OOIR: Observatory of International Research

Papers

(The median citation count of Biomolecules & Therapeutics is 3. The table below lists those papers that are above that threshold based on CrossRef citation counts [max. 250 papers]. The publications cover those that have been published in the past four years, i.e., from 2022-01-01 to 2026-01-01.)

Article	Citations
Dimethyl Sulfoxide Shifts Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell Differentiation toward Adipogenesis over Osteogenesis	56
Amelioration of Carrageenan/Kaolin-Induced Arthritis by Benzylideneacetophenone Derivatives in Rats	44
Anticancer Potential of Myricetin against Huh7- and Hep3B-Derived Liver Cancer Stem Cells through the Regulation of Apoptosis, Autophagy, and Stemness	42
Curcumenol Inhibits Mast Cells Activation in Ovalbumin-Induced Anaphylaxis Model Mice through Modulation of the Fc Epsilon Receptor I Signaling Pathway	38
HPV-18 E7 Interacts with Elk-1 Leading to Elevation of the Transcriptional Activity of Elk-1 in Cervical Cancer	37
Betulin Targets Lipin1/2-Meidated P2X7 Receptor as a Therapeutic Approach to Attenuate Lipid Accumulation and Metaflammation	37
Growth Factors Upregulated by Uric Acid Affect Guanine Deaminase-Induced Melanogenesis	36
Elafibranor PPARα/δ Dual Agonist Ameliorates Ovalbumin-Induced Allergic Asthma	36
Sialyllactose Alleviates Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes through Anti-Inflammatory and Metabolic Modulation	35
Dietary Potassium Synergistically Enhances Anti-Obesity Efficacy of Garcinia Cambogia Complex in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice	33
RNA Therapeutics: Focus on Antisense Oligonucleotides in the Nervous System	32
Effects of Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Ulcerative Colitis on the Disposition of Tofacitinib in Rats	31
Inhibition of Cytochrome P450 Enzymes by Drugs-Molecular Basis and Practical Applications	29
The Effect of Luteolin on the Modulation of Vascular Contractility via ROCK and CPI-17 Inactivation	27
Galangin Regulates Mucin 5AC Gene Expression via the Nuclear Factor-κB Inhibitor α/Nuclear Factor-κB p65 Pathway in Human Airway Epithelial Cells	26
γ-Elemene Impairs Mitochondrial Biogenesis in Breast Cancer Cells by Upregulating GCN5-Mediated PGC-1α Acetylation	24
Toxoplasma gondii GRA16 Suppresses Aerobic Glycolysis by Downregulating c-Myc and TERT Expressions in Colorectal Cancer Cells	23
A Bivalent Inactivated Vaccine Prevents Enterovirus 71 and Coxsackievirus A16 Infections in the Mongolian Gerbil	23
Roles of Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling in Osteoporosis, Disease Pathogenesis, and Natural Compound Intervention	23
Atopic Dermatitis Management: from Conventional Therapies to Biomarker-Driven Treatment Approaches	22
Coadministration of 6-Shogaol and Levodopa Alleviates Parkinson’s Disease-Related Pathology in Mice	22
Inhibition of DNMT3B and PI3K/AKT/mTOR and ERK Pathways as a Novel Mechanism of Volasertib on Hypomethylating Agent-Resistant Cells	21
DOT1L as a Therapeutic Target: Insights into Epigenetic Regulation and Cancer Treatment	20
Snail Promotes Cancer Cell Proliferation via Its Interaction with the BIRC3	20
Loss of EMP2 Inhibits Melanogenesis of MNT1 Melanoma Cells via Regulation of TRP-2	20

Inactivation of Mad2B Enhances Apoptosis in Human Cervical Cancer Cell Line upon Cisplatin-Induced DNA Damage	20
Metabolic Bone Diseases and New Drug Developments	19
Differences in Neurotransmitters Level as Biomarker on Sleep Effects in Dementia Patients with Insomnia after Essential Oils Treatment	19
New Insights into AMPK, as a Potential Therapeutic Target in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease and Hepatic Fibrosis	19
Taxifolin Regulates the Gene Expression of MUC5AC Mucin via Affecting IκBα/NF-κB p65 Signaling in Human Airway Epithelial Cells	18
Mechanism of Action and Pharmacokinetics of Approved Bispecific Antibodies	18
5-Hydroxytryptophan Reduces Levodopa-Induced Dyskinesia via Regulating AKT/mTOR/S6K and CREB/ΔFosB Signals in a Mouse Model of Parkinson’s Disease	18
Thrombin Induced Apoptosis through Calcium-Mediated Activation of Cytosolic Phospholipase A₂ in Intestinal Myofibroblasts	18
Direct Contact with Platelets Induces Podoplanin Expression and Invasion in Human Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells	17
Experimental Mouse Models and Human Lung Organoid Models for Studying Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease	17
Sinapic Acid Attenuates the Neuroinflammatory Response by Targeting AKT and MAPK in LPS-Activated Microglial Models	17
Comparing Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factors in Asian Migrants and Native Koreans among the Asian Population	17
The SIRT6 Activator MDL-800 Inhibits PPARα and Fatty acid Oxidation-Related Gene Expression in Hepatocytes	16
Emerging and Promising Keywords in Biomolecules and Therapeutics for 21st Century Diseases	16
Isoorientin Suppresses Invasion of Breast and Colon Cancer Cells by Inhibition of CXC Chemokine Receptor 4 Expression	15
Modulation of Autophagy is a Potential Strategy for Enhancing the Anti-Tumor Effect of Mebendazole in Glioblastoma Cells	15
Artesunate Inhibits the Proliferation and Migration of Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma by Regulating the SLC7A11-GPX4 Pathway via the p300-p53 Axis	14
IFI16 Enhances Chemosensitivity of Breast Cancer Cells by Inhibiting DNA Damage Response	14
Anti-Inflammatory Activities of (+)-Afzelechin against Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation	13
Stress Accelerates Depressive-Like Behavior through Increase of SPNS2 Expression in Tg2576 Mice	13
Resveratrol from Peanut Sprout Extract Promotes NK Cell Activation and Antitumor Activity	13
Ginsenosides Decrease β-Amyloid Production via Potentiating Capacitative Calcium Entry	13
Intra-Articular Injection of Stem Cells for the Regeneration of Knee Joint Cartilage: a Therapeutic Option for Knee Osteoarthritis — a Narrative Review	13
Novel Effect of Hyaluronan and Proteoglycan Link Protein 1 (HAPLN1) on Hair Follicle Cells Proliferation and Hair Growth	12
Erratum to "Morroniside Protects C2C12 Myoblasts from Oxidative Damage Caused by ROS-mediated Mitochondrial Damage and Induction of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress" [Biomol Ther 32(3), 349-360 (2024)]	12
Minoxidil Regulates Aging-Like Phenotypes in Rat Cortical Astrocytes In Vitro	12
Inhibitory Effect of a Novel Non-Steroidal AMPamide on Inflammation and Sebogenesis by Suppressing TLR4 and TLR6-Mediated Signaling Pathway	12
Loganin Prevents Hepatic Steatosis by Blocking NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation	12
Bortezomib Is Toxic but Induces Neurogenesis and Inhibits TUBB3 Degradation in Rat Neural Stem Cells	11
Xylene Impairs Neuronal Development by Dysregulating Calcium Homeostasis and Neuronal Activity in Developing Hippocampal Neurons	11
Pro-Oxidative and Inflammatory Actions of Extracellular Hemoglobin and Heme: Molecular Events and Implications for Alzheimer's and Parkinson Disease	10
Structure-Activity Relationship of NMDA Receptor Ligands and Their Activities on the ERK Activation through Metabotropic Signaling Pathway	10
β-Catenin and AMPK/AKT/FOXO Signaling Mediate Doxorubicin-Induced Senescence and Lipid Accumulation in C2C12 Myoblasts	10
Erratum to "Potential Role of Dietary Salmon Nasal Cartilage Proteoglycan on UVB-Induced Photoaged Skin" [Biomol Ther 32(2), 249-260 (2024)]	10
Enhancement of Radiosensitivity by DNA Hypomethylating Drugs through Apoptosis and Autophagy in Human Sarcoma Cells	10
Interleukin-1β Signaling Contributes to Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptotic Cell Death by Leptin via Modulation of AKT and p38MAPK in Hepatocytes	9
Licochalcone D Inhibits Skin Epidermal Cells Transformation through the Regulation of AKT Signaling Pathways	9
Erratum to "Tanshinone IIA Protects Endothelial Cells from H₂O₂-Induced Injuries via PXR Activation" [Biomol Ther 25(6), 599-608 (2017)]	9
Glycogen Phosphorylase Inhibitor Promotes Hair Growth via Protecting from Oxidative-Stress and Regulating Glycogen Breakdown in Human Hair follicles	9
Gapmer Antisense Oligonucleotide Targeting E-Cadherin Rescues Abnormal Keratinization in X-Linked Ichthyosis Models	9
Gilteritinib Reduces FLT3 Expression in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells	9
Lysophosphatidic Acid Receptor 1 Plays a Pathogenic Role in Permanent Brain Ischemic Stroke by Modulating Neuroinflammatory Responses	9
A Neuroprotective Action of Quercetin and Apigenin through Inhibiting Aggregation of Aβ and Activation of TRKB Signaling in a Cellular Experiment	9
Virtual Screening and Testing of GSK-3 Inhibitors Using Human SH-SY5Y Cells Expressing Tau Folding Reporter and Mouse Hippocampal Primary Culture under Tau Cytotoxicity	8
Efficient Generation of Dopaminergic Neurons from Mouse Ventral Midbrain Astrocytes	8
Piperine Regulates Melanogenesis through ERK Activation and Proteasomal Degradation of MITF	8
Erratum to "Abiraterone Acetate Attenuates SARS-CoV-2 Replication by Interfering with the Structural Nucleocapsid Protein" [Biomol Ther 30(5), 427-434 (2022)]	8
Carnosine and Retinol Synergistically Inhibit UVB-Induced PGE₂ Synthesis in Human Keratinocytes through the Up-Regulation of Hyaluronan Synthase 2	8
Meclofenamate Suppresses MUC5AC Mucin Gene Expression by Regulating the NF-kB Signaling Pathway in Human Pulmonary Mucoepidermoid NCI-H292 Cells	8
Robinetin Alleviates Metabolic Failure in Liver through Suppression of p300-CD38 Axis	8

Pyronaridine Inhibited MUC5AC Mucin Gene Expression by Regulation of Nuclear Factor Kappa B Signaling Pathway in Human Pulmonary Mucoepidermoid Cells	8
Inhibitory Action of 1,3,5-Trihydroxybenzene on UVB-Induced NADPH Oxidase 4 through AMPK and JNK Signaling Pathways	8
Synergistic Renoprotective Effect of Melatonin and Zileuton by Inhibition of Ferroptosis via the AKT/mTOR/NRF2 Signaling in Kidney Injury and Fibrosis	8
Glucose-Enhanced Cryopreservation of hCAR-T Cells: Improved Recovery and Reduced Apoptosis	8
Lycium Radicis Cortex and Its Kukoamine Constituents Attenuate Sarcopenia by Modulating Anabolic and Catabolic Pathways	7
Microglial PLXDC2 Modulates Aβ Phagocytosis and Inflammatory Responses	7
1,3,5-Tricaffeoylquinic Acid from Ipomoea batatas Vines Induced Ovarian Cancer Cell Apoptosis and Inhibited Endothelial Tube Formation	7
Regulatory Mechanisms Governing the Autophagy-Initiating VPS34 Complex and Its inhibitors	7
Potential Role of Dietary Salmon Nasal Cartilage Proteoglycan on UVB-Induced Photoaged Skin	7
Jolkinolide B Ameliorates Liver Inflammation and Lipogenesis by Regulating JAK/STAT3 Pathway	7
Methylanthranilate, a Food Fragrance Attenuates Skin Pigmentation through Downregulation of Melanogenic Enzymes by cAMP Suppression	7
Paeoniflorin Protects Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells from High Glucose-Induced Oxidative Damage by Activating Nrf2-Mediated HO-1 Signaling	7
Melatonin Prevents the Progression of MASLD via Inhibiting FFAs-Induced Ferroptosis through KEAP1/NRF2/HO-1 Pathway	7
A Novel Histone Deacetylase 6 Inhibitor, 4-FHA, Improves Scopolamine-Induced Cognitive and Memory Impairment in Mice	7
Nitric Oxide Signal Transduction and Its Role in Skin Sensitization	6
Structure–Activity Relationship and Functional Evaluation of Cannabinoid Type-1 Receptor	6
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Activates Hepatic Macrophages through PERK-hnRNPA1 Signaling	6
Macakurzin C Derivatives as a Novel Pharmacophore for Pan-Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Modulator	6
Epigenetic Regulation of Nuclear Factor Erythroid-2-Related Factor 2 in Colorectal Cancer Cells Resistant to Ionizing Radiation	6
Exosomes: Nomenclature, Isolation, and Biological Roles in Liver Diseases	6
An Overview of Existing and Emerging Weight-Loss Drugs to Target Obesity-Related Complications: Insights from Clinical Trials	6
Betulin, an Anti-Inflammatory Triterpenoid Compound, Regulates MUC5AC Mucin Gene Expression through NF-kB Signaling in Human Airway Epithelial Cells	6
Design, Screening and Development of Asymmetric siRNAs Targeting the MYC Oncogene in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer	6
Allergy Inhibition Using Naturally Occurring Compounds Targeting Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin Pathways: a Comprehensive Review	6
Combination Therapy of the Active KRAS-Targeting Antibody inRas37 and a PI3K Inhibitor in Pancreatic Cancer	6
Glutathione’s Role in Liver Metabolism and Hangover Symptom Relief: Dysregulation of Protein S-Glutathionylation and Antioxidant Enzymes	6
Immune Responses to Plant-Derived Recombinant Colorectal Cancer Glycoprotein EpCAM-FcK Fusion Protein in Mice	6
Effect of Prunetin on Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Nephropathy in Rats - a Biochemical and Molecular Approach	6
Liposomal Hyaluronic Acid Enhances Skin Permeation and Hydration: Evidence from In Vitro, Ex Vivo, and In Vivo Studies	6
Intermittent Fasting Modulates Immune Response by Generating Tregs via TGF-β Dependent Mechanisms in Obese Mice with Allergic Contact Dermatitis	6
The Dual Role of Survival Genes in Neurons and Cancer Cells: a Strategic Clinical Application of DX2 in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Cancer	5
NJK14047 Suppression of the p38 MAPK Ameliorates OVA-Induced Allergic Asthma during Sensitization and Challenge Periods	5
High Levels of Hyaluronic Acid Synthase-2 Mediate NRF2-Driven Chemoresistance in Breast Cancer Cells	5
Ursodeoxycholic Acid Attenuates B Cell Susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein by Interfering Its Binding to ACE2	5
8-Methoxypsoralen Induces Apoptosis by Upregulating p53 and Inhibits Metastasis by Downregulating MMP-2 and MMP-9 in Human Gastric Cancer Cells	5
3-Deoxysappanchalcone Inhibits Cell Growth of Gefitinib-Resistant Lung Cancer Cells by Simultaneous Targeting of EGFR and MET Kinases	5
Inhaled Volatile Molecules-Responsive TRP Channels as Non-Olfactory Receptors	5
Erratum to "Conformational Dynamics of Sclerostin-LRP6 Complex Analyzed by HDX-MS" [Biomol. Ther. 29 (2021) 527-535]	5
Chromatographic Determination of the Absolute Configuration in Sanjoinine A That Increases Nitric Oxide Production	5
The Long Search for Pharmacologically Useful Anti-Inflammatory Flavonoids and Their Action Mechanisms: Past, Present, and Future	5
NLRP3 Inflammasome as Therapeutic Targets in Inflammatory Diseases	5
6-Shogaol, an Active Ingredient of Ginger, Improves Intestinal and Brain Abnormalities in Proteus Mirabilis-Induced Parkinson’s Disease Mouse Model	5
Morroniside Protects C2C12 Myoblasts from Oxidative Damage Caused by ROS-Mediated Mitochondrial Damage and Induction of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress	5
Small-Molecule-Induced Protein Polymerization: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications	5
p38 MAPK Inhibitor NJK14047 Suppresses CDNB-Induced Atopic Dermatitis-Like Symptoms in BALB/c Mice	5
Triggering Mechanisms of Hepatocyte Repopulation during Liver Regeneration	5
Aquaporin-3 Downregulation in Vitiligo Keratinocytes Increases Oxidative Stress of Melanocytes	5
Aromadendrin Inhibits Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation in BEAS-2B Cells and Lungs of Mice	5
2ʹ,4ʹ,6ʹ-Trimethoxyacetophenone Isolated from Lycoris sanguinea Ameliorates Memory Impairment in Methylglyoxal-Induced Depressive Amnesia Mouse Model	5
The Effect of γ-Aminobutyric Acid Intake on UVB- Induced Skin Damage in Hairless Mice	5
6-Gingerol Induced Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Arrest in Glioma Cells via MnSOD and ERK Phosphorylation Modulation	5
Aerobic Exercise Ameliorates Muscle Atrophy Induced by Methylglyoxal via Increasing Gastrocnemius and Extensor Digitorum Longus Muscle Sensitivity	5
Behavioral Deficits in Adolescent Mice after Sub-Chronic Administration of NMDA during Early Stage of Postnatal Development	4
Chitinase-3-Like Protein 1 as a Therapeutic Target for Inflammatory Diseases	4
Selonsertib, an ASK1 Inhibitor, Ameliorates Ovalbumin-Induced Allergic Asthma during Challenge and Sensitization Periods	4
Benzyl Isothiocyanate-Induced Cytotoxicity via the Inhibition of Autophagy and Lysosomal Function in AGS Cells	4
Hydroxychavicol Inhibits In Vitro Osteoclastogenesis via the Suppression of NF-κB Signaling Pathway	4
Erratum to "Synthetic Homoisoflavane Derivatives of Cremastranone Suppress Growth of Colorectal Cancer Cells through Cell Cycle Arrest and Induction of Apoptosis" [Biomol. Ther. 30 (2022) 576-584]	4
Megakaryocyte-Derived IL-8 Acts as a Paracrine Factor for Prostate Cancer Aggressiveness through CXCR2 Activation and Antagonistic AR Downregulation	4
Control of Overly Secreted Tryptophanyl tRNA Synthetase Attenuates Sepsis Severity in a Porcine Model	4
Cynaropicrin Induces Reactive Oxygen Species-Dependent Paraptosis-Like Cell Death in Human Liver Cancer Cells	4
Potential Functional Role of Phenethylamine Derivatives in Inhibiting Dopamine Reuptake: Structure-Activity Relationship	4
BRL-50481 Ameliorates Lung Inflammation in a Murine Model of Ovalbumin-Induced Allergic Asthma with Co-Exposure to Lipopolysaccharide	4
Neuroprotective Effect of β-Lapachone against Glutamate-Induced Injury in HT22 Cells	4
Erratum to "Carbon Monoxide Ameliorates 6-Hydroxydopamine-Induced Cell Death in C6 Glioma Cells" [Biomol. Ther. 26 (2018) 175-181]	4
OZ-001 Suppresses the Growth of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer and Pancreatic Cancer by Targeting STAT3 Phosphorylation and the Calcium Signaling Pathway	4
The Multifaceted Role of Epithelial Membrane Protein 2 in Cancer: from Biomarker to Therapeutic Target	4
Exploring the Potential of Rosemary Derived Compounds (Rosmarinic and Carnosic Acids) as Cancer Therapeutics: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives	4
C-Reactive Protein Signaling Pathways in Tumor Progression	4
Synthetic Homoisoflavane Derivatives of Cremastranone Suppress Growth of Colorectal Cancer Cells through Cell Cycle Arrest and Induction of Apoptosis	4
The Anti-Diabetic Pinitol Improves Damaged Fibroblasts	4
Novel GPR43 Agonists Exert an Anti-Inflammatory Effect in a Colitis Model	4
Taurine Synthesis by 2-Aminoethanethiol Dioxygenase as a Vulnerable Metabolic Alteration in Pancreatic Cancer	4
Functional Characterization of Drosophila melanogaster CYP6A8 Fatty Acid Hydroxylase	4
Emodin Inhibited MUC5AC Mucin Gene Expression via Affecting EGFR-MAPK-Sp1 Signaling Pathway in Human Airway Epithelial Cells	4
Efonidipine Inhibits JNK and NF-κB Pathway to Attenuate Inflammation and Cell Migration Induced by Lipopolysaccharide in Microglial Cells	4
Caspase Cleavage of Receptor Tyrosine Kinases in the Dependence Receptor Family	4
Isoliquiritigenin Induces Apoptosis via ROS-Mediated Inhibition of p38/mTOR/STAT3 Pathway in Human Melanoma Cells	3
LKB1/STK11 Tumor Suppressor Reduces Angiogenesis by Directly Interacting with VEGFR2 in Tumorigenesis	3
Hepatoprotective Effects of Resveratrol on Acetaminophen-Induced Acute Liver Injury and Its Implications for Tofacitinib Disposition in Rats	3

Involvement of IKK/IkBα/NF-kB p65 Signaling into the Regulative Effect of Engeletin on MUC5AC Mucin Gene Expression in Human Airway Epithelial Cells	3
Drug Discovery Perspectives of Antisense Oligonucleotides	3
Tramadol as a Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Blocker of Peripheral Sodium Channels Na_v1.7 and Na_v1.5	3
Anti-Melanogenic Activity of Undecylprodigiosin, a Red Pigment Isolated from a Marine Streptomyces sp. SNA-077	3
Polyploidization of Hepatocytes: Insights into the Pathogenesis of Liver Diseases	3
CKD-581 Downregulates Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway by DACT3 Induction in Hematologic Malignancy	3
Hydroxyzine Induces Cell Death in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells via Mitochondrial Superoxide and Modulation of Jak2/STAT3 Signaling	3
Novel Potential Therapeutic Targets in Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease from the Perspective of Cell Polarity and Fibrosis	3
Curzerene Ameliorates Depression-Like Behaviors and Cognitive Impairment by Modulating the Gut Microbiota and HMGB1/RAGE/TLR4 Pathway	3
Decellularized Matrices for the Treatment of Tissue Defects: from Matrix Origin to Immunological Mechanisms	3
C-Peptide Ameliorates Particulate Matter 2.5-Induced Skin Cell Apoptosis by Inhibiting NADPH Oxidation	3
Translationally Controlled Tumor Protein Enhances Angiogenesis in Ovarian Tumors by Activating Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor 2 Signaling	3
Microplastics Accumulation Induces Kynurenine-Derived Neurotoxicity in Cerebral Organoids and Mouse Brain	3
Quercetin-3-Methyl Ether Induces Early Apoptosis to Overcome HRV1B Immune Evasion, Suppress Viral Replication, and Mitigate Inflammatory Pathogenesis	3
Brazilein Impedes IKK Activation by Disrupting RIPK1 Polyubiquitination, Increasing Apoptotic Susceptibility in Cells with Constitutively Active NF-κB	3
Unraveling Stereochemical Structure-Activity Relationships of Sesquiterpene Lactones for Inhibitory Effects on STAT3 Activation	3
Comparative Study of Autophagy in Oxaliplatin-Sensitive and Resistant SNU-C5 Colon Cancer Cells	3
Stimulatory Anticancer Effect of Resveratrol Mediated by G Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor in Colorectal Cancer	3
Low-Dose Perifosine, a Phase II Phospholipid Akt Inhibitor, Selectively Sensitizes Drug-Resistant ABCB1-Overexpressing Cancer Cells	3
Strategies for Manipulating T Cells in Cancer Immunotherapy	3
Involvement of the DNA Demethylase Thymine DNA Glycosylase in Anticancer Drug Resistance	3