British Journal of Hospital Medicine

Article	Citations
Current Trends in Scaphoid Fracture Management: An Update	96
Global Burden of Severe Heart Failure Attributable to Chronic Kidney Disease in Diabetes Populations: A Systematic Analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021	67
Unveiling the potential of artificial intelligence in orthopaedic surgery	39
Combined Effects of Donepezil and Memantine on Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms, Cognitive Function, and Daily Living Abilities in Patients With Alzheimer’s Disease	28
Spondylodiscitis in adults: diagnosis and management	27
Clinical Pathways: Current Practice and Future Prospects	26
Retinal and Macular Changes in Pregnant Women of Advanced Maternal Age: A Retrospective Study	22
Bilateral brachial plexus paralysis: a rare presentation after a fall	19
Kawasaki Disease Presenting with Fever and Jaundice: Case Report	18
Not all right lower abdominal pain is appendicitis	15
Impacts of PEG-IFN-α-2b Combination Therapy on Liver Function, Immune Factors and Risk Factors in Patients With HBV Infection: A Retrospective Study	15
A Systematic Review Investigates the Safety and Efficacy of Intravenous Iron Dosing in Peritoneal Dialysis	14
SGLT2 Inhibitors in Cardiovascular Medicine: Panacea or Pandora’s Box?	13
Camrelizumab Combined with Apatinib for Portal Vein Tumor Thrombus in Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Two Case Reports	13
Evaluation of the Safety and Efficacy of Remimazolam Combined With Remifentanil for Sedation in Adult Dental Anxiety Patients Undergoing Mandibular Impacted Third Molar Extraction: A Single-Center, Re	13
Immunological perturbations, psychiatric disorders and associated therapeutics: a new era for psychiatry?	12
Association of Helicobacter pylori Infection With Lipid Metabolism, Inflammatory Markers, and Modified Framingham Stroke Risk Score in Patients at High-R	12
Preventing postoperative moderate- and high-risk pressure injuries with artificial intelligence-powered smart decompression mattress on in middle-aged and elderly patients: a retrospective cohort anal	12
Assessment of Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Patients with Psoriasis Using Echocardiographic Coronary Flow Reserve Parameters: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis	11
Clinicopathological Features of Membranous Nephropathy Complicated by IgA Nephropathy: A Retrospective Analysis of Seven Cases	11
Academic Medicine is at Risk	11
Acute Q Fever after Kidney Transplantation: A Case Report	11
Should surgical inpatients still wear compression stockings?	10
Causal effects of risky behaviours on heart failure: a two-sample Mendelian randomisation study	10
Cost of Training Crisis: Anaesthetics	10

Bidirectional Causal Relationship Between Myopia and Neurodegenerative Diseases: Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Analyses	10
Thumb tip osteochondroma - a rare site of osteochondroma	10
Tiopronin-induced membranous nephropathy in a patient with refractory familial cystinuria	9
Diversity in Cardiovascular Care: Advancing Health Equity	9
Recurrent cardiogenic syncope as the first presentation of thyroid carcinoma	9
Ruptured dermoid cyst of Meckel's cave: an unusual mimic of deep cerebral venous thrombosis	9
How should we measure platelet count before central neuraxial blockade in parturients with thrombocytopenia?	9
Trait emotional intelligence and its impact on quality of life, anxiety, and depression in patients with gastric cancer	8
Recombinant Human Thrombopoietin Combined With Avatrombopag for Chemoradiotherapy-Induced Thrombocytopenia in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: A Prospective, Randomized Controlled Trial	8
Are we too reliant on medical imaging?	8
Contraception: assessing immediate contraceptive needs	8
An uncommon cause of back pain: myositis caused by scapular osteochondroma	8
Clinical Characteristics and Prognosis of Breast Signet Ring Cell Carcinoma: A Propensity Score-Matched, Population-Based Study	8
A rare cause of unilateral opaque lung: giant primary myxoid spindle cell liposarcoma	8
Survey and Analysis of Mental Health among Otolaryngology Nurses Following the Conclusion of COVID-19 Prevention and Control Measures	8
The Surgical Outcome Risk Tool: Where Are We 10 Years on?	8
Stereotactic ablative radiotherapy to the lower limb for metastatic melanoma	7
Cardiovascular assessment for non-cardiac surgery: updated European guidelines	7
Dry surface biofilms: what you need to know	7
Haemothorax caused by spinal fracture following minor trauma in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis	7
Real-World Evaluation of the Efficacy of Third-Line Treatment Regimens for Advanced Gastric Cancer: A Single-Center Retrospective Study	7
Aneurysm of a saphenous vein coronary graft mimicking a cardiac mass	7
Prevention and Diagnosis of Cervical Cancers in the UK and Europe: What Have We Learned in the Last 10 Years and What Is Next?	7
Rectosigmoid Endometriosis Causing Large Bowel Obstruction	6
Palliative and End of Life Care: An Important Component of Supportive Oncology	6
The Clinical and Economic Value of Follow-on Biologics: Biosimilars, Biobetters, and Bioparallels	6
Clinical Manifestations and Risk Factors Analysis of Adverse Reactions in Syphilis Patients After Lumbar Puncture	6
Knowledge–Attitude–Practice Toward Standardized Nursing Terminology Among Nurses in a Tertiary Hospital in Southwest China: A Single-Center Cross-Sectional Survey	6
What You Need to Know About: The Management of Malignant Pleural Effusion	6
Predictive Value of Ocular Fundus Hemorrhage for Severe Coronary Artery Disease Assessed via SYNTAX Score	6
Prognostic risk scores for patients with heart failure	6
Optimising the Diagnosis of Adult Coeliac Disease: Current Evidence and Future Directions	6
Cardiovascular imaging techniques for the assessment of coronary artery disease	6
Detection Rate, Risk Factors, and Outcomes of Isolated Terminal Ileal Ulcers	6
Discharge Against Medical Advice: The Causes, Consequences and Possible Corrective Measures	6
Barriers to Antimicrobial Prescribing Changes	6
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Nurse-Led Early Comfort Using Analgesia, Minimal Sedatives, and Maximal Humane Care Sedation in Mechanically Ventilated Patients	6
The Importance of Early Recognition of Rare Ischaemic Complications of GCA to Prevent Permanent Vision Loss	5
Management of septic arthritis and prosthetic joint infection	5
On the need for empathy in the acute hospital setting	5
The Liver Disease-Related Hypoglycemia: An Overview of the Impact, Management Approaches, and Underlying Mechanisms	5
Three Decades of Research on Congenital Dermatological Diseases (1995–2024): A Bibliometric Analysis of Global Trends and Insights	5
Cauda equina syndrome	5
What’s New in Imaging for Multiple Myeloma	5
Research Mentorship Models in Hospital Medicine: A Narrative Review	5
Diagnostic Potential of the Risk Factors Associated With Peripheral Neuropathy in Multiple Myeloma: Evidence From Logistic Regression Analysis	5
Scapula fractures: functional anatomy, clinical assessment and management	5
Immunoglobulin-G4 related disease: an unusual cause of paediatric pneumonia	5
“Showing the Best Version of Yourself”: The Importance of Dynamic Assessment for Trainees Undergoing Workplace-Based Assessments in Postgraduate Training	5
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: An Overview	5

Evaluation of Sepsis Severity Using Combined High-Density Lipoprotein and Red Cell Distribution Width Indicators	5
Restrictive vs liberal blood transfusion strategy for patients with burn trauma: a systematic review and meta-analysis	5
Myocarditis and the Role of Cardiac Imaging	5
Protective Roles of Bacillus licheniformis Preparation Against Gastrointestinal Dysfunction and Inflammation After Radiotherapy in Children With Medullob	5
Advancing Cancer Vaccines: The UK’s Strategic Approach to Research and Innovation	5
Significance of Relative Left Ventricle Wall Thickness in Predicting Acute Kidney Injury After Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery for Lung Cancer	5
The future of public health	5
Point of care testing in the perioperative period	5
Effects of Age and Parity on Pelvic Floor Dysfunction and Recovery in the Early Postpartum Period: A Retrospective Cohort Study	5
Correlation between Serum Biomarkers and Disease Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease	5
Understanding E-Consent in Anaesthesia: A Review of Clinical, Legal, and Ethical Dimensions	5
Naevus lipomatosus superficialis	5
The Application of Terlipressin in the Management of Ascites in Liver Cirrhosis: Current Status and Prospects	5
Exploring Causal Effects of Sarcopenia on Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Hospitalization Risk: A Bi-Directional Mendelian Randomization Study	4
Comparative Analysis of Pharmacological Treatments and Lifestyle Modifications for Managing Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease in Infants: A Literature Review	4
Constructing a Nomogram for Predicting Pelvic Osteosarcoma: A Retrospective Study Based on the SEER Database and a Chinese Cohort	4
Medical attitudes towards transgender patients	4
Management of Kidney Stone Disease	4
Torus fractures – diagnosis and management	4
Discrimination Model Construction for Non-Lactational Mastitis and Breast Cancer Based on Imaging Features	4
The haemothorax that should not be drained	4
Clinicopathological Features of Pediatric Insulinoma: A Single-Centre Study	4
An unusual site for extramedullary haematopoiesis: surrounding the renal pelvis	4
The Efficacy of Hydrocortisone Combined With Norepinephrine in the Treatment of Severe Septic Shock and Its Effect on Immunoinflammatory Indexes	4
Comparison of Efficacy and Safety between Two Silver-Containing Dressings in the Treatment of Deep Partial-Thickness Thermal Burns: A Multicenter, Double-Blind, Non-Inferiority, Randomized Clinical Tr	4
Sleep Disorders in Patients With PCOS After Ketogenic Diet Intervention: An Analysis of Influencing Factors and Development of Predictive Model	4
Improvement in Secondary Diagnosis-Related Coding Under DRG Reform: A Retrospective Dual-Center Study in China	4
Eponymous clinical signs, clinical skills and the humanities	4
Antimicrobial Stewardship in the Frail Elderly	4
The Role of Colonic Microbiota in Constipation Predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Literature Review	4
Learning from the handling of the referral of Dr Manjula Arora	4
Is there a future for nitrous oxide in anaesthetic practice?	4
Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice Levels of Nurses in Primary Hospitals Regarding Elderly Subsyndromal Delirium: Assessment and Development of a Network-Based Tiered Training Program	4
Predictive Value of the Estimation of Physiologic Ability and Surgical Stress for Postoperative Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Injury in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Complicated by Thyroid Cancer	4
Topical corticosteroids may be of benefit in treatment-induced mucositis in oncology	4
Contained gastric ulcer perforation presenting with acute pancreatitis	4
Intelligent Nursing Interventions Guided by the Integrated Theory of Health Behavior Change for Preventing Deep Vein Thrombosis in Critically Ill Patients	4
Autistic SPACE: a novel framework for meeting the needs of autistic people in healthcare settings	4
Development and Validation of a Nomogram Prediction Model for Moderate-to-Severe Acute Radiation Dermatitis in Patients with Breast Cancer: A Retrospective Study	4
Detecting Lung Cancer Early: The Clinical Imperative of Navigational Bronchoscopy	4
Comparison of Effects between Nasal Bi-Level Positive Airway Pressure and Nasal Synchronized Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation in Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome	4
Selection of the Preferred Puncture Site on Manual Intraosseous Infusion: Proximal Humerus or Proximal Tibia?	4
Analysis of electroencephalography characteristics during walking in stroke patients under different conditions: a cross-sectional study	4
Strategies to promote scholarship among academic hospitalists	4
Leadless Pacemakers: Clinical Advances, Outcomes, and Comparison With Conventional Systems	3
Ultrasound Radiomics for Preoperative Prediction of Cervical Lymph Node Metastasis in Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma	3
Is medical assistance in dying just medically-administered death?	3
Quality and readability of online information and materials on post-surgery breast seroma	3
Guillain–Barré syndrome	3
Dromedary hump on ultrasound: a normal variant	3
Intracranial dermoid cyst mimicking a thrombosed giant aneurysm of the anterior communicating artery	3
Humeral shaft fractures: a practical guide to assessment and management	3
Stabler's sign: a rare association with portal hypertension	3
Corneal Topography Parameters and Tear Film Break-up Characteristics in Keratoconus Patients	3
Investigation and Analysis of the Current Status of Health-Related Quality of Life in Adolescents with Hemophilia in Hubei Province	3
Epilepsy and Heart Disease	3
Resumption of ovulatory menstrual cycles in a postmenopausal woman	3
Proximal humerus fractures: anatomy, diagnosis and management	3
Impact of Postoperative Chemotherapy on Survival in Patients with Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma: A Study Based on the SEER Database	3
Femoral artery aneurysms	3
Sarcopenia Predicts Postoperative Complications and Survival of Colorectal Cancer Patients Undergoing Radical Surgery	3
Genetic Susceptibility of Thrombin Measurement Levels and the Risk of Colon Adenocarcinoma: A Mendelian Randomization Study	3
Mycoplasma hominis : postoperative pelvic fracture-related infection in a trauma patient	3
The Predictive Value of Serum miR-141-3p, Fibrinogen, and Prostate-Specific Antigen Levels for Bone Metastasis in Prostate Cancer	3
Staphylococcus epidermidis catheter-related bloodstream infection leading to acute acalculous cholecystitis and septic shock	3
Impact of Propofol Administered before Extubation on Respiratory Adverse Events in Pediatric Patients Undergoing Tonsillectomy and Adenoidectomy: A Randomized Controlled Trial	3
Earthquake-related head trauma: initial consequences of an earthquake disaster	3
Learning from the multidisciplinary team: advancing patient care through collaboration	3
Monitoring thyroid function during amiodarone use	3
Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Chinese Medical Staff for Common Resident Emergencies in Elder Care Facilities: A Structural Equation Model-Based Survey	3
Comparative Study of Safety and Efficacy of α-n-Butyl-2-cyanoacrylate Glue versus Traditional Embolization Materials in the Treatment of Acute Renal Hemorrhage	3
An evaluation of clinical fellow programmes in an acute teaching hospital trust	3
Establishment of a Predictive Model for the Efficacy of Vestibular Rehabilitation Therapy in Patients With Vestibular Peripheral Vertigo	3
Progressive pericardial echinococcosis with intra- and extra-cardiac complications: a multidisciplinary approach	3
Paediatric mesenteric cystic lymphangioma with eggshell calcification	3
Bilateral acute thalamic infarctions following basilar artery dissection: an uncommon cause of thalamic hyperintensity on magnetic resonance imaging	3
Becker Muscular Dystrophy and Nephrotic-Range Proteinuria: Chance or True Association?	3
Impact of Fluticasone Propionate and Salmeterol Combined with Pulmonary Rehabilitation on Pulmonary Function, Exercise Tolerance, and Quality of Life in Elderly Patients with Stable Chronic Obstructiv	3
Peritoneal Dialysis Is the Best Modality for Old, Frail People	3
Should all critical care patients with a central venous catheter in situ be screened for central catheter related thrombosis?	3

The impact of COVID-19 on medical education and training	3
Angioma serpiginosum	3
Exploring the Relationship between Serum IL-33 Levels and Clinical Manifestations in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Comprehensive Analysis	3
The non-operative management of primary osteoarthritis	3
Comprehensive Overview of Hypernatremia: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management	3
Capacity to consent for treatment: who decides?	3
Effect of Personalized Nutrition Combined with Acceptance and Commitment Therapy on Psychological Resilience, Quality of Life and Side Effects of Chemotherapy in Patients with Advanced Gastric Cancer	3
Perioperative fluid therapy	3
Chronic Abdominal Pain: Practical Approaches	3
Managing your Palliative Patient	3
The Convergence of Artificial Intelligence and the Internet of Things in Dentistry and Medicine	3
Understanding the diagnostic challenges of Miller Fisher syndrome in children: a case report from an ophthalmological perspective	3
Effects of Nutritional Support Combined With Respiratory Training on Pulmonary Function in Patients With Obliterative Bronchiolitis: A Propensity Score Matching Study	3
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy-related inflammation: a rare but important cause of acute confusion on the general medical take	3
A Survey on Surgical Site Infections Prevention Guidelines Knowledge and Implementation Level of Trauma Centre Healthcare Professionals	3
A case of small bowel evisceration through the rectum and anus	3
Predictive Value of IPI for PACU Hypoxemia in Elderly Patients After General Anesthesia: A Retrospective Study	3
Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists in the Peri-Operative Period	3
The Effect of Esketamine on Postoperative Fatigue Syndrome in Middle-Aged and Elderly Patients Undergoing Lumbar Vertebral Body Fusion Surgery—A Retrospective Study	3
Fenestration aneurysm of the basilar artery	3
A pseudoaneurysm of the internal carotid artery in the sphenoid sinus causing epistaxis	3
Rehabilitation Guidelines in Stroke	3
Application of the Omaha System-Based Continuous Care Model in Diabetes Health Management for Outpatients within the Framework of “Internet +”	3
Rhino-orbital and pulmonary mucormycosis in a patient with acute myeloid leukaemia	3
Stroke thrombolysis in a 97-year-old woman with COVID-19 pneumonia	3
The patient with a painful knee	3
Lumbosacral magnetic resonance imaging findings in early Guillain–Barré syndrome	3
Clinical Efficacy of Pidotimod-Assisted Erythromycin in Treating Lobar Pneumonia in Children Over 3 Years Old	3
‘Lip service – don’t dismiss recurrent facial swelling as simple angioedema’	3
Prevalence of Myopia Among Children and Adolescents Aged 5–17: A Cross-Sectional Study in Haishu District, Ningbo City, China	3
Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio, Platelet-to-Lymphocyte Ratio, and Prognostic Nutritional Index as Prognostic Markers for Lung Carcinoma	3
Fracture-related infections	2
A Study on the Serum Levels of POSTN and VEGF in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients and Their Correlations	2
Stuck Between a Rock and a Hard Place: Anticoagulation in End-Stage Kidney Disease Patients With Atrial Fibrillation	2
Opioid-free anaesthesia	2
Classification and management of tibial tubercle avulsion fractures in children	2
A Prediction Model for the Diagnosis of Sepsis Based on the Classification of Acute Gastrointestinal Injury	2
Causal Relationship between Branched-Chain Amino Acids and Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Bidirectional and Multivariable Mendelian Randomization Study	2
Rare presentation of a choroid plexus papilloma	2
The impact of anticholinergic burden on clinical outcomes in older hospitalised surgical patients	2
The Impact of Nurse-Led Motivational Interviewing Based on the Transtheoretical Model on Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo Patients: A Retrospective Study	2
Psychological factors and surgical outcomes	2
Predictive Performance of Serum Monomeric C-Reactive Protein for Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events in Patients With Acute ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction at One-Year Post-Discharge: A Ret	2
Day-case hip and knee arthroplasty: stages of care and the development of an institutional pathway	2
The Evolution of Reverse Shoulder Arthroplasty: A Review of Complications and the Rising Concern of Overuse	2
Medication Management to Reduce Falls—With Particular Focus on Frailty, Polypharmacy and Prescribing	2
Improving the weekend spinal ward round at a major trauma centre	2
Management of SGLT-2 Inhibitors in the Perioperative Period: Withhold or Continue?	2
Predictive Value of Dietary Inflammatory Index for Recurrence of Plaque Psoriasis—A Retrospective Study	2
Relationship Between Neutrophil Extracellular Traps and Venous Thromboembolism: Pathophysiological and Therapeutic Role	2
Finerenone: Do We Really Need an Additional Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Kidney Disease?	2
Antifibrotic Drug Adherence, the Patient, the Clinical Service and the Delivery Courier	2
Acute musculoskeletal infection in children: assessment and management	2
Using Genomic Data in Clinical Decision Making: The Opportunities and Challenges	2
The environmental impact of orthopaedic surgery: assessing strategies for change	2
Reconciling the 2025 ESC/EACTS Valvular Heart Disease Guideline With ACC/AHA Guidance: Convergence, Divergence, and Implications for Practice	2
A multi-faceted approach improves inpatient diabetes care at a tertiary hospital	2
‘Better together: collaborative working between emergency medicine and critical care’: 1 year on, is this framework still relevant?	2
Maternal collapse in pregnancy	2
Application of Cardiac Rehabilitation Aerobic Exercise in Patients with Stable Angina in Coronary Heart Disease	2
Advances in Immune Checkpoint Therapy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma	2
Recurrent meningitis caused by Salmonella stanley in an infant	2
The Ageing of the Human Lower Bowel	2
Recurrent clotted blood specimens: a sticky dilemma	2
A Model to Predict the Risk of Adverse Ocular Outcomes in Pregnant Women	2
Are opioids safe for use in obstetric general anaesthesia?	2
Analysis of the Efficacy and Safety of Benzbromarone Combined with Sodium Bicarbonate Tablets in the Treatment of Hyperuricemia	2
Inflammatory markers in patients with hypertension	2
Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome Associated With Pneumonia: A Retrospective Study With a Focus on Respiratory Failure	2
Clinical Significance of Aging-Related Secretory Phenotypic Factors in Diagnosing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus-Associated Peri-Implantitis: A Retrospective Analysis	2
Comparison of Direct Aspiration With SOFIA Distal Access Catheter and Solitaire Retrievable Stent-Induced Thrombolysis for the Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke	2
Risk Assessment Prior to Cardiotoxic Anticancer Therapies in 7 Steps	2
COX Regression Analysis and Mortality Risk Prediction Model of 85 Adult Patients with Secondary Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis	2
Lupus mesenteric vasculitis with gastrointestinal bleeding as the primary manifestation: a case report	2
Baclofen toxicity in a patient with advanced chronic kidney disease	2
An Evaluation of Opportunities and Challenges of Blockchain Technology in Healthcare	2
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma: imaging techniques for diagnosis and management	2
Incorporating Menstruation Across Hospital Specialties to Improve Care for Women of Reproductive Age	2
Duty of Candour Following Avoidable Harm	2
Challenges facing cancer care and guidance on prioritising its safe delivery: lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic	2
Development and Validation of a Nomogram for Predicting the Need for Mechanical Ventilation in Patients Undergoing High-Flow Nasal Cannula Therapy: A Retrospective Study Based on the MIMIC-IV Database	2
The Impact of Child and Adolescent Inpatient Psychiatric Admissions Out-of-Area or to Adult Wards: A Systematic Review	2
Analysis of Risk Factors for Multidrug-Resistant Organism (MDRO) Infections and Construction of a Risk Prediction Model in a Cancer Specialty Hospital	2
Breast cancer coexisting with granulomatous mastitis in a young woman	2
Sarcomatoid Renal Clear Cell Carcinoma with Brain Metastasis: A Case Report and Literature Review	2
Lymphoma for the acute physician: diagnostic challenges and initial treatment decisions	2
Empowering future surgeons: a workshop bridging the gap between graduation and the operating room	2
Conscientious, competent and caring: producing the junior doctor of the future	2
Tips for Trainees & Foundation Doctors in ICU	2
Artificial Intelligence: Predicting Perioperative Problems	2
Evaluating the Impact of the Failure Mode and Effects Analysis Nursing Approach on Complications of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Patients With Respiratory Failure	2
Anaesthetic Management of Patients With Do-Not-Attempt Resuscitation Orders: A Case for and Against Suspension During Anaesthesia and Surgery	2
Construction and Application Effect Analysis of Orthopedic Pain Care Ward under Multi-Disciplinary Cooperation Model	2
Feedback literacy as a model to explore how learners respond to feedback	2
Validity and Reliability of a Chinese-Tailored Scale for the Evaluation of End-of-Life Care in Dementia Patients	2