Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine

Papers
(The TQCC of Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine is 6. The table below lists those papers that are above that threshold based on CrossRef citation counts [max. 250 papers]. The publications cover those that have been published in the past four years, i.e., from 2020-05-01 to 2024-05-01.)
ArticleCitations
Sleep problems during the COVID-19 pandemic by population: a systematic review and meta-analysis456
Behavioral and psychological treatments for chronic insomnia disorder in adults: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine clinical practice guideline284
Insomnia and psychological reactions during the COVID-19 outbreak in China154
Sleep is essential to health: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine position statement137
Behavioral and psychological treatments for chronic insomnia disorder in adults: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine systematic review, meta-analysis, and GRADE assessment129
Escalation of sleep disturbances amid the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional international study103
Effect of wearables on sleep in healthy individuals: a randomized crossover trial and validation study97
Early impact of COVID-19 lockdown on children’s sleep: a 4-week longitudinal study85
Treatment of central disorders of hypersomnolence: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine clinical practice guideline72
COVID-19 pandemic impact on sleep habits, chronotype and health-related quality of life among high school students: a longitudinal study71
Potential influences of obstructive sleep apnea and obesity on COVID-19 severity70
The effects of COVID-19 stay-at-home order on sleep, health, and working patterns: a survey study of US health care workers67
Recommended protocols for the Multiple Sleep Latency Test and Maintenance of Wakefulness Test in adults: guidance from the American Academy of Sleep Medicine63
Validation of the Withings Sleep Analyzer, an under-the-mattress device for the detection of moderate-severe sleep apnea syndrome60
Patients with obstructive sleep apnea present with chronic upregulation of serum HIF-1α protein56
Google Trends reveals increases in internet searches for insomnia during the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) global pandemic55
Interrater reliability of sleep stage scoring: a meta-analysis51
The use of telemedicine for the diagnosis and treatment of sleep disorders: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine update50
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on sleep medicine practices47
Daylight saving time: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine position statement45
Pre-existing and post-pandemic insomnia symptoms are associated with high levels of stress, anxiety, and depression globally during the COVID-19 pandemic45
Prevalence of narcolepsy and other sleep disorders and frequency of diagnostic tests from 2013–2016 in insured patients actively seeking care43
Safety of lemborexant versus placebo and zolpidem: effects on auditory awakening threshold, postural stability, and cognitive performance in healthy older participants in the middle of the night and u42
Use of polysomnography and home sleep apnea tests for the longitudinal management of obstructive sleep apnea in adults: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine clinical guidance statement41
Does obstructive sleep apnea lead to increased risk of COVID-19 infection and severity?41
A randomized controlled study of weighted chain blankets for insomnia in psychiatric disorders38
Sleep, fatigue and burnout among physicians: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine position statement37
Performance of peripheral arterial tonometry–based testing for the diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea in a large sleep clinic cohort37
Treatment of central disorders of hypersomnolence: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine systematic review, meta-analysis, and GRADE assessment37
Effects of respiratory muscle therapy on obstructive sleep apnea: a systematic review and meta-analysis35
Effects of trazodone versus cognitive behavioral therapy in the insomnia with short sleep duration phenotype: a preliminary study33
Investigating the relationship between objective measures of sleep and self-report sleep quality in healthy adults: a review33
Disrupted nighttime sleep and sleep instability in narcolepsy32
Mild obstructive sleep apnea increases hypertension risk, challenging traditional severity classification32
The impact of lockdown on sleep patterns of children and adolescents with ADHD31
Referral of adults with obstructive sleep apnea for surgical consultation: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine clinical practice guideline31
Evaluation of the Consensus Sleep Diary in a community sample: comparison with single-channel electroencephalography, actigraphy, and retrospective questionnaire30
Sleep disparities in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic highlight the urgent need to address social determinants of health like the virus of racism30
The prevalence and impact of pre-existing sleep disorder diagnoses and objective sleep parameters in patients hospitalized for COVID-1929
Effects of exercise training on sleep quality and heart rate variability in middle-aged and older adults with poor sleep quality: a randomized controlled trial29
Patients with epiglottic collapse showed less severe obstructive sleep apnea and good response to treatment other than continuous positive airway pressure: a case-control study of 224 patients29
Automatic analysis of single-channel sleep EEG in a large spectrum of sleep disorders29
Severe OSA associated with higher risk of mortality in stage III and IV lung cancer29
The (mis)perception of sleep: factors influencing the discrepancy between self-reported and objective sleep parameters29
Interrater sleep stage scoring reliability between manual scoring from two European sleep centers and automatic scoring performed by the artificial intelligence–based Stanford-STAGES algorithm28
Physical activity is associated with reduced prevalence of self-reported obstructive sleep apnea in a large, general population cohort study27
Impact of the novel coronavirus disease on treatment adherence and sleep duration in patients with obstructive sleep apnea treated with positive airway pressure26
Management of REM sleep behavior disorder: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine clinical practice guideline26
Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on sleep in children with autism spectrum disorders26
Referral of adults with obstructive sleep apnea for surgical consultation: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine systematic review, meta-analysis, and GRADE assessment25
Obstructive sleep apnea and COVID-19 clinical outcomes during hospitalization: a cohort study25
Developing a cognitive behavioral therapy for hypersomnia using telehealth: a feasibility study25
Effects of saffron on sleep quality in healthy adults with self-reported poor sleep: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial24
An exploratory analysis of the association of circadian rhythm dysregulation and insomnia with suicidal ideation over the course of treatment in individuals with depression, insomnia, and suicidal ide24
Patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis with and without obstructive sleep apnea: differences in clinical characteristics, clinical outcomes, and the effect of PAP treatment24
Positional obstructive sleep apnea within a large multicenter French cohort: prevalence, characteristics, and treatment outcomes23
Incremental health care utilization and expenditures for sleep disorders in the United States23
Did the COVID-19 lockdown really have no impact on young children’s sleep?23
Evaluating consumer and clinical sleep technologies: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine update22
Auto-titrating CPAP for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea in children22
Comparison of the effect of lemborexant with placebo and zolpidem tartrate extended release on sleep architecture in older adults with insomnia disorder22
Adherence with positive airway pressure therapy for obstructive sleep apnea in developing vs. developed countries: a big data study22
Opioids and obstructive sleep apnea22
The prevalence and comorbidities of obstructive sleep apnea in middle-aged men and women: the Busselton Healthy Ageing Study22
Healthier dietary patterns are associated with better sleep quality among midlife Mexican women22
Oxygen desaturation rate as a novel intermittent hypoxemia parameter in severe obstructive sleep apnea is strongly associated with hypertension21
COVID-19 and obstructive sleep apnea21
Screening of obstructive sleep apnea in patients who snore using a patch-type device with electrocardiogram and 3-axis accelerometer21
Use of positive airway pressure in mild cognitive impairment to delay progression to dementia21
Behavioral interventions for infant sleep problems: the role of parental cry tolerance and sleep-related cognitions21
Vitamin D and sleep in children21
The role of acetazolamide in sleep apnea at sea level: a systematic review and meta-analysis20
Pulmonary artery hemodynamics are associated with duration of nocturnal desaturation but not apnea-hypopnea index20
Craniofacial features in children with obstructive sleep apnea: a systematic review and meta-analysis20
The relationship between sleep-disordered breathing, blood pressure, and urinary cortisol and catecholamines in children20
Rethinking bedtime resistance in children with autism: is restless legs syndrome to blame?20
Low repeatability of Epworth Sleepiness Scale after short intervals in a sleep clinic population19
Belun Ring Platform: a novel home sleep apnea testing system for assessment of obstructive sleep apnea19
What is the role of sleep in physician burnout?19
Frequency and severity of autonomic symptoms in idiopathic hypersomnia19
Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders and the COVID-19 pandemic19
The relationship between smartphone overuse and sleep in younger children: a prospective cohort study19
When will we ditch the AHI?18
Comparison of multichannel and single-channel wrist-based devices with polysomnography to measure sleep in children and adolescents18
Short-term insomnia disorder in health care workers in an academic medical center before and during COVID-19: rates and predictive factors18
Prevalence, risk correlates, and health comorbidities of insomnia in US military veterans: results from the 2019–2020 National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study18
Untreated obstructive sleep apnea is associated with increased hospitalization from influenza infection18
Shift work and health outcomes: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of epidemiological studies18
Guiding principles for determining work shift duration and addressing the effects of work shift duration on performance, safety, and health: guidance from the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and th18
Perspectives on primary care management of obstructive sleep apnea: a qualitative study of patients and health care providers18
Prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing in opioid users with chronic pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis18
Urgent wake up call for the National Basketball Association18
Insomnia in patients with coronary heart disease: prevalence and correlates17
Sleeping through a pandemic: impact of COVID-19–related restrictions on narcolepsy and idiopathic hypersomnia17
Primary aldosteronism is highly prevalent in patients with hypertension and moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea17
Dose-response relationship between weight loss and improvements in obstructive sleep apnea severity after a diet/lifestyle interventions: secondary analyses of the “MIMOSA” randomized clinical trial17
Restless sleep disorder in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder17
Profile of subjective-objective sleep discrepancy in patients with insomnia and sleep apnea17
Obstructive sleep apnea and insulin resistance in children with obesity17
Dream enactment behavior—a real nightmare: a review of post-traumatic stress disorder, REM sleep behavior disorder, and trauma-associated sleep disorder17
The effectiveness of an individualized sleep and shift work education and coaching program to manage shift work disorder in nurses: a randomized controlled trial17
Symptom subtypes and risk of incident cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease in a clinic-based obstructive sleep apnea cohort17
Prevalence of common sleep disorders in a middle-aged community sample17
Jaw thrust versus the use of a boil-and-bite mandibular advancement device as a screening tool during drug-induced sleep endoscopy16
Obstructive sleep apnea, renin-angiotensin system, and COVID-19: possible interactions16
Objective measurements for upper airway obstruction in infants with Robin sequence: what are we measuring? A systematic review16
Night-to-night variability in obstructive sleep apnea using peripheral arterial tonometry: a case for multiple night testing16
The effects of mandibular advancement appliance therapy on jaw-closing muscle activity during sleep in patients with obstructive sleep apnea: a 3–6 months follow-up16
Dream enactment behavior: review for the clinician16
Estimating sleep stages using cardiorespiratory signals: validation of a novel algorithm across a wide range of sleep-disordered breathing severity16
Slow-oscillation activity is reduced and high frequency activity is elevated in older adults with insomnia16
Restless legs syndrome is associated with long-COVID in women16
Sleep-wake characteristics, daytime sleepiness, and glycemia in young adults with type 1 diabetes16
Association of obstructive sleep apnea and nocturnal hypoxemia with all-cancer incidence and mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis16
Sex differences in deterioration of sleep properties associated with aging: a 12-year longitudinal cohort study16
Spontaneous reporting of onset of disturbing dreams and nightmares related to early life traumatic experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic by patients with posttraumatic stress disorder in remission16
Combination of atomoxetine with the novel antimuscarinic aroxybutynin improves mild to moderate OSA16
Evaluating ChatGPT responses on obstructive sleep apnea for patient education15
Home PAP devices in patients infected with COVID-1915
Feasibility of parent-attended ambulatory polysomnography in children with suspected obstructive sleep apnea15
Prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing and associations with malocclusion in children15
A transition to the American Academy of Sleep Medicine–recommended hypopnea definition in adults: initiatives of the Hypopnea Scoring Rule Task Force15
The association between obstructive sleep apnea risk and cognitive disorders: a population-based study15
Factors related to positive airway pressure therapy adherence in children with obesity and sleep-disordered breathing14
Assessment of sleep health in collegiate athletes using the Athlete Sleep Screening Questionnaire14
Impact of obstructive sleep apnea on cardiometabolic health in a random sample of older adults in rural South Africa: building the case for the treatment of sleep disorders in underresourced settings14
Are sleep paralysis and false awakenings different from REM sleep and from lucid REM sleep? A spectral EEG analysis14
Primary care provider evaluation and management of insomnia14
Sleep health service in China during the coronavirus disease outbreak14
Clinical screening tools for obstructive sleep apnea in a population with atrial fibrillation: a diagnostic accuracy trial14
Racial disparities in positive airway pressure therapy adherence among veterans with obstructive sleep apnea14
Mandibular advancement device use in obstructive sleep apnea: ORCADES study 5-year follow-up data14
The effect of gradually increased mandibular advancement on the efficacy of an oral appliance in the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea14
Impact of daily caffeine intake and timing on electroencephalogram-measured sleep in adolescents14
Heart rate variability during sleep in children and adolescents with restless sleep disorder: a comparison with restless legs syndrome and normal controls14
The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on patients with narcolepsy14
Interpreting CPAP device respiratory indices in children13
Reliability and validity of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index among frontline COVID-19 health care workers using classical test theory and item response theory13
Effect of depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms on response to cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia in patients with comorbid insomnia and sleep apnea: a randomized controlled trial13
OSA as a probable risk factor for severe COVID-1913
Home sleep apnea testing of adults with chronic heart failure13
Discriminating the severity of pharyngeal collapsibility in men using anthropometric and polysomnographic indices13
The world war against the COVID-19 outbreak: don’t forget to sleep!13
Hot-water bathing before bedtime and shorter sleep onset latency are accompanied by a higher distal-proximal skin temperature gradient in older adults13
Obstructive sleep apnea and the retina: a review13
Effect of a behavioral-educational sleep intervention for first-time mothers and their infants: pilot of a controlled trial13
Improving outcomes of hypoglossal nerve stimulation therapy: current practice, future directions, and research gaps. Proceedings of the 2019 International Sleep Surgery Society Research Forum13
Comparison of home ambulatory type 2 polysomnography with a portable monitoring device and in-laboratory type 1 polysomnography for the diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea in children13
Factors influencing adherence to oral appliance therapy in adults with obstructive sleep apnea: a systematic review and meta-analysis13
Idiopathic Hypersomnia Severity Scale to better quantify symptoms severity and their consequences in idiopathic hypersomnia12
Defining the patterns of PAP adherence in pediatric obstructive sleep apnea: a clustering analysis using real-world data12
Effects of solriamfetol in a long-term trial of participants with obstructive sleep apnea who are adherent or nonadherent to airway therapy12
Impacts of serum vitamin D levels on sleep and daytime sleepiness according to working conditions12
Sleep-related (psychogenic) dissociative disorders as parasomnias associated with a psychiatric disorder: update on reported cases12
Twenty-year follow-up of children with obstructive sleep apnea12
Sleep medicine in Africa: past, present, and future12
Screening for obstructive sleep apnea using a contact-free system compared with polysomnography12
A validation study of a ballistocardiograph sleep tracker against polysomnography12
Insomnia episodes, new-onset pharmacological treatments, and other sleep disturbances during the COVID-19 pandemic: a nationwide cross-sectional study in Brazilian health care professionals12
The maturation changes of sleep-related respiratory abnormalities in infants with laryngomalacia12
The Psychomotor Vigilance Test as a measure of alertness and sleep inertia in people with central disorders of hypersomnolence12
Prescription medications for insomnia are associated with suicidal thoughts and behaviors in two nationally representative samples12
Impacts of travel distance and travel direction on back-to-back games in the National Basketball Association12
Cardiovascular changes in children with obstructive sleep apnea and obesity after treatment with noninvasive ventilation12
Association between septal deviation and OSA diagnoses: a nationwide 9-year follow-up cohort study12
The impact of sleep problems on functional and cognitive outcomes in children with Down syndrome: a review of the literature12
Body position during laboratory and home polysomnography compared to habitual sleeping position at home12
Diagnosis and management of sleep disorders in Prader-Willi syndrome12
Evaluation of drug-induced sleep endoscopy as a tool for selecting patients with obstructive sleep apnea for maxillomandibular advancement12
Positional obstructive sleep apnea in an obese pediatric population12
Twice is nice? Test-retest reliability of the Multiple Sleep Latency Test in the central disorders of hypersomnolence12
Postmigration stress and sleep disturbances mediate the relationship between trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress symptoms among Syrian and Iraqi refugees12
Association of sleep disturbance and freezing of gait in Parkinson disease: prevention/delay implications11
Prevalence of pulmonary hypertension on echocardiogram in children with severe obstructive sleep apnea11
Prevalence of isolated RBD in the city of Catania, Italy: a population-based study11
The relationship between diurnal variation of cytokines and symptom expression in mild obstructive sleep apnea11
Self-reported and actigraphic short sleep duration in older adults11
CPAP adherence is associated with reduced inpatient utilization among older adult Medicare beneficiaries with pre-existing cardiovascular disease11
The risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease in overlap syndrome: a meta-analysis11
The effect of playing a wind instrument or singing on risk of sleep apnea: a systematic review and meta-analysis11
Changes in the objective measures of sleep between the initial nights of menses and the nights during the midfollicular phase of the menstrual cycle in collegiate female athletes11
Cognitive profiles in obstructive sleep apnea: a cluster analysis in sleep clinic and community samples11
Sleep and circadian instability in delayed sleep-wake phase disorder11
Self-reported symptoms and objective measures in idiopathic hypersomnia and hypersomnia associated with psychiatric disorders: a prospective cross-sectional study11
Sleep Well! An adapted behavioral sleep intervention implemented in urban primary care11
Narcolepsy type 1 features across the life span: age impact on clinical and polysomnographic phenotype11
Partial epiglottectomy improves residual apnea-hypopnea index in patients with epiglottis collapse11
A comparison of 2 visual methods for classifying obstructive vs central hypopneas11
Doxepin in children and adolescents with symptoms of insomnia: a single-center experience11
Indirect treatment comparison of solriamfetol, modafinil, and armodafinil for excessive daytime sleepiness in obstructive sleep apnea11
The Hypersomnia Severity Index: reliability, construct, and criterion validity in a clinical sample of patients with sleep disorders11
Noninvasive neuromodulation reduces symptoms of restless legs syndrome11
Socioeconomic inequalities in pediatric obstructive sleep apnea11
Long-term changes of stimulation intensities in hypoglossal nerve stimulation11
Management of REM sleep behavior disorder: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine systematic review, meta-analysis, and GRADE assessment11
Risk factors of persistent insomnia among survivors of traumatic injury: a retrospective cohort study11
Insomnia and suicide as reported adverse effects of second-generation antipsychotics and mood stabilizers11
Diagnosis of sleep apnea without sensors on the patient s face11
Does total sleep time substantially increase after cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia?11
CPAP adherence is associated with reduced risk for stroke among older adult Medicare beneficiaries with obstructive sleep apnea11
Sleep in hospitalized patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: an observational study11
Sleep education improves knowledge but not sleep quality among medical students11
Distinguishing central from obstructive hypopneas on a clinical polysomnogram10
Functional imaging improves patient selection for mandibular advancement device treatment outcome in sleep-disordered breathing: a prospective study10
A population-based estimate of the health care burden of obstructive sleep apnea using a STOP-BAG questionnaire in South Carolina10
Status of the practice of sleep medicine in India during the COVID-19 pandemic10
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor use is associated with worse sleep-related breathing disturbances in individuals with depressive disorders and sleep complaints: a retrospective study10
Sleeping patterns and childhood obesity: an epidemiological study in 1,728 children in Greece10
The differential impact of respiratory event scoring criteria on CPAP eligibility in women and men10
Comorbid parasomnias in narcolepsy and idiopathic hypersomnia: more REM than NREM parasomnias10
Terrible twos: intravenous iron ameliorates a toddler’s iron deficiency and sleep disturbance10
Correlation between the transverse dimension of the maxilla, upper airway obstructive site and OSA severity10
Perceived challenges in pediatric narcolepsy: a survey of parents, youth, and sleep physicians10
The accuracy of a portable sleep monitor to diagnose obstructive sleep apnea in adolescent patients10
Obstructive sleep apnea in patients with head and neck cancer: a systematic review10
Impact of patient and family engagement in improving continuous positive airway pressure adherence in patients with obstructive sleep apnea: a randomized controlled trial10
Sleep disturbances following traumatic brain injury are associated with poor neurobehavioral outcomes in US military service members and veterans10
Efficacy of a patient decision aid for improving person-centered decision-making by older adults with obstructive sleep apnea10
Obstructive sleep apnea predicts 10-year cardiovascular disease–related mortality in the Sleep Heart Health Study: a machine learning approach10
Correlations between home sleep apnea tests and polysomnography outcomes do not fully reflect the diagnostic accuracy of these tests10
Socioeconomic status and sleep health: a narrative synthesis of 3 decades of empirical research10
Treatment usage patterns of oral appliances for obstructive sleep apnea over the first 60 days: a cluster analysis10
Sleep quality among health care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic10
Association between positive airway pressure therapy adherence and health care resource utilization in patients with obstructive sleep apnea and type 2 diabetes in the United States10
The norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor reboxetine alone reduces obstructive sleep apnea severity: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized crossover trial10
Incidence of hypertension in obstructive sleep apnea using hypopneas defined by 3 percent oxygen desaturation or arousal but not by only 4 percent oxygen desaturation10
Firefighter sleep: a pilot study of the agreement between actigraphy and self-reported sleep measures10
Validation of the STOP questionnaire as a screening tool for OSA among different populations: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis10
Behaviorally and environmentally induced non–24-hour sleep-wake rhythm disorder in sighted patients10
The Veterans Administration and Department of Defense clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of sleep disorders: what does this mean for the practice of sleep medicine?10
A meta-analysis of diagnostic test performance of peripheral arterial tonometry studies10
The treatment of mild OSA with CPAP or mandibular advancement device and the effect on blood pressure and endothelial function after one year of treatment10
Gender identity and transition: relationships with sleep disorders in US youth10
Validation of sleep measurement in a multisensor consumer grade wearable device in healthy young adults9
Home sleep apnea testing in the era of COVID-19: a community perspective9
Adherence to continuous positive airway pressure reduces the risk of 30-day hospital readmission among older adults with comorbid obstructive sleep apnea and cardiovascular disease9
Efficacy of a telemonitoring system in continuous positive airway pressure therapy in Asian obstructive sleep apnea9
A series of 8 cases of sleep-related psychogenic dissociative disorders and proposed updated diagnostic criteria9
Children with Down syndrome and mild OSA: treatment with medication versus observation9
Matrix metalloproteinase-9 as a messenger in the cross talk between obstructive sleep apnea and comorbid systemic hypertension, cardiac remodeling, and ischemic stroke: a literature review9
Sleep disturbances in children with functional gastrointestinal disorders: demographic and clinical characteristics9
Survival benefit of continuous positive airway pressure in Japanese patients with obstructive sleep apnea: a propensity-score matching analysis9
Tailored Approach to Sleep Health Education (TASHE): a randomized controlled trial of a web-based application9
Treatment for patients with sleep apnea on opioids for chronic pain: results of the OpSafe trial9
Tridimensional upper airway assessment in male patients with OSA using oral advancement devices modifying their vertical dimension9
Persistent OSA in obese children: does body position matter?9
A randomized controlled trial of oxygen therapy for patients who do not respond to upper airway surgery for obstructive sleep apnea9
Impact of obstructive sleep apnea on left ventricular mass index in men with coronary artery disease9
Adult cases of late-onset congenital central hypoventilation syndrome and paired-like homeobox 2B-mutation carriers: an additional case report and pooled analysis9
Effect of adenoids and tonsil tissue on pediatric obstructive sleep apnea severity determined by computational fluid dynamics9
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