International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation

Article	Citations
A deep learning approach for SMAP soil moisture downscaling informed by thermal inertia theory	359
Modeling the impact of pandemic on the urban thermal environment over megacities in China: Spatiotemporal analysis from the perspective of heat anomaly variations	184
Attribution of forest disturbance types based on the Dynamic World class probability data: A case study of Myanmar	120
Individual mapping of large polymorphic shrubs in high mountains using satellite images and deep learning	112
Extraction of local structure information of point clouds through space-filling curve for semantic segmentation	107
Configuration of public transportation stations in Hong Kong based on population density prediction by machine learning	102
Fine-grained regional economic forecasting for a megacity using vector-based cellular automata	96
Estimation of all-weather land surface temperature through correcting cloud-shadowing bias simulated by hourly cloud information	96
A super-ensemble approach to map land cover types with high resolution over data-sparse African savanna landscapes	76
Spatiotemporal dynamic impacts of Lake Victoria water volume variations on sustainable economic development	65
From image-level to pixel-level labeling: A weakly-supervised learning method for identifying aquaculture ponds using iterative anti-adversarial attacks guided by aquaculture features	64
Vectorizing historical maps with topological consistency: A hybrid approach using transformers and contour-based instance segmentation	63
Universal adversarial defense in remote sensing based on pre-trained denoising diffusion models	58
Fusion of optical and SAR images based on deep learning to reconstruct vegetation NDVI time series in cloud-prone regions	58
Lithological mapping of geological remote sensing via adversarial semi-supervised segmentation network	55
Application of geospatial and remote sensing data to support locust management	55
Dynamic rainfall-induced landslide susceptibility: A step towards a unified forecasting system	54
DPCC-Net: Dual-perspective change contextual network for change detection in high-resolution remote sensing images	54
Precision of subnational forest AGB estimates within the Peruvian Amazonia using a global biomass map	54
SAM-CTMapper: Utilizing segment anything model and scale-aware mixed CNN-Transformer facilitates coastal wetland hyperspectral image classification	53
An approach to detect gas flaring sites using sentinel-2 MSI and NOAA-20 VIIRS images	53
A SAR-based deep multi-feature fusion network (MDFLD-Net) for water leakage detection	51
A distinct type of heavy rainfall with large raindrops over extratropical regions revealed by 10 years of GPM spaceborne radar measurements	51
An interactive and iterative method for crop mapping through crowdsourcing optimized field samples	50
National high-resolution cropland classification of Japan with agricultural census information and multi-temporal multi-modality datasets	50

Corrigendum to “Optimization of pre-hospital emergency facility layout in Nanjing: A spatiotemporal analysis using multi-Source big data” [Int. J. of Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf. 133 (2024) 104112]	49
Validated visual features of Multi-Perspective imagery with Explainable Machine learning for detecting rural vacant courtyards in North China	48
Background covariance discriminative dictionary learning for hyperspectral target detection	48
Simulation-driven 3D forest growth forecasting based on airborne topographic LiDAR data and shading	47
Contrasting trends in climatic and ecohydrological aridity over one-fifth of global drylands	46
Combining two water type classification schemes for semi-analytical estimation of suspended particulate matter concentrations in various water bodies	46
A feature perturbation weakly supervised learning network for airborne multispectral LiDAR pointcloud classification	45
Shape-preserving mesh decimation for 3D building modeling	45
Extraction of high-accuracy control points using ICESat-2 ATL03 in urban areas	45
FSPN: End-to-end full-space pooling weakly supervised network for benthic habitat mapping using remote sensing images	44
MaGISter-mine: A 2D and 3D web application in the service of mining industry	43
DMSC-Net: A deep Multi-Scale context network for 3D object detection of indoor point clouds	43
Transfer learning for improved crop yield predictions in a cross-scale pathway: a case study for Brazilian national soybean	43
Automatic registration of point cloud and panoramic images in urban scenes based on pole matching	42
Early Deforestation Detection in the Tropics using L-band SAR and Optical multi-sensor data and Bayesian Statistics	42
MT-CYP-Net: Multi-task network for pixel-level crop yield prediction under very few samples	42
Intercomparison of the DART model and GEDI simulator for simulating GEDI waveforms in forests	42
Lake algal bloom monitoring via remote sensing with biomimetic and computational intelligence	41
SADNet: Space-aware DeepLab network for Urban-Scale point clouds semantic segmentation	41
Guided by model quality: UAV path planning for complete and precise 3D reconstruction of complex buildings	40
Investigating overlapping deformation patterns of the Beijing Plain by independent component analysis of InSAR observations	40
Status, advancements and prospects of deep learning methods applied in forest studies	40
The second dimension of spatial association	39
Mapping annual 10 m rapeseed extent using multisource data in the Yangtze River Economic Belt of China (2017–2021) on Google Earth Engine	39
Disturbance history and canopy structure drive growing season albedo dynamics in boreal forests	38
Responses of autumn vegetation phenology to climate change and urbanization at northern middle and high latitudes	38
Unraveling three-decade dynamics and drivers of thermokarst lakes on the Tibetan Plateau	38
Identification and characterization of estuarine submesoscale fronts based on multisource high-resolution remote sensing	38
EL-Mamba: An edge-aware and locally-aggregated Mamba network for building height estimation using Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 imagery	38
Predicting environmental suitability and future spread range of An. stephensi in the Greater Horn of Africa using remote sensing and ensemble modeling	38
Spatial domain transfer: Cross-regional paddy rice mapping with a few samples based on Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 data on GEE	38
SpaGAN: A spatially-aware generative adversarial network for building generalization in image maps	37
Identifying node-corridor-network of tourist flow and influencing factors using GPS big data: A case study in Gansu and Qinghai provinces, China	37
The impact of spatiotemporal variability of environmental conditions on wheat yield forecasting using remote sensing data and machine learning	37
Near-real-time wildfire detection approach with Himawari-8/9 geostationary satellite data integrating multi-scale spatial–temporal feature	37
Self-training guided disentangled adaptation for cross-domain remote sensing image semantic segmentation	37
ViCxLSTM: An extended Long Short-term Memory vision transformer for complex remote sensing scene classification	36
Deep Learning and Multi Source 2D and 3D Geospatial Data for Urban Quality of Life Assessment	36
Phenology-Aligned multi-task temporal fusion framework for satellite-based triple-seasonal rice yield estimation in Southeast Asia	35
Knowledge-informed cascaded sampling for corn mapping across heterogeneous growing environments	34
3D-UMamba: 3D U-Net with state space model for semantic segmentation of multi-source LiDAR point clouds	34
WetMapFormer: A unified deep CNN and vision transformer for complex wetland mapping	33
Semi-automated bathymetry using Sentinel-2 for coastal monitoring in the Western Mediterranean	33
A novel dual-layer composite framework for downscaling urban land surface temperature coupled with spatial autocorrelation and spatial heterogeneity	32
A high temporal resolution NDVI time series to monitor drought events in the Horn of Africa	32
Improved fusion model for generating hourly fine scale land surface temperature data under all-weather condition	32
High-quality one-shot interactive segmentation for remote sensing images via hybrid adapter-enhanced foundation models	32
Land surface change detection after major volcanic eruptions in Indonesia using Machine learning and Spatial-Temporal transferability	32
Downscaling satellite night-time lights imagery to support within-city applications using a spatially non-stationary model	32
MTCNet: Multitask consistency network with single temporal supervision for semi-supervised building change detection	31

Monitoring multidecadal coastline change and reconstructing tidal flat topography	31
A dual-stream high resolution network: Deep fusion of GF-2 and GF-3 data for land cover classification	31
CartoSR: An attention-enhanced deep GANs for single map super resolution reconstruction	31
Joint autofocus and registration for video-SAR by using sub-aperture point cloud	31
Field-scale water use assessment in the Lower Mississippi Alluvial Plain using OpenET	31
Interseasonal transfer learning for crop mapping using Sentinel-1 data	31
Seagrass mapping using high resolution multispectral satellite imagery: A comparison of water column correction models	30
Analysis of the 4 December 2021 lahar on Mount Semeru using optical and SAR remote sensing	30
A coupled InSAR—Integrated probability model framework for goaf locating under different extraction conditions	30
A physics-based remote sensing framework for forest fire smoke detection toward early fire warning	30
High-Resolution (0.9 m) terrace mapping in Low-Latitude hilly regions using deep learning and Area–Slope Denoising: A case study from Guangdong Province, China	30
A hierarchical downscaling scheme for generating fine-resolution leaf area index with multisource and multiscale observations via deep learning	29
Advanced deep learning techniques for automated extraction of non-debris-covered areas of glaciers in High-Mountain Asia using time-series remote sensing data	29
Improving semi-supervised remote sensing scene classification via Multilevel Feature Fusion and pseudo-labeling	29
UAV-based remote sensing estimation of above-ground biomass in different crops: A review	29
A novel mechanism-guided retrieval framework for mangrove chlorophyll content considering leaf area index and spectral resolution based on active learning hybrid model	29
Quantitative evaluation of the impact of band optimization methods on the accuracy of the hyperspectral metal element inversion models	28
Integration of multi-sensor MTInSAR and ground-based geomatic data for the analysis of non-linear displacements affecting the urban area of Chieuti, Italy	28
Monitoring glacier terminus and surface velocity changes over different time scales using massive imagery analysis and offset tracking at the Hoh Xil World Heritage Site, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau	28
Unlocking the InSAR potential for managing underground gas storage in salt caverns	28
Mapping 3D plant chlorophyll distribution from hyperspectral LiDAR by a leaf-canopyradiative transfer model	28
Enhancing drone-based fire detection with flame-specific attention and optimized feature fusion	28
GA-Net: A geometry prior assisted neural network for road extraction	27
Multi-factor weighted image fusion method for high spatiotemporal tracking of reservoir drawdown area and its vegetation dynamics	27
ColorMesh: Surface and texture reconstruction of large-scale scenes from unstructured colorful point clouds with adaptive automatic viewpoint selection	27
Non-affine georectification to improve the topographic fidelity of legacy geologic maps	26
How to quantify the travel ratio of urban public transport at a high spatial resolution? A novel computational framework with geospatial big data	26
Optimal road matching by relaxation to min-cost network flow	26
Deep learning reveals hotspots of global oceanic oxygen changes from 2003 to 2020	26
3DSAC: Size Adaptive Clustering for 3D object detection in point clouds	26
Revealing early pest source points and spreading laws of Pantana phyllostachysae Chao in Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) forests from Sentinel-2A/B images	26
Evaluating state-of-the-art 3D scanning methods for stem-level biodiversity inventories in forests	26
Exploring intra-urban human mobility and daily activity patterns from the lens of dockless bike-sharing: A case study of Beijing, China	26
TRANCO: Thermo radiometric normalization of crop observations	26
Cross-section extraction and model reconstruction of lava tube based on L1-medial skeleton	26
Learning visual overlapping image pairs for SfM via CNN fine-tuning with photogrammetric geometry information	26
Mapping Spatio-Temporal dynamics of irrigated agriculture in Nepal using MODIS NDVI and statistical data with Google Earth Engine: A step towards improved irrigation planning	26
Geo-Mamba: A data-driven Mamba framework for spatiotemporal modeling with multi-source geographic factor integration	25
A new algorithm for intelligent detection of geohazards incorporating attention mechanism	25
Individual sapling-level leaf chlorophyll content estimation in Ginkgo biloba with weed background: A novel deep-learning approach coupling APUNet-YOLO with PROSAIL-DNN	25
Corrigendum to “RPDNet: Street-level Road pavement damage detection with a real-time anchor-free network” [Int. J. Appl. Earth Observ. Geoinf. 146 (2026) 105070]	25
Dynamic stratification for vertical forest structure using aerial laser scanning over multiple spatial scales	25
Sources of uncertainty in satellite-derived chlorophyll-a concentration—An Adriatic Sea case study	25
Huayu: Advanced real-time satellite-based precipitation estimation	25
Trends and drivers of Arctic lake color change from Landsat time series	25
Mapping cervid forage in Sweden using remote sensing and national forest inventory data	25
Spatial-Topological-Semantic alignment for cross domain scene classification of remote sensing images with few source labels	25
VT-FLAC: A visible-thermal fusion network for robust wildlife monitoring in open-field environments using near-remote sensing imagery	24
A physically informed multi-scale deep neural network for estimating foliar nitrogen concentration in vegetation	24
Fast spatial-spectral random forests for thick cloud removal of hyperspectral images	24
Characterizing urban actively populated area growth in the Yangtze River Delta using nighttime light data	24
A spatially and temporally transferrable bi-temporal conditional generative adversarial network for landslide extraction	24
Urban development induced subsidence in deltaic environments: A case study in Hanoi, Vietnam	24
MFI: A mudflat index based on hyperspectral satellite images for mapping coastal mudflats	24
Satellite retrieval of bottom reflectance from high-spatial-resolution multispectral imagery in shallow coral reef waters	24
Multi-decadal Dutch coastal dynamic mapping with multi-source remote sensing imagery	24
City-scale building instance segmentation from LiDAR point clouds via structure-aware method	24
A LiDAR-intensity SLAM and loop closure detection method using an intensity cylindrical-projection shape context descriptor	24
Estimating canopy nitrogen content by coupling PROSAIL-PRO with a nitrogen allocation model	23
Integrating InSAR coherence and air pollution detection satellites to study the impact of war on air quality	23
Topographic knowledge-aware network for automatic small-scale impact crater detection from lunar digital elevation models	23
Tracking gain and loss of impervious surfaces by integrating continuous change detection and multitemporal classifications from 1985 to 2022 in Beijing	23
A framework for reconstructing building parametric models with hierarchical relationships from point clouds	23
A fully convolutional neural network model combined with a Hough transform to extract crop breeding field plots from UAV images	23
CrossGeoNet: A Framework for Building Footprint Generation of Label-Scarce Geographical Regions	23
An automatic framework for pylon detection by a hierarchical coarse-to-fine segmentation of powerline corridors from UAV LiDAR point clouds	23
A deep learning crop model for adaptive yield estimation in large areas	22
Spectral unmixing-based Arctic plant species analysis using a spectral library and terrestrial hyperspectral Imagery: A case study in Adventdalen, Svalbard	22
A semi-analytical radiative transfer model for explaining soil spectral features	22
Precursory motion and deformation mechanism of the 2018 Xe Pian-Xe Namnoy dam Collapse, Laos: Insights from satellite radar interferometry	22
Wavelet-based diffusion with spatial-frequency attention for hyperspectral anomaly detection	22
The illusion of success: Test set disproportion causes inflated accuracy in remote sensing mapping research	22
Comprehensive geohazard detection along the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau transportation corridor based on multi-sourced earth observations	22
An interpretable wheat yield estimation model using an attention mechanism-based deep learning framework with multiple remotely sensed variables	21
Application of ESACCI SM product-assimilated to a statistical model to assess the drought propagation for different Agro-Climatic zones of India using copula	21
Retrieving 4D landslide displacement using Pléiades satellite stereo pairs on the La Valette landslide	21
Evaluating the impact of canopy spatial heterogeneity on Solar-Induced chlorophyll fluorescence and Model-Based quantification	21
On the use of SWOT altimetry data for monitoring coastal hydrodynamics	21
DBFGAN: Dual Branch Feature Guided Aggregation Network for remote sensing image	21
Network invulnerability modeling of daily necessity supply based on cascading failure considering emergencies and dynamic demands	21

Thermal remote sensing for mapping the sub-Arctic permafrost and refining its southern limits	21
Vietnam wetland cover map: using hydro-periods Sentinel-2 images and Google Earth Engine to explore the mapping method of tropical wetland	21
Drivers of forest disturbance in Southeast Asia	21
Estimating estuarine primary production using satellite data and machine learning	21
Automatic detection of charcoal kilns on Very High Resolution images with a computer vision approach in Somalia	21
Land-sea classification based on the fast feature detection model for ICESat-2 ATL03 datasets	21
Integrated analysis of harvest statistics provided by remote sensing, national forest inventories and administrative survey systems: An example from Italy	21
Multi-perspective perception of city image in Shanghai via massive short videos	20
Strengthening or weakening? Multi-year quantification and comparison of urban green space cooling effects and their key 2D/3D drivers	20
Graph-infused hybrid vision transformer: Advancing GeoAI for enhanced land cover classification	20
Multi-temporal spectral reflectance of tropical savanna understorey species and implications for hyperspectral remote sensing	20
Exploring functional zone-dependent nonlinear associations between objective features and subjective perceptions: A case study in Beijing	20
Occlusion mapping reveals the impact of flight and sensing parameters on vertical forest structure exploration with cost-effective UAV based laser scanning	20
Assessment of the large-scale extraction of photovoltaic (PV) panels with a workflow based on artificial neural networks and algorithmic postprocessing of vectorization results	20
Frequent drought and flood events in the Yellow River Basin, increasing future drought trends in the middle and upper reaches	20
MVPNet: A multi-scale voxel-point adaptive fusion network for point cloud semantic segmentation in urban scenes	20
Interpreting differences in access and accessibility to urban greenspace through geospatial analysis	20
Comparing multispectral and hyperspectral UAV data for detecting peatland vegetation patterns	20
Detection of Fall Armyworm infestation in maize fields during vegetative growth stages using temporal Sentinel-2	20
Remote sensing of a gantry-equipped facility: Optimizing accuracy by integrating SfM photogrammetry and laserscan computer graphics through fixed base model geometry	20
YOLOShipTracker: Tracking ships in SAR images using lightweight YOLOv8	20
Zero-shot detection for InSAR-based land displacement by the deformation-prompt-based SAM method	20
Automatic detection to inventory road slopes using open LiDAR point clouds	20
A spatiotemporal framework for the joint risk assessments of urban flood and urban heat island	19
Monitoring cyanobacterial blooms in China’s large lakes based on MODIS from both Terra and Aqua satellites with a novel automatic approach	19
How can geostatistics help us understand deep learning? An exploratory study in SAR-based aircraft detection	19
Optimizing crop type mapping for fairness	19
PolyU-BPCoMa: A dataset and benchmark towards mobile colorized mapping using a backpack multisensorial system	19
Deep exploration of street view features for identifying urban vitality: A case study of Qingdao city	19
Evaluating spectral indices for water extraction: Limitations and contextual usage recommendations	19
Optimal spectral index and threshold applied to Sentinel-2 data for extracting impervious surface: Verification across latitudes, growing seasons, approaches, and comparison to global datasets	19
An unmixing-based BRDF correction in spectral remote sensing data	19
A strategy for tracing interactions in online collaborative geographic experiments	19
Focused information learning method for change detection based on segmentation with limited annotations	19
TS2GNet: A temporal–spatial–spectral multidomain guided network for classifying hyperspectral tree species using multiseason satellite imagery	19
Evaluating crop-specific responses to salinity and drought stress from remote sensing	19
Coupling between evapotranspiration, water use efficiency, and evaporative stress index strengthens after wildfires in New Mexico, USA	19
OCAGraph: An effective observation capability association model for Earth observation sensor planning	19
Enhancing satellite image compositing with temporal proximity weighting for deep learning–based cropland segmentation	18
Corrigendum to “Semi-automatic paddy rice intensity mapping for southern China with multiple cropping systems”. [Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinform. 144C (2025) 104862]	18
Quantitative assessment of spatiotemporal variations and drivers of gross primary productivity in tropical ecosystems at higher resolution	18
Optimizing rural waste management: Leveraging high-resolution remote sensing and GIS for efficient collection and routing	18
MAC-DETR: Re-parameterized Mambaout for robust object detection in high-resolution remote sensing	18
Classification of arsenic contamination in soil across the EU by vis-NIR spectroscopy and machine learning	18
Simultaneous retrieval of sugarcane variables from Sentinel-2 data using Bayesian regularized neural network	18
Annual winter crop distribution from MODIS NDVI timeseries to improve yield forecasts for Europe	18
Variation mechanisms of suspended sediment concentration in complex estuary determined through remote sensing, observation and modeling coupling	18
SWCARE: Switchable learning and connectivity-aware refinement method for multi-city and diverse-scenario road mapping using remote sensing images	18
Retrieval of crop traits using PROSAIL-based hybrid radiative transfer model and EnMAP hyperspectral data	18
An intercomparison of national and global land use and land cover products for Fiji	18
Lithium quantification based on random forest with multi-source geoinformation in Coipasa salt flats, Bolivia	18
Mapping mangrove forest degradation using lidar and Landsat data	18
Assessing the impact of road on sensitivity of large slow-moving landslides to precipitation by integrating multi-temporal InSAR and panel regression	18
A surface graph based deep learning framework for large-scale urban mesh semantic segmentation	18
An improved approach to estimating crop lodging percentage with Sentinel-2 imagery using machine learning	18
A multi-layer fusion image enhancement method for visual odometry under poor visibility scenarios	18
Radiometric calibration of a large-array commodity CMOS multispectral camera for UAV-borne remote sensing	18
A novel reflectance transformation and convolutional neural network framework for generating bathymetric data for long rivers: A case study on the Bei River in South China	18
Automated mapping of glacial lakes using multisource remote sensing data and deep convolutional neural network	18
Correcting land surface temperature from thermal imager by considering heterogeneous emissivity	18
CA-BAFormer: Unstructured burned area mapping via semantic connectivity-aware scheme using uni-temporal multi-spectral imagery	18
Assessing spatial-Temporal dynamics of vulnerability of protected areas in Iran to multiple environmental hazards	18
An enhanced image stacks method for mapping long-term retrogressive thaw slumps in the Tibetan Plateau	18
Unified building change detection pre-training method with masked semantic annotations	18
Estimating building height using scene classification and spatial geometry	18
Identifying and mapping open-boll cotton fields in the southeastern United States with time series PhenoCam, Sentinel-2 and Sentinel-1 images	18
Contrasting features of cloud and radiative heating from multi-satellite observations over Oklahoma and Korea	17
Validating remotely sensed land surface phenology with leaf out records from a citizen science network	17
Human-in-the-loop based framework for solid waste dumps detection in remote sensing images	17
S2-IFNet: A spatial-semantic information fusion network integrated with boundary feature enhancement for forest land extraction from Sentinel-2 data	17
A personalized bikeability-based cycling route recommendation method with machine learning	17
Exploring the effects of different combination ratios of multi-source remote sensing images on mangrove communities classification	17
An improved deep learning approach for detection of maize tassels using UAV-based RGB images	17
Exploring the impacts of dual-polarized vegetation indices and U-shaped deep learning architectures on SAR-based burned area mapping	17
Quantifying indoor navigation map information considering the dynamic map elements for scale adaptation	17
A novel projection map driven multimodal fusion framework for ALS point cloud semantic segmentation	17
Forest aboveground biomass accumulation lags forest canopy recovery in degraded tropical forests of Ghana	17
Differential land deformation patterns and response mechanism to groundwater recovery in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Plain revealed by reconstructing and clustering of TS-InSAR observations	17
Synergistic use of multi-sensor satellite data for mapping crop types and land cover dynamics from 2021 to 2023 in Northeast Thailand	17
Fusion of GaoFen-5 and Sentinel-2B data for lithological mapping using vision transformer dynamic graph convolutional network	17
Towards language-based retrieval of complex geospatial data: A case study on UK National geographic database	17
A SAM-adapted weakly-supervised semantic segmentation method constrained by uncertainty and transformation consistency	17
Advanced Time series Multi-wavelength AOD Transformer (TMAT) model: joint retrieval of aerosol optical and microphysical properties using Himawari-8 AHI data	17
A novel MT-InSAR method for robust estimation of permafrost deformation by integrating u test and multitier network strategy: a case study of the Beiluhe region of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau	17
Detecting pine wilt disease at the pixel level from high spatial and spectral resolution UAV-borne imagery in complex forest landscapes using deep one-class classification	17
Distant object localization with a single image obtained from a smartphone in an urban environment	16
Multiscale refined segment anything model based on multimodal remote sensing for surface feature recognition in open-pit mining areas	16
Spectral domain strategies for hyperspectral super-resolution: Transfer learning and channel enhance network	16
Mapping bamboo forest and expansion intensity in China by coupling vegetation phenology and C-band SAR with Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 images	16
Editorial Board	16
Spaceborne SAR stereoscopic intersection capability analysis and accuracy verification	16
Early identification of immature rubber plantations using Landsat and Sentinel satellite images	16
Monitoring intertidal golden tides dominated by Ectocarpus siliculosus using Sentinel-2 imagery	16
Time-series simulation of alpine grassland cover using transferable stacking deep learning and multisource remote sensing data in the Google Earth Engine	16
Deep projective prediction of building facade footprints from ALS point cloud	16