-Learning4
Students’ Perceptions of FSBio 201, A CURE-Based Course that Scaffolds Research and Scientific Communication, Align with Learning Outcomes4
Postweaning Isolation Alters the Responses of Auditory Neurons to Serotonergic Modulation4
Promoting a More Integrated Approach to Structure and Function4
Five Key Strategies for Organizing Interdisciplinary Scientific Events to Strengthen Careers, Collaborations, and Creativity4
The Genomics in Emerging Marine Systems Checklist for Clear and Reproducible Genomics in Emerging, Marine Systems4
The Function of the Mammal Extrinsic Tongue Musculature in the Transition from Suckling to Drinking4
Internal State: Dynamic, Interconnected Communication Loops Distributed Across Body, Brain, and Time4
Awards, Scholarships, and Grants Awarded at the SICB Meeting in January 20214
Kinematic Trajectories in Response to Speed Perturbations in Walking Suggest Modular Task-Level Control of Leg Angle and Length4
Searching for Principles of Microbial Ecology Across Levels of Biological Organization4
Locomotion and Energetics of Divergent Foraging Strategies in Hummingbirds: A Review4
Morphogenesis of Iridescent Feathers in Anna’s Hummingbird Calypte anna4
Inertial Tail Effects during Righting of Squirrels in Unexpected Falls: From Behavior to Robotics4
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