Space Weather-The International Journal of Research and Applications

Article	Citations
The Geomagnetic Kp Index and Derived Indices of Geomagnetic Activity	165
Forecasting Global Ionospheric TEC Using Deep Learning Approach	88
Long Short‐Term Memory Neural Network for Ionospheric Total Electron Content Forecasting Over China	59
The Flare Irradiance Spectral Model‐Version 2 (FISM2)	51
Significant Ionospheric Hole and Equatorial Plasma Bubbles After the 2022 Tonga Volcano Eruption	45
SpaceX—Sailing Close to the Space Weather?	45
Development of Space Weather Reasonable Worst‐Case Scenarios for the UK National Risk Assessment	44
Prediction of Global Ionospheric TEC Based on Deep Learning	44
Space Weather Environment During the SpaceX Starlink Satellite Loss in February 2022	39
On the Regional Variability of dB/dt and Its Significance to GIC	36
One‐Day Forecasting of Global TEC Using a Novel Deep Learning Model	35
Geomagnetic Pulsations Driving Geomagnetically Induced Currents	35
Ionospheric Disturbances Over the Indian Sector During 8 September 2017 Geomagnetic Storm: Plasma Structuring and Propagation	32
Unveiling the Space Weather During the Starlink Satellites Destruction Event on 4 February 2022	32
The Badhwar‐O'Neill 2020 GCR Model	32
Medium Energy Electron Flux in Earth's Outer Radiation Belt (MERLIN): A Machine Learning Model	31
Solar Wind Prediction Using Deep Learning	29
Assessment and Validation of Three Ionospheric Models (IRI‐2016, NeQuick2, and IGS‐GIM) From 2002 to 2018	28
Relativistic Electron Model in the Outer Radiation Belt Using a Neural Network Approach	27
Deep Learning for Global Ionospheric TEC Forecasting: Different Approaches and Validation	27
Solar Flare Intensity Prediction With Machine Learning Models	27
Data‐Driven Forecasting of Low‐Latitude Ionospheric Total Electron Content Using the Random Forest and LSTM Machine Learning Methods	26
Conductance Model for Extreme Events: Impact of Auroral Conductance on Space Weather Forecasts	25
The SET HASDM Density Database	25
Forecasting SYM‐H Index: A Comparison Between Long Short‐Term Memory and Convolutional Neural Networks	25

ED‐ConvLSTM: A Novel Global Ionospheric Total Electron Content Medium‐Term Forecast Model	24
Storm‐Time Modeling of the African Regional Ionospheric Total Electron Content Using Artificial Neural Networks	23
Beating 1 Sievert: Optimal Radiation Shielding of Astronauts on a Mission to Mars	23
Geomagnetically Induced Current Model Validation From New Zealand's South Island	22
Multilayered Sporadic‐E Response to the Annular Solar Eclipse on June 21, 2020	22
Modeling Geomagnetic Interference on Railway Signaling Track Circuits	22
High‐Speed Solar Wind Imprints on the Ionosphere During the Recovery Phase of the August 2018 Geomagnetic Storm	22
Benchmarking Forecasting Models for Space Weather Drivers	21
Development of the Storm‐Induced Ionospheric Irregularities at Equatorial and Middle Latitudes During the 25–26 August 2018 Geomagnetic Storm	20
Numerical Simulations of the Geospace Response to the Arrival of an Idealized Perfect Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejection	20
Evaluation of CME Arrival Prediction Using Ensemble Modeling Based on Heliospheric Imaging Observations	20
Markov Chain‐Based Stochastic Modeling of Deep Signal Fading: Availability Assessment of Dual‐Frequency GNSS‐Based Aviation Under Ionospheric Scintillation	20
Lyman‐alpha Variability During Solar Flares Over Solar Cycle 24 Using GOES‐15/EUVS‐E	20
Machine‐Learned HASDM Thermospheric Mass Density Model With Uncertainty Quantification	19
CME Evolution in the Structured Heliosphere and Effects at Earth and Mars During Solar Minimum	19
A Summary of National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Space Weather Prediction Center Proton Event Forecast Performance and Skill	19
CME Magnetic Structure and IMF Preconditioning Affecting SEP Transport	19
ASHLEY: A New Empirical Model for the High‐Latitude Electron Precipitation and Electric Field	18
Probabilistic Forecasts of Storm Sudden Commencements From Interplanetary Shocks Using Machine Learning	18
Solar Wind—Magnetosphere Coupling Functions: Pitfalls, Limitations, and Applications	18
Geomagnetic Storm Occurrence and Their Relation With Solar Cycle Phases	17
CMEs and SEPs During November–December 2020: A Challenge for Real‐Time Space Weather Forecasting	17
On the Assessment of Daily Equatorial Plasma Bubble Occurrence Modeling and Forecasting	17
Nighttime Magnetic Perturbation Events Observed in Arctic Canada: 3. Occurrence and Amplitude as Functions of Magnetic Latitude, Local Time, and Magnetic Disturbance Indices	17
Solar Origins of August 26, 2018 Geomagnetic Storm: Responses of the Interplanetary Medium and Equatorial/Low‐Latitude Ionosphere to the Storm	17
A Multi‐Purpose Heliophysics L4 Mission	17
Solar Cycle Variations of GPS Amplitude Scintillation for the Polar Region	17
Improving Solar Wind Forecasting Using Data Assimilation	16
Using Gradient Boosting Regression to Improve Ambient Solar Wind Model Predictions	16
Deep Neural Networks With Convolutional and LSTM Layers for SYM‐H and ASY‐H Forecasting	16
Modified GIC Estimation Using 3‐D Earth Conductivity	16
ML Prediction of Global Ionospheric TEC Maps	16
An Investigation of Ionospheric TEC Prediction Maps Over China Using Bidirectional Long Short‐Term Memory Method	16
Toward a Next Generation Particle Precipitation Model: Mesoscale Prediction Through Machine Learning (a Case Study and Framework for Progress)	16
Ground‐Based GNSS and C/NOFS Observations of Ionospheric Irregularities Over Africa: A Case Study of the 2013 St. Patrick’s Day Geomagnetic Storm	15
3‐D Regional Ionosphere Imaging and SED Reconstruction With a New TEC‐Based Ionospheric Data Assimilation System (TIDAS)	15
Thermospheric Neutral Density Variation During the “SpaceX” Storm: Implications From Physics‐Based Whole Geospace Modeling	15
Estimating Satellite Orbital Drag During Historical Magnetic Superstorms	15
Determination of Auroral Electrodynamic Parameters From AMPERE Field‐Aligned Current Measurements	15
Geomagnetically Induced Currents and Harmonic Distortion: High Time Resolution Case Studies	15
Thermospheric Conditions Associated With the Loss of 40 Starlink Satellites	15
Measurements and Simulations of the Geomagnetically Induced Currents in Low‐Latitude Power Networks During Geomagnetic Storms	15
Impact of Inner Heliospheric Boundary Conditions on Solar Wind Predictions at Earth	14
Open Issues in Statistical Forecasting of Solar Proton Events: A Machine Learning Perspective	14
Machine Learning for Predicting the Bz Magnetic Field Component From Upstream in Situ Observations of Solar Coronal Mass Ejections	14
Assessing the Projection Correction of Coronal Mass Ejection Speeds on Time‐of‐Arrival Prediction Performance Using the Effective Acceleration Model	14
The Mechanism for GNSS‐Based Kinematic Positioning Degradation at High‐Latitudes Under the March 2015 Great Storm	14
Modeling the Geomagnetic Response to the September 2017 Space Weather Event Over Fennoscandia Using the Space Weather Modeling Framework: Studying the Impacts of Spatial Resolution	14
Qualitative and Quantitative Assessment of the SET HASDM Database	14
Worst‐Case Severe Environments for Surface Charging Observed at LANL Satellites as Dependent on Solar Wind and Geomagnetic Conditions	14

Relativistic Electron Flux Prediction at Geosynchronous Orbit Based on the Neural Network and the Quantile Regression Method	14
Potential of Regional Ionosphere Prediction Using a Long Short‐Term Memory Deep‐Learning Algorithm Specialized for Geomagnetic Storm Period	14
Distribution and Occurrence Frequency of dB/dt Spikes During Magnetic Storms 1980–2020	14
Application of a Multi‐Layer Artificial Neural Network in a 3‐D Global Electron Density Model Using the Long‐Term Observations of COSMIC, Fengyun‐3C, and Digisonde	13
Geomagnetic Storm‐Induced Plasma Density Enhancements in the Southern Polar Ionospheric Region: A Comparative Study Using St. Patrick's Day Storms of 2013 and 2015	13
Geomagnetically Induced Current Model in New Zealand Across Multiple Disturbances: Validation and Extension to Non‐Monitored Transformers	13
TEC Map Completion Through a Deep Learning Model: SNP‐GAN	13
Application of the Verified Neutron Monitor Yield Function for an Extended Analysis of the GLE # 71 on 17 May 2012	13
GOLD Mission's Observation About the Geomagnetic Storm Effects on the Nighttime Equatorial Ionization Anomaly (EIA) and Equatorial Plasma Bubbles (EPB) During a Solar Minimum Equinox	13
Calculation of GIC in the North Island of New Zealand Using MT Data and Thin‐Sheet Modeling	13
Interpretable Machine Learning to Forecast SEP Events for Solar Cycle 23	13
Drag‐Based CME Modeling With Heliospheric Images Incorporating Frontal Deformation: ELEvoHI 2.0	13
The GOES‐R Solar UltraViolet Imager	13
Modeling the Dynamic Variability of Sub‐Relativistic Outer Radiation Belt Electron Fluxes Using Machine Learning	13
Assessing the Influence of Input Magnetic Maps on Global Modeling of the Solar Wind and CME‐Driven Shock in the 2013 April 11 Event	12
Frequency Considerations in GIC Applications	12
Magnetotelluric Sampling and Geoelectric Hazard Estimation: Are National‐Scale Surveys Sufficient?	12
Forecasting GOES 15 >2 MeV Electron Fluxes From Solar Wind Data and Geomagnetic Indices	12
Extreme‐Event Magnetic Storm Probabilities Derived From Rank Statistics of Historical Dst Intensities for Solar Cycles 14–24	12
The Polar Cap (PC) Index: Invalid Index Series and a Different Approach	12
The Impact of Sudden Commencements on Ground Magnetic Field Variability: Immediate and Delayed Consequences	12
Assimilation of Sparse Continuous Near‐Earth Weather Measurements by NECTAR Model Morphing	12
Prediction of Dynamic Plasmapause Location Using a Neural Network	12
On the Sources and Sizes of Uncertainty in Predicting the Arrival Time of Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejections Using Global MHD Models	12
Real‐Time Thermospheric Density Estimation via Radar and GPS Tracking Data Assimilation	11
New Findings From Explainable SYM‐H Forecasting Using Gradient Boosting Machines	11
Application of a Modified Spheromak Model to Simulations of Coronal Mass Ejection in the Inner Heliosphere	11
The Value of CME Arrival Time Forecasts for Space Weather Mitigation	11
Improved and Interpretable Solar Flare Predictions With Spatial and Topological Features of the Polarity Inversion Line Masked Magnetograms	11
Ionospheric Current Variations Induced by the Solar Flares of 6 and 10 September 2017	11
Global‐Scale Ionospheric Tomography During the March 17, 2015 Geomagnetic Storm	11
Comparing Three Approaches to the Inducing Source Setting for the Ground Electromagnetic Field Modeling due to Space Weather Events	11
On the Properties of and Ionospheric Conditions Associated With a Mid‐Latitude Scintillation Event Observed Over Southern United States	11
The Prediction of Storm‐Time Thermospheric Mass Density by LSTM‐Based Ensemble Learning	11
Impacts of Different Causes on the Inter‐Hemispheric Asymmetry of Ionosphere‐Thermosphere System at Mid‐ and High‐Latitudes: GITM Simulations	11
A Framework for Understanding and Quantifying the Loss and Acceleration of Relativistic Electrons in the Outer Radiation Belt During Geomagnetic Storms	11
An Empirical Model of the Ionospheric Sporadic E Layer Based on GNSS Radio Occultation Data	11
Reconstruction of Extreme Geomagnetic Storms: Breaking the Data Paucity Curse	10
Estimating the Geoelectric Field and Electric Power Transmission Line Voltage During a Geomagnetic Storm in Alberta, Canada Using Measured Magnetotelluric Impedance Data: The Influence of Three‐Dimens	10
Intense, Long‐Duration Geomagnetically Induced Currents (GICs) Caused by Intense Substorm Clusters	10
The Impact of Solar Activity on Forecasting the Upper Atmosphere via Assimilation of Electron Density Data	10
Forbush Decrease Characteristics in a Magnetic Cloud	10
Effect of Additional Magnetograph Observations From Different Lagrangian Points in Sun‐Earth System on Predicted Properties of Quasi‐Steady Solar Wind at 1 AU	10
Data Assimilative Optimization of WSA Source Surface and Interface Radii using Particle Filtering	10
Forecasting the Probability of Large Rates of Change of the Geomagnetic Field in the UK: Timescales, Horizons, and Thresholds	10
ROTI‐Based Stochastic Model to Improve GNSS Precise Point Positioning Under Severe Geomagnetic Storm Activity	9
Prediction of Dst During Solar Minimum Using In Situ Measurements at L5	9
Regional Ionospheric Parameter Estimation by Assimilating the LSTM Trained Results Into the SAMI2 Model	9
Impact Angle Control of Local Intense dB/dt Variations During Shock‐Induced Substorms	9
OSPREI: A Coupled Approach to Modeling CME‐Driven Space Weather With Automatically Generated, User‐Friendly Outputs	9
E‐CHAIM as a Model of Total Electron Content: Performance and Diagnostics	9
A Global Empirical Model of Electron Density Profile in the F Region Ionosphere Basing on COSMIC Measurements	9
The Prediction of Day‐to‐Day Occurrence of Low Latitude Ionospheric Strong Scintillation Using Gradient Boosting Algorithm	9
Why are ELEvoHI CME Arrival Predictions Different if Based on STEREO‐A or STEREO‐B Heliospheric Imager Observations?	9
Characteristics of Ionospheric Irregularities Using GNSS Scintillation Indices Measured at Jang Bogo Station, Antarctica (74.62°S, 164.22°E)	9
Evaluating the Performance of a Plasma Analyzer for a Space Weather Monitor Mission Concept	9
Real‐Time 3‐D Modeling of the Ground Electric Field Due To Space Weather Events. A Concept and Its Validation	9
Forecasting GICs and Geoelectric Fields From Solar Wind Data Using LSTMs: Application in Austria	9
The Thermosphere Is a Drag: The 2022 Starlink Incident and the Threat of Geomagnetic Storms to Low Earth Orbit Space Operations	9
A‐CHAIM: Near‐Real‐Time Data Assimilation of the High Latitude Ionosphere With a Particle Filter	9
The Satellite Risk Prediction and Radiation Forecast System (SaRIF)	9
Evaluation of SaRIF High‐Energy Electron Reconstructions and Forecasts	9
New Detailed Modeling of GICs in the Spanish Power Transmission Grid	9
A Method to Mitigate the Effects of Strong Geomagnetic Storm on GNSS Precise Point Positioning	9
Storm Time Plasma Pressure Inferred From Multimission Measurements and Its Validation Using Van Allen Probes Particle Data	9
Ionospheric F‐Layer Scintillation Variabilities Over the American Sector During Sudden Stratospheric Warming Events	9
Geomagnetically Induced Current Modeling in New Zealand: Extreme Storm Analysis Using Multiple Disturbance Scenarios and Industry Provided Hazard Magnitudes	8
A Method for Calculating Atmospheric Radiation Produced by Relativistic Electron Precipitation	8
Ionospheric Phase Scintillation Index Estimation Based on 1 Hz Geodetic GNSS Receiver Measurements by Using Continuous Wavelet Transform	8
Amplitude Scintillation Severity and Fading Profiles Under Alignment Between GPS Propagation Paths and Equatorial Plasma Bubbles	8
Evaluation of Physics‐Based Data Assimilation System Driven by Neutral Density Data From a Single Satellite	8
Ionospheric Scale Index Map Based on TEC Data for Space Weather Studies and Applications	8
Parameter Distributions for the Drag‐Based Modeling of CME Propagation	8
Nowcasting and Validating Earth's Electric Field Response to Extreme Space Weather Events Using Magnetotelluric Data: Application to the September 2017 Geomagnetic Storm and Comparison to Observed and	8
Recreating the Horizontal Magnetic Field at Colaba During the Carrington Event With Geospace Simulations	8
Beyond Basic Drag in Interplanetary CME Modeling: Effects of Solar Wind Pileup and High‐Speed Streams	8
Study of the Impact of Past Extreme Solar Events on the Modern Air Traffic	8
A New Model for Nowcasting the Aviation Radiation Environment With Comparisons to In Situ Measurements During GLEs	8
3D Modeling of Geomagnetically Induced Currents in Sweden—Validation and Extreme Event Analysis	8
Analysis of Long‐Term GIC Measurements in Transformers in Austria	8

Development and Validation of Precipitation Enhanced Densities for the Empirical Canadian High Arctic Ionospheric Model	8
A Large Simulation Set of Geomagnetic Storms—Can Simulations Predict Ground Magnetometer Station Observations of Magnetic Field Perturbations?	8
Observing System Impact on Ionospheric Specification Over China Using EnKF Assimilation	8
Anomalous Propagation of Radio Waves from Distant ILS Localizers Due to Ionospheric Sporadic‐E	8
Estimating the Occurrence of Geomagnetic Activity Using the Hilbert‐Huang Transform and Extreme Value Theory	8
Occurrence and Variations of Middle and Low Latitude Sporadic E Layer Investigated With Longitudinal and Latitudinal Chains of Ionosondes	8
Validation of the DSCOVR Spacecraft Mission Space Weather Solar Wind Products	8
An Hourly Prediction Model of Relativistic Electrons Based on Empirical Mode Decomposition	8
Mapping a Magnetic Superstorm: March 1989 Geoelectric Hazards and Impacts on United States Power Systems	8
Global Sensitivity Analysis and Uncertainty Quantification for Background Solar Wind Using the Alfvén Wave Solar Atmosphere Model	7
Galactic Cosmic Radiation in the Interplanetary Space Through a Modern Secular Minimum	7
Global Ionospheric TEC Forecasting for Geomagnetic Storm Time Using a Deep Learning‐Based Multi‐Model Ensemble Method	7
Instability Mechanisms for the F‐Region Plasma Irregularities Inside the Midlatitude Ionospheric Trough: Swarm Observations	7
The Impact of Assimilating Ionosphere and Thermosphere Observations on Neutral Temperature Improvement: Observing System Simulation Experiments Using EnKF	7
Observations From NOAA's Newest Solar Proton Sensor	7
Auroral Drivers of Large dB∕dt During Geomagnetic Storms	7
Latitudinal, Diurnal, and Seasonal Variations in the Accuracy of an RTK Positioning System and Its Relationship With Ionospheric Irregularities	7
Relationships Between foF2 and Various Solar Activity Proxies	7
Characterizing Auroral‐Zone Absorption Based on Global Kp and Regional Geomagnetic Hourly Range Indices	7
Validating GIC Modeling in the Spanish Power Grid by Differential Magnetometry	7
A Peculiar ICME Event in August 2018 Observed With the Global Muon Detector Network	7
Quantifying the Uncertainty in CME Kinematics Derived From Geometric Modeling of Heliospheric Imager Data	7
Forecasting Occurrence and Intensity of Geomagnetic Activity With Pattern‐Matching Approaches	7
The First Ground‐Level Enhancement of Solar Cycle 25 as Seen by the High‐Energy Particle Detector (HEPD‐01) on Board the CSES‐01 Satellite	7
Variations of TEC Over Iberian Peninsula in 2015 Due to Geomagnetic Storms and Solar Flares	7
MHD Modeling of the Background Solar Wind in the Inner Heliosphere From 0.1 to 5.5 AU: Comparison With In Situ Observations	7
Solar Wind Speed Prediction With Two‐Dimensional Attention Mechanism	7
Forcing From Lower Thermosphere and Quiet Time Scintillation Longitudinal Dependence	7
Tests of a New Solar Flare Model Against D and E Region Ionosphere Data	7
Science Through Machine Learning: Quantification of Post‐Storm Thermospheric Cooling	7
Harmonization of RBSP and Arase Energetic Electron Measurements Utilizing ESA Radiation Monitor Data	7
Radiation Belt Model Including Semi‐Annual Variation and Solar Driving (Sentinel)	7
Assessing the Impact of Weak and Moderate Geomagnetic Storms on UK Power Station Transformers	6
Modeling the Lunar Radiation Environment: A Comparison Among FLUKA, Geant4, HETC‐HEDS, MCNP6, and PHITS	6
Mission Specific Solar Radiation Environment Model (MSSREM): Peak Flux Model	6
Small Satellite Mission Concepts for Space Weather Research and as Pathfinders for Operations	6
Probabilistic Prediction of Dst Storms One‐Day‐Ahead Using Full‐Disk SoHO Images	6
FTA: A Feature Tracking Empirical Model of Auroral Precipitation	6
The Possible Role of Turbopause on Sporadic‐E Layer Formation at Middle and Low Latitudes	6
Evaluation of Total Electron Content Prediction Using Three Ionosphere‐Thermosphere Models	6
Empirical Modeling of Ionospheric Current Using Empirical Orthogonal Function Analysis and Artificial Neural Network	6
Toward Accurate Physics‐Based Specifications of Neutral Density Using GNSS‐Enabled Small Satellites	6
MHD Study of Extreme Space Weather Conditions for Exoplanets With Earth‐Like Magnetospheres: On Habitability Conditions and Radio‐Emission	6
Spatial and Temporal Evolution of Different‐Scale Ionospheric Irregularities in Central and East Siberia During the 27–28 May 2017 Geomagnetic Storm	6
Knowledge‐Informed Deep Neural Networks for Solar Flare Forecasting	6
Reconstructing the Dynamics of the Outer Electron Radiation Belt by Means of the Standard and Ensemble Kalman Filter With the VERB‐3D Code	6
Solar Flare X‐Ray Impacts on Long Subionospheric VLF Paths	6
Improved Neutral Density Predictions Through Machine Learning Enabled Exospheric Temperature Model	6
Characterizing Extreme Geomagnetic Storms Using Extreme Value Analysis: A Discussion on the Representativeness of Short Data Sets	6
Effects of GNSS Receiver Tuning on the PLL Tracking Jitter Estimation in the Presence of Ionospheric Scintillation	6
Reconstruction of the Regional Total Electron Content Maps Over the Korean Peninsula Using Deep Convolutional Generative Adversarial Network and Poisson Blending	6
MHD‐Test Particles Simulations of Moderate CME and CIR‐Driven Geomagnetic Storms at Solar Minimum	6
Calibration and Initial Results of Space Radiation Dosimetry Using the iMESA‐R	6
Reconstruction of the Radiation Belts for Solar Cycles 17–24 (1933–2017)	6
Multi‐Instrument Investigation of the Impact of the Space Weather Events of 6–10 September 2017	6
A Machine Learning Approach to Predicting SEP Events Using Properties of Coronal Mass Ejections	6
Transpolar Convection and Magnetospheric Ring Current Relations: Real‐Time Applications of the Polar Cap (PC) Indices	6
Potential Impact of GNSS Positioning Errors on the Satellite‐Navigation‐Based Air Traffic Management	6
Ionospheric Storm Scale Index Based on High Time Resolution UPC‐IonSAT Global Ionospheric Maps (IsUG)	6
Investigation on Horizontal and Vertical Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances Propagation in Global‐Scale Using GNSS and Multi‐LEO Satellites	6
First Estimations of Geomagnetically Induced Currents in the South of Portugal	6
A Prediction Model of Relativistic Electrons at Geostationary Orbit Using the EMD‐LSTM Network and Geomagnetic Indices	6
Solar Cycle Variability in Coronal Holes and Their Effects on Solar Wind Sources	6
Real‐Time Monitoring of Ionosphere VTEC Using Multi‐GNSS Carrier‐Phase Observations and B‐Splines	6