Cryosphere

Article	Citations
Variability in Antarctic surface climatology across regional climate models and reanalysis datasets	353
Sea ice reduction in the Barents–Kara Sea enhances June precipitation in the Yangtze River basin	95
Disentangling the drivers of future Antarctic ice loss with a historically calibrated ice-sheet model	61
Evaluating Greenland surface-mass-balance and firn-densification data using ICESat-2 altimetry	60
Changes in 1958–2019 Greenland surface mass balance are attributable to both greenhouse gases and anthropogenic aerosols	53
Spectral induced polarization survey for the estimation of hydrogeological parameters in an active rock glacier	51
Improving climate model skill over High Mountain Asia by adapting snow cover parameterization to complex-topography areas	50
European heat waves 2022: contribution to extreme glacier melt in Switzerland inferred from automated ablation readings	45
Quantifying the uncertainty in the Eurasian ice-sheet geometry at the Penultimate Glacial Maximum (Marine Isotope Stage 6)	43
Benchmarking of snow water equivalent (SWE) products based on outcomes of the SnowPEx+ Intercomparison Project	43
An assessment of Antarctic sea-ice thickness in CMIP6 simulations with comparison to the satellite-based observations and reanalyses	42
Impact of atmospheric forcing uncertainties on Arctic and Antarctic sea ice simulations in CMIP6 OMIP models	42
Observing the evolution of summer melt on multiyear sea ice with ICESat-2 and Sentinel-2	41
Comparing elevation and backscatter retrievals from CryoSat-2 and ICESat-2 over Arctic summer sea ice	39
Age, thinning and spatial origin of the Beyond EPICA ice from a 2.5D ice flow model	38
Mapping Antarctic crevasses and their evolution with deep learning applied to satellite radar imagery	36
Spatially heterogeneous effect of climate warming on the Arctic land ice	36
Seasonal land-ice-flow variability in the Antarctic Peninsula	34
Brief communication: Monitoring active layer dynamics using a lightweight nimble ground-penetrating radar system – a laboratory analogue test case	34
A comparison between Envisat and ICESat sea ice thickness in the Southern Ocean	33
Ice-shelf freshwater triggers for the Filchner–Ronne Ice Shelf melt tipping point in a global ocean–sea-ice model	31
Extensive and anomalous grounding line retreat at Vanderford Glacier, Vincennes Bay, Wilkes Land, East Antarctica	31
Responses of the Pine Island and Thwaites glaciers to melt and sliding parameterizations	31
A model framework for atmosphere–snow water vapor exchange and the associated isotope effects at Dome Argus, Antarctica – Part 1: The diurnal changes	30
Brief communication: Tritium concentration and age of firn accumulation in an ice cave of Mount Olympus (Greece)	29

The role of snowmelt, glacier melt and rainfall in streamflow dynamics on James Ross Island, Antarctic Peninsula	29
Warm proglacial lake temperatures and thermal undercutting enhance rapid retreat of an Arctic glacier	28
Retrieval of atmospheric water vapor and temperature profiles over Antarctica from satellite microwave observations using an iterative approach	28
Partial melting in polycrystalline ice: pathways identified in 3D neutron tomographic images	28
Greenland Monthly Accumulation Maps (1960–2022): A Statistical Semi-Empirical Bias-Adjustment Model	28
Similarities between sea ice area variations and satellite-derived terrestrial biosphere and cryosphere parameters across the Arctic	28
Modelling cold firn evolution at Colle Gnifetti, Swiss/Italian Alps	28
Impact of icebergs on the seasonal submarine melt of Sermeq Kujalleq	28
Mechanisms and impacts of anomalous high-salinity shelf water formation in the Ross Sea	28
Filling and drainage of a subglacial lake beneath the Flade Isblink ice cap, northeast Greenland	27
Spaceborne thermal infrared observations of Arctic sea ice leads at 30 m resolution	27
Characteristics and rarity of the strong 1940s westerly wind event over the Amundsen Sea, West Antarctica	27
Grain-size evolution controls the accumulation dependence of modelled firn thickness	27
Kara and Barents sea ice thickness estimation based on CryoSat-2 radar altimeter and Sentinel-1 dual-polarized synthetic aperture radar	27
Brief communication: Storstrømmen Glacier, northeastern Greenland, primed for end-of-decade surge	26
Distributed surface mass balance of an avalanche-fed glacier	26
Temporal markers in a temperate ice core: insights from 3 H and 137 Cs profiles from the Adamello	26
Southern Ocean sea-ice leads: first insights into regional lead patterns, seasonality, and trends, 2003–2023	26
The radiative and geometric properties of melting first-year landfast sea ice in the Arctic	26
An unseasonal atmospheric river drives anomalous summer snow accumulation on glaciers of the subtropical Andes	26
Suitability of the CICE sea ice model for seasonal prediction and positive impact of CryoSat-2 ice thickness initialization	26
Rapid regional assessment of rock glacier activity based on DInSAR wrapped-phase signal	25
Brief communication: Daily, gap-free snow cover information based on a combination of NPP VIIRS and MODIS data	25
Competing processes determine the long-term impact of basal friction parameterizations for Antarctic mass loss	25
Quantification of capillary rise dynamics in snow using neutron radiography	25
A prototype passive microwave retrieval algorithm for tundra snow density	24
Sensitivity of modeled snow grain size retrievals to solar geometry, snow particle asphericity, and snowpack impurities	24
Assimilation of radar freeboard and snow altimetry observations in the Arctic and Antarctic with a coupled ocean/sea ice modelling system	24
Mapping the extent of giant Antarctic icebergs with deep learning	24
ICESat-2 surface elevation assessment with kinematic GPS and static GNSS near the ice divide in Greenland	24
Climatology and surface impacts of atmospheric rivers on West Antarctica	24
Characterizing sea ice melt pond fraction and geometry in relation to surface morphology	23
Arctic sea ice radar freeboard retrieval from the European Remote-Sensing Satellite (ERS-2) using altimetry: toward sea ice thickness observation from 1995 to 2021	23
Widespread increase in discharge from west Antarctic Peninsula glaciers since 2018	23
Lake volume and potential hazards of moraine-dammed glacial lakes – a case study of Bienong Co, southeastern Tibetan Plateau	23
Permafrost sensitivity to soil hydro-thermodynamics in historical and scenario simulations with the MPI-ESM	23
Brief communication: Recent estimates of glacier mass loss for western North America from laser altimetry	23
Glacier–permafrost relations in a high-mountain environment: 5 decades of kinematic monitoring at the Gruben site, Swiss Alps	23
Inferring the ice sheet sliding law from seismic observations: A Pine Island Glacier case study	23
The stability of present-day Antarctic grounding lines – Part 2: Onset of irreversible retreat of Amundsen Sea glaciers under current climate on centennial timescales cannot be excluded	23
A probabilistic framework for quantifying the role of anthropogenic climate change in marine-terminating glacier retreats	23
The role of atmospheric conditions in the Antarctic sea ice extent summer minima	23
Influence of snow spatial variability on cosmic ray neutron snow water equivalent (SWE): case study in a northern prairie	22
Land- to lake-terminating transition triggers dynamic thinning of a Bhutanese glacier	22
Automated snow cover detection on mountain glaciers using spaceborne imagery and machine learning	22
Sources of low-frequency variability in observed Antarctic sea ice	22
A comparison of supraglacial meltwater features throughout contrasting melt seasons: southwest Greenland	22
Brief communication: New perspectives on the skill of modelled sea ice trends in light of recent Antarctic sea ice loss	22
GLAcier Feature Tracking testkit (GLAFT): a statistically and physically based framework for evaluating glacier velocity products derived from optical satellite image feature tracking	22
Brief communication: On the potential of seismic polarity reversal to identify a thin low-velocity layer above a high-velocity layer in ice-rich rock glaciers	22

Automatic detection of Arctic polynyas using hybrid supervised-unsupervised deep learning	21
Simple analytical–statistical models (ASMs) for mean annual permafrost table temperature and active-layer thickness estimates	21
Glacier surge activity over Svalbard from 1992 to 2025 interpreted using heritage satellite radar missions and Sentinel-1	21
Unlocking the potential of melting calorimetry: a field protocol for liquid water content measurement in snow	21
A framework for time-dependent ice sheet uncertainty quantification, applied to three West Antarctic ice streams	21
Modeling of surface energy balance for Icelandic glaciers using remote-sensing albedo	20
Brief communication: Rapid  ∼  335  ×  10 6  m 3 bed erosion after detachment of the Sedongpu Glac	20
Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry measurements for high-resolution chemical ice core analyses with a first application to an ice core from Skytrain Ice Rise (Antarctica)	20
Polarimetric radar reveals the spatial distribution of ice fabric at domes and divides in East Antarctica	20
An 11-year record of wintertime snow-surface energy balance and sublimation at 4863 m a.s.l. on the Chhota Shigri Glacier moraine (western Himalaya, India)	20
Ice fabrics in two-dimensional flows: beyond pure and simple shear	20
Evaluation of the Snow Climate Change Initiative (Snow CCI) snow-covered area product within a mountain snow water equivalent reanalysis	20
Sensitivity of the Ross Ice Shelf to environmental and glaciological controls	20
Topology and spatial-pressure-distribution reconstruction of an englacial channel	20
A quasi-one-dimensional ice mélange flow model based on continuum descriptions of granular materials	20
Mapping seasonal snow melting in Karakoram using SAR and topographic data	19
Reanalysis of the longest mass balance series in Himalaya using a nonlinear model: Chhota Shigri Glacier (India)	19
Deep clustering in subglacial radar reflectance reveals subglacial lakes	19
ITS_LIVE global glacier velocity data in near-real time	19
Ice shelf calving due to shear stresses: observing the response of Brunt Ice Shelf and Halloween Crack to iceberg calving using ICESat-2 laser altimetry, satellite imagery, and ice flow models	19
An analysis of the interaction between surface and basal crevasses in ice shelves	19
Development and fluctuation of crystal orientation fabric in the deep sections of the Dome Fuji ice core, Antarctica: impacts of dust particles and migration recrystallization	19
Estimating degree-day factors of snow based on energy flux components	19
Surface nuclear magnetic resonance for studying an englacial channel on Rhonegletscher (Switzerland): possibilities and limitations in a high-noise environment	19
First observations of sea ice flexural–gravity waves with ground-based radar interferometry in Utqiaġvik, Alaska	19
Arctic glacier snowline altitudes rise 150 m over the last 4 decades	19
Snow cover prediction in the Italian central Apennines using weather forecast and land surface numerical models	19
Seasonality in terminus ablation rates for the glaciers in Greenland (Kalaallit Nunaat)	18
Assimilating CryoSat-2 freeboard to improve Arctic sea ice thickness estimates	18
Reconstructing dynamics of the Baltic Ice Stream Complex during deglaciation of the Last Scandinavian Ice Sheet	18
Inland migration of near-surface crevasses in the Amundsen Sea Sector, West Antarctica	18
Impact of atmospheric rivers on Arctic sea ice variations	18
Modelling snowpack on ice surfaces with the ORCHIDEE land surface model: application to the Greenland ice sheet	18
Review article: Feature tracing in radio-echo sounding products of terrestrial ice sheets and planetary bodies	18
Analyzing the sensitivity of a blowing snow model (SnowPappus) to precipitation forcing, blowing snow, and spatial resolution	18
Using deep learning and multi-source remote sensing images to map landlocked lakes in Antarctica	18
Insights into microphysical and optical properties of typical mineral dust within urban snowpack via wet and dry deposition in Changchun, northeastern China	18
MMSeaIce: a collection of techniques for improving sea ice mapping with a multi-task model	18
Constraining regional glacier reconstructions using past ice thickness of deglaciating areas – a case study in the European Alps	18
Brief communication: The Glacier Loss Day as an indicator of a record-breaking negative glacier mass balance in 2022	18
Evaporative controls on Antarctic precipitation: an ECHAM6 model study using innovative water tracer diagnostics	18
Will landscape responses reduce glacier sensitivity to climate change in High Mountain Asia?	18
Assessing uncertainties in modeling the climate of the Siberian frozen soils by contrasting CMIP6 and LS3MIP	17
Quantifying the effects of background concentrations of crude oil pollution on sea ice albedo	17
Wave erosion, frontal bending, and calving at Ross Ice Shelf	17
Brief communication: Tropical glaciers on Puncak Jaya (Irian Jaya/West Papua, Indonesia) close to extinction	17
Modelling the evolution of Arctic multiyear sea ice over 2000–2018	17
Seasonal and interannual variability in freshwater sources for Greenland's fjords	17
Snowmelt characterization from optical and synthetic-aperture radar observations in the La Joie Basin, British Columbia	17
Reversal of ocean gyres near ice shelves in the Amundsen Sea caused by the interaction of sea ice and wind	17
Sea ice albedo bounded data assimilation and its impact on modeling: a regional approach	16
Brief communication: Rapid acceleration of the Brunt Ice Shelf after calving of iceberg A-81	16
Feasibility of retrieving Arctic sea ice thickness from the Chinese HY-2B Ku-band radar altimeter	16
A study of sea ice topography in the Weddell and Ross seas using dual-polarimetric TanDEM-X imagery	16
Multi-decadal analysis of past winter temperature, precipitation and snow cover data in the European Alps from reanalyses, climate models and observational datasets	16
Subglacial discharge effects on basal melting of a rotating, idealized ice shelf	16
Spectral induced polarization imaging to investigate an ice-rich mountain permafrost site in Switzerland	16
A thinner-than-present West Antarctic Ice Sheet in the southern Weddell Sea Embayment during the Holocene	16
Sensitivity of iceberg drift and deterioration simulations to input data from different ocean, sea ice and atmosphere models in the Barents Sea	16
Leveraging snow probe data, lidar, and machine learning for snow depth estimation in complex-terrain environments	16
Stochastic modelling of thermokarst lakes: size distributions and dynamic regimes	16
Novel approach to estimate the water isotope diffusion length in deep ice cores with an application to Marine Isotope Stage 19 in the Dome C ice core	16
Unravelling the sources of uncertainty in glacier runoff projections in the Patagonian Andes (40–56° S)	16
Quantifying frost-weathering-induced damage in alpine rocks	16
Estimating the uncertainty of sea-ice area and sea-ice extent from satellite retrievals	16
Improved monitoring of subglacial lake activity in Greenland	16
Southwest Greenland supraglacial lake bathymetry derived from ICESat-2 and spectral stratification of satellite imagery	16
Improved permafrost modelling in mountain environments by including air convection in a hydrological model	16
Data-driven surrogate modeling of high-resolution sea-ice thickness in the Arctic	16
Flexural and compressive strength of the landfast sea ice in the Prydz Bay, East Antarctic	16
The contribution of Humboldt Glacier, northern Greenland, to sea-level rise through 2100 constrained by recent observations of speedup and retreat	16
Sublimation measurements of tundra and taiga snowpack in Alaska	15
A cold laboratory hyperspectral imaging system to map grain size and ice layer distributions in firn cores	15
Dual-frequency radar observations of snowmelt processes on Antarctic perennial sea ice by CFOSCAT and ASCAT	15
Assessing the seasonal evolution of snow depth spatial variability and scaling in complex mountain terrain	15
Viscoelastic mechanics of tidally induced lake drainage in the grounding zone	15
Assessment of the impact of dam reservoirs on river ice cover – an example from the Carpathians (central Europe)	15
Review article: Retrogressive thaw slump characteristics and terminology	15
Slowdown of Shirase Glacier, East Antarctica, caused by strengthening alongshore winds	15
Impact of boundary conditions on the modeled thermal regime of the Antarctic ice sheet	15

Modelling glacier mass balance and climate sensitivity in the context of sparse observations: application to Saskatchewan Glacier, western Canada	15
Bathymetry-constrained impact of relative sea-level change on basal melting in Antarctica	15
Modeling the impacts of climate trends and lake formation on the retreat of a tropical Andean glacier (1962–2020)	15
Predicting ocean-induced ice-shelf melt rates using deep learning	15
Simulating ice segregation and thaw consolidation in permafrost environments with the CryoGrid community model	15
In situ 10 Be modeling and terrain analysis constrain subglacial quarrying and abrasion rates at Sermeq Kujalleq (Jakobshavn Isbræ), Greenland	15
Resolving glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) in response to modern and future ice loss at marine grounding lines in West Antarctica	15
On the sensitivity of sea ice deformation statistics to plastic damage	15
Monitoring Arctic thin ice: a comparison between CryoSat-2 SAR altimetry data and MODIS thermal-infrared imagery	15
Multi-frequency altimetry snow depth estimates over heterogeneous snow-covered Antarctic summer sea ice – Part 1: C∕S-, Ku-, and Ka-band airborne observations	15
Detection of ice core particles via deep neural networks	15
Observing glacier elevation changes from spaceborne optical and radar sensors – an inter-comparison experiment using ASTER and TanDEM-X data	14
El Niño enhances snow-line rise and ice loss on the Quelccaya Ice Cap, Peru	14
A collection of wet beam models for wave–ice interaction	14
Sea ice concentration estimates from ICESat-2 linear ice fraction – Part 1: Multi-sensor comparison of sea ice concentration products	14
Snow stratigraphy observations from Operation IceBridge surveys in Alaska using S and C band airborne ultra-wideband FMCW (frequency-modulated continuous wave) radar	14
Active-passive microwave scattering in the Antarctica wind-glazed region: an analog for icy moons of Saturn	14
Seasonality and scenario dependence of rapid Arctic sea ice loss events in CMIP6 simulations	14
Snow water equivalent retrieval over Idaho – Part 2: Using L-band UAVSAR repeat-pass interferometry	14
Air clathrate hydrates in the EDML ice core, Antarctica	14
Brief communication: A framework to classify glaciers for water resource evaluation and management in the Southern Andes	14
A unified framework for large-scale fabric evolution models and anisotropic rheologies	14
Automated ArcticDEM iceberg detection tool: insights into area and volume distributions, and their potential application to satellite imagery and modelling of glacier–iceberg–ocean systems	14
Sentinel-1 detection of ice slabs on the Greenland Ice Sheet	14
Fifty years of firn evolution on Grigoriev ice cap, Tien Shan, Kyrgyzstan	14
Forest disturbances and their impact on ground surface temperatures in permafrost-underlain forest in central Mongolia	14
The collapse of the Cordilleran–Laurentide ice saddle and early opening of the Mackenzie Valley, Northwest Territories, Canada, constrained by 10 Be	14
Summer sea ice floe perimeter density in the Arctic: high-resolution optical satellite imagery and model evaluation	14
Twenty-first century global glacier evolution under CMIP6 scenarios and the role of glacier-specific observations	13
Assessment of Arctic seasonal snow cover rates of change	13
The evolution of Arctic permafrost over the last 3 centuries from ensemble simulations with the CryoGridLite permafrost model	13
The AutoICE Challenge	13
Incorporating InSAR kinematics into rock glacier inventories: insights from 11 regions worldwide	13
Contrasted geomorphological and limnological properties of thermokarst lakes formed in buried glacier ice and ice-wedge polygon terrain	13
Exploring ice sheet model sensitivity to ocean thermal forcing and basal sliding using the Community Ice Sheet Model (CISM)	13
Surging of a Hudson Strait-scale ice stream: subglacial hydrology matters but the process details mostly do not	13
Simulating the Holocene deglaciation across a marine-terminating portion of southwestern Greenland in response to marine and atmospheric forcings	13
Brief communication: Sea-level projections, adaptation planning, and actionable science	13
Seasonal snow–atmosphere modeling: let's do it	13
Quantifying degradation of the Imja Lake moraine dam with fused InSAR and SAR feature tracking time series	13
A topographically controlled tipping point for complete Greenland ice sheet melt	13
Analysis of long-term dynamic changes of subglacial lakes in the Recovery Ice Stream, Antarctica	13
Greenland's firn responds more to warming than to cooling	13
Signature of the stratosphere–troposphere coupling on recent record-breaking Antarctic sea-ice anomalies	13
Subglacial hydrology regulates oscillations in marine ice streams	13
Projecting the response of Greenland's peripheral glaciers to future climate change: glacier losses, sea level impact, freshwater contributions, and peak water timing	13
Control of the temperature signal in Antarctic proxies by snowfall dynamics	13
Fine-scale variability in iceberg velocity fields and implications for an ice-associated pinniped	13
Mapping and characterization of avalanches on mountain glaciers with Sentinel-1 satellite imagery	13
Two-way coupling between ice flow and channelized subglacial drainage enhances modeled marine-ice-sheet retreat	13
Subglacial hydrology modulates basal sliding response of the Antarctic ice sheet to climate forcing	13
Extensive palaeo-surfaces beneath the Evans–Rutford region of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet control modern and past ice flow	13
Towards long-term records of rain-on-snow events across the Arctic from satellite data	12
Glacial ring forms on Axel Heiberg Island, Nunavut, Canada	12
Development of crystal orientation fabric in the Dome Fuji ice core in East Antarctica: implications for the deformation regime in ice sheets	12
Molecular biomarkers in Batagay megaslump permafrost deposits reveal clear differences in organic matter preservation between glacial and interglacial periods	12
Empirical correction of systematic orthorectification error in Sentinel-2 velocity fields for Greenlandic outlet glaciers	12
Wind conditions for snow cornice formation in a wind tunnel	12
First results of the polar regional climate model RACMO2.4	12
Drainage and refill of an Antarctic Peninsula subglacial lake reveal an active subglacial hydrological network	12
Everest South Col Glacier did not thin during the period 1984–2017	12
Future changes in Antarctic near-surface winds: regional variability and key drivers under a high-emission scenario	12
Ice plate deformation and cracking revealed by an in situ-distributed acoustic sensing array	12
Direct measurement of warm Atlantic Intermediate Water close to the grounding line of Nioghalvfjerdsfjorden (79° N) Glacier, northeast Greenland	12
On the evolution of an ice shelf melt channel at the base of Filchner Ice Shelf, from observations and viscoelastic modeling	12
Impact of non-normal flow rule on linear kinematic features in pan-Arctic ice-ocean simulations	12
Widespread slowdown in thinning rates of West Antarctic ice shelves	12
Investigating seasonal and multi-decadal water/ice storage changes in the Murtèl rock glacier using time-lapse gravimetry	12
Geothermal heat source estimations through ice flow modelling at Mýrdalsjökull, Iceland	12
Thermal infrared shadow-hiding in GOES-R ABI imagery: snow and forest temperature observations from the SnowEx 2020 Grand Mesa field campaign	12
Temporal and vertical changes in snow microbial communities during the melting season below canopy in Northern Japan	12
Modelling GNSS-observed seasonal velocity changes of the Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica, using the Ice-sheet and Sea-level System Model (ISSM)	12
Arctic regional changes revealed by clustering of sea-ice observations	12
Wave-triggered breakup in the marginal ice zone generates lognormal floe size distributions: a simulation study	12
Influence of fast ice on future ice shelf melting in the Totten Glacier area, East Antarctica	12
Using Icepack to reproduce ice mass balance buoy observations in landfast ice: improvements from the mushy-layer thermodynamics	12
Feedback mechanisms controlling Antarctic glacial-cycle dynamics simulated with a coupled ice sheet–solid Earth model	12
Brief communication: Identification of tundra topsoil frozen/thawed state from SMAP and GCOM-W1 radiometer measurements using the spectral gradient method	12
Evidence of active subglacial lakes under a slowly moving coastal region of the Antarctic Ice Sheet	12
Spatiotemporal snow water storage uncertainty in the midlatitude American Cordillera	12
Alpine topography of the Gamburtsev Subglacial Mountains, Antarctica, mapped from ice sheet surface morphology	11
Sea ice melt pond bathymetry reconstructed from aerial photographs using photogrammetry: a new method applied to MOSAiC data	11
Satellite data reveal details of glacial isostatic adjustment in the Amundsen Sea Embayment, West Antarctica	11
A computationally efficient statistically downscaled 100 m resolution Greenland product from the regional climate model MAR	11
Impact of climate change on snow avalanche activity in the Swiss Alps	11
Out-of-the-box calving-front detection method using deep learning	11
GBaTSv2: a revised synthesis of the likely basal thermal state of the Greenland Ice Sheet	11
A probabilistic seabed–ice keel interaction model	11
Characterization of in situ cosmogenic 14 CO production, retention and loss in firn and shallow ice at Summit, Greenland	11
Ocean-induced weakening of George VI Ice Shelf, West Antarctica	11
Co-registration and residual correction of digital elevation models: a comparative study	11
Annual evolution of the ice–ocean interaction beneath landfast ice in Prydz Bay, East Antarctica	11
An integrated multi-instrument methodology for studying marginal ice zone dynamics and wave-ice interactions	11
Characterization of non-Gaussianity in the snow distributions of various landscapes	11
Alps-wide high-resolution 3D modelling reconstruction of glacier geometry and climatic conditions for the Little Ice Age	11