Urban Climate

Papers
(The median citation count of Urban Climate is 7. The table below lists those papers that are above that threshold based on CrossRef citation counts [max. 250 papers]. The publications cover those that have been published in the past four years, i.e., from 2022-08-01 to 2026-08-01.)
ArticleCitations
Net impact of London Strand-Aldwych pedestrianisation project on air quality and noise192
Climate policy and inequality in urban areas: Beyond incomes170
Understanding heat exposure risks and adaptation behaviors among elderly Asian communities in New York City152
Predicting environmental pollutants in the apartment public space: Evaluating the impact of spatial enclosure and monitoring locations151
Land-surface-physics-based downscaling versus conventional dynamical downscaling for high-resolution urban climate change information: The case study of two cities146
Outdoor ventilation evaluation and optimization based on spatial morphology analysis in Macau145
The independent and joint effects of meteorological factors on influenza: A nationwide time series study in China132
The divergent effects of spatial structure of urban agglomerations on carbon emission reduction capacity127
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emission interferes with real-time regulatory monitoring of ozone in urban atmosphere116
Introducing evaporating water channels in urban canyons: Assessment of ventilation and thermal effects through Large-Eddy Simulation112
Evaluating inter-site similarity and model transferability for machine learning prediction of CO2 and CH4 concentrations across urban typologies108
Integrating urban-rural gradient differences into regional climate resilience governance: Insights from the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration, China106
Assessment of key air pollutants in an eastern Indian urban area: Levels, characteristics, and risk assessment105
Do hot temperatures reduce health-related quality of life among inpatients? A 10-year population-based survey using EQ-5D-5L in Hong Kong104
Assessing microclimate and solar potential in courtyard morphologies: A comparative study of European urban blocks102
Energy savings in buildings applying ASHRAE 55 and regional adaptive thermal comfort models97
The study of enhancing urban flood management for riverless cities with high external runoff intrusion characteristics93
Impact of trees with varying size on street canyon flow under isothermal and non-isothermal conditions using water channel PIV measurements92
Landscape patterns and diurnal thermal effects of golf courses in urban and suburban settings89
Tropospheric ozone variability in Delhi during pre & post monsoon periods: Decoding influence of seasonal variation, diurnal variation, short-range and long-range transport89
“Investigating and mapping day-night urban heat island and its driving factors using Sentinel/MODIS data and Google Earth Engine. Case study: Greater Cairo, Egypt”86
Collaborative scenario building: Engaging stakeholders to unravel opportunities for urban adaptation planning86
A geospatial-based framework for rapid simulation of storm-induced flooding and comprehensive risk assessment leveraging GWDD and fuzzy-SWARA83
Street-scale traffic emission inventory derived from GeoVideo and coupled WRF/Chem–MUNICH modelling for urban air quality management: A case study in Kaifeng, China82
Mitigating urban heat stress through green infrastructure: A climate service approach81
Health-centred climate adaptation: Insights from local governments in western Sydney, Australia75
Impact of refined 2D/3D urban morphology on hourly air temperature across different spatial scales in a snow climate city74
Measuring shaded bike lanes for heat stress mitigation with deep learning: A case study in Amsterdam, Netherlands73
Assessment of the TsHARP method for spatial downscaling of land surface temperature over urban regions73
Urban heat and pollution island in the Moscow megacity: Urban environmental compartments and their interactions71
Assessing urban heat island intensity and emissions with compressed natural gas in non-commercial vehicles70
Source apportionment of PM2.5 before and after COVID-19 lockdown in an urban-industrial area of the Lisbon metropolitan area, Portugal70
Derivation of nonstationary rainfall intensity-duration-frequency curves considering the impacts of climate change and urbanization70
Correspondence between urbanization and surface wind in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area: Observations and idealized large-eddy simulation70
Climate-resilient urban housing in sub-Saharan Africa: A decision support framework integrating cultural behavior modeling with multi-objective optimization69
Interpretable machine learning reveals nonlinear green space cooling across urban density zones: A multidimensional study in Wuhan69
Comparative evaluation of LULC classification methods and urban expansion simulation using CA-Markov in Hyderabad, Sindh (1990–2050)68
Assessing the impact of urban climate anomalies and exogenous drivers on human development66
Resilient urbanization assessment framework: A new perspective on urban resilience65
Integrating nature-based solutions into heritage-sensitive flood risk management: A case study of Liwan District, Guangzhou65
Analysis of decoupling between CO2 emissions and economic growth in China's provincial capital cities: A Tapio model approach65
The synergistic effects of urbanization and an extreme heatwave event on urban thermal environment in Paris64
Does the spatial configuration of urban parks matter in ameliorating extreme heat?64
Effective street tree and grass designs to cool European neighbourhoods64
Do wetland parks outperform conventional urban parks in cooling? Evidence from a quasi-natural experiment in Wuhan, China63
Assessing the influence of urban scene characteristics on urban heat island: An interpretable machine learning approach in New York City63
Spatial-temporal evolution of urban form resilience to climate disturbance in adaptive cycle: A case study of Changchun city63
Comparing universal thermal climate index (UTCI) with selected thermal indices to evaluate outdoor thermal comfort in traditional courtyards with BWh climate63
Drought, heatwave, and fires: The impact on air quality during São Paulo's record-breaking fire season in 202461
Ventilation analysis of urban functional zoning based on circuit model in Guangzhou in winter, China60
The influences of 2D/3D urban morphology on land surface temperature at the block scale in Chinese megacities59
Investigation of air-conditioning anthropogenic heat dissipation and thermal discomfort in street canyons toward sustainable urban cooling59
Heavy metal pollution in groundwater of urban Delhi environs: Pollution indices and health risk assessment59
Climate change transformation in built environments – A policy instrument framework59
Community perceptions of flood risks and their attributes: A case study of rural communities of Khipro, District Sanghar, Pakistan59
Quantitative analysis and evaluation of rainwater absorption and thermal environment for residential design plan with consideration of LID strategies58
Dual carbon and sulfur isotopes as tracers of PM1 pollution sources after COVID-19 confinement in Vilnius, Lithuania58
Street-level surface and air temperatures in the Urban Center of Málaga, Spain58
Air pollution dynamics in Fortaleza, Brazil: Exploring the interplay of traffic and high-rise development57
Investigation of landslide hazard areas in the municipality of Cunha (Brazil) and climate projections from 2024 to 204056
Comparing the warming effects of different urban forms under projected climate change in China's Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Area56
A generalizable WebGIS–machine learning system for real-time urban flood forecasting55
The interactions of carbon emission driving forces: Analysis based on interpretable machine learning55
Interactions of urban heat islands and heat waves in Swedish cities under present and future climates55
The canopy cooling effect of roof mitigation strategies in a subtropical urban agglomeration54
Assessment of the influences of post-construction facilities on pedestrian-level wind environment: An experimental study in Changsha, China52
Increasing importance of regional emission controls for further reduction of PM2.5 in Beijing51
PM10 and PM2.5 chemical source profiles of road dust over China: Composition, spatio-temporal distribution, and source apportionment51
Modeling regulating ecosystem services and environmental impact through urban green space expansion: A case study of Manila City50
Overcoming cloud-induced gaps in surface urban Heat Islands intensity monitoring using annual temperature cycle modeling across Taiwanese cities50
How to enhance thermal comfort in greenway walking? An exploration of the physical environment, walking status, and emotional perspectives50
Dynamics of water-soluble inorganic ions in Qinhuangdao: Particle size association and influences of environmental conditions50
Spatial distribution of heat vulnerability in Toronto, Canada49
A review of climatic impacts on water main deterioration49
Identifying the effect of architecture morphology on wind fields and PM2.5 dispersion at the urban block scale via a combined scheme49
City-scale ventilation analysis using 3D buildings with Guangzhou case49
Predicting the impact of the urban texture on the Urban Heat Island intensity using Machine Learning: The case for the Iberian Peninsula49
High summer land surface temperatures in a temperate city are mitigated by tree canopy cover49
Synergistic effects of compound temperature-humidity extremes and urban heat-moisture islands: An observational study in high-density humid subtropical twin cities49
A comprehensive spatiotemporal approach to mapping air quality distribution and prediction in desert region49
Evaluating the improvements of thermal comfort by different natural elements within courtyards in Singapore49
Identifying flood vulnerable and risk areas using the integration of analytical hierarchy process (AHP), GIS, and remote sensing: A case study of southern Oromia region48
Mapping and topic modeling of over 133,000 studies on climate change and cities: Trends, geographical disparities, and future research needs48
Mitigating human thermal discomfort and vehicle-emitted pollutants exposure in urban transportation hubs through natural ventilation: Numerical modeling and morphology optimization48
Influence of historical urban expansion on the regional climate: A case study in the Paris region with CNRM-AROME48
Research on the veering wind characteristics in typical suburban terrain based on lidar field measurements47
Satellite image analysis of thermal comfort for a sustainable urban ecology of Winneba, Ghana47
Influence of flood risk communication on threat and coping appraisals of individuals to enhance flood resilience47
Advancing urban atmospheric modeling with coupled mesoscale–LES: A Bologna heatwave case study46
Implementation and evaluation of mean radiant temperature schemes in the microclimate model ENVI-met46
Global warming and urbanization triggering the record-breaking heat event in summer 2023 over Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration, China46
Urban stormwater resilience: Global insights and strategies for climate adaptation45
In-depth analysis of the thermal environment and adaptive thermal mitigation strategies in arid-hot tourist attractions44
Impact of urbanisation on groundwater vulnerability in shallow aquifer system of Assam: A DRASTIC approach44
The associations of cold spells with human mortality in Shanghai, China44
Phthalate esters in urban multi-media in the arid city of Urumqi, Northwest China: Sources, bio-accessibility and health risks44
A conceptual analytical framework for green infrastructure (GI) towards resilience building in urban contexts: A Stakeholders' collaboration perspective43
Urban heat island phenomenon in a desert, coastal city: The impact of urbanization43
Towards climate-responsive communities: Exploring the nonlinear relationship between residential morphology and land surface temperature43
Investigating 2D/3D factors influencing surface urban heat islands in mountainous cities using explainable machine learning43
Enhanced representation of hydrological processes in urban climate modeling: A multi-city global assessment43
Quantifying the cooling effects of blue-green spaces across urban landscapes: A case study of Kathmandu Valley, Nepal42
Seasonal and daily effects of the sea on the surface urban heat island intensity: A case study of cities in the Caspian Sea Plain42
Spatial-temporal modeling of the relationship between surface temperature and air temperature in metropolitan urban systems42
The risk management tools'role for urban infrastructure resilience building42
Impact of urban land use and anthropogenic heat on winter and summer outdoor thermal comfort in Beijing42
Prioritizing urban water loss prevention strategies using a multi-criteria decision-making framework: A case study of Istanbul42
The impact of transnational municipal networks on local energy consumption42
Evaluation of surface urban energy and water balance scheme (SUEWS) using scaled 2D model experiments under various seasons and sky conditions41
Driving toward sustainable cities: The interplay between Chinese emerging corporate ESG performance and climate finance in achieving low-carbon development41
Cooling with consent: Toward equitable and readiness-based AI-guided heat adaptation41
Quantifying the cooling effects of Lagerstroemia indica and Quercus virginiana urban street trees in Charleston, USA41
An integrated approach to optimal siting of air quality monitoring networks: Fuzzy based decision-making, multi-pollutant methodology, and health risk assessment40
Analyzing residents' preferences for urban heatwave-adaptation facilities and associated demographic characteristics using a discrete choice experiment40
Spatial prediction of emergency supply demand under urban flood disaster events: A case study of the “23·7” rainstorm in Beijing40
Comparing heating and cooling effects of urban spatial structure factors on ambient air temperature: A quantitative synthesis using meta-analysis40
Wind-driven chimney effect of vertical airflow induced by spatial patterns within the High-rise Tower-style Building39
Characterizations of interregional transport on PM2.5 pollution in Central China with adaptive mixed effect models based on satellite observations and meteorological factors39
Quantifying urban hydrological processes effects on urban climate: A perspective from a novel parameterization scheme39
Cities and climate change in developing countries39
Evaluating future flood risk mitigation capacities in major cities across China38
Environmental impacts of aerosol radiative effect and urbanization and their interactions over the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei City cluster38
A multi-city statistical modelling of surface urban heat island: Application to Italian cities38
The effect of urban heat islands on pediatric asthma exacerbation: How race plays a role38
Lost water bodies and a flooded city – Counterfactual scenarios of the extreme Chennai flood highlight the potential of nature-based solutions38
Rapid spatio-temporal prediction of coastal urban floods based on deep learning approaches37
Whether the development strategy of the Yangtze River Economic Belt can achieve the double welfare effects of synergistic governance of pollution control and carbon reduction?36
The dual impacts of built environment on extreme heat and urban heat resilience: A comparative study in Beijing36
Climate-adaptive transportation infrastructure: Cross-regional solutions for urban resilience and emergency response36
Delineation of potential groundwater recharge zones using remote sensing, GIS, and AHP approaches36
Environmental isotope constraints and hydrogeochemical evolution of groundwater in the semi-arid national capital environs of Delhi, India36
Unveiling seasonal disparities in urban form: Exploring scale and intensity effects on PM2.5 concentrations36
Dynamic estimation of urban heat exposure for outdoor jogging: Combining individual trajectory and mean radiant temperature36
Pyrotechnic impact of Diwali 2023 on black carbon and aerosol levels in Taj City, India: Relative endangerments and meteorological influences35
Light absorption properties of elemental carbon, primary/secondary brown carbon, and mineral dust at a semi-urban site in Mysuru, Southern India35
Integrating multi-dimensional urban green space configuration in land surface temperature modelling: A seasonal and methodological evaluation for southern Delhi35
Analytical prediction of urban wind profiles in densely built-up areas using a combined method of WRF and a porosity model35
Assessment of future prediction of urban growth and climate change in district Multan, Pakistan using CA-Markov method35
Escalating heat waves and human thermal stress over semi-arid Bundelkhand region, India35
Remote sensing monitoring of the spatiotemporal dynamics of urban forest phenology and its response to climate and urbanization35
Identifying and prioritizing key zones for heat mitigation in Nanjing: A cooling demand-supply mismatch perspective35
The impact of block morphology on urban microclimates: A case study of three cities in cold regions of China35
Assessing spatial inequities of thermal environment and blue-green intervention for vulnerable populations in dense urban areas34
Relationships between carbon emissions and urban population size and density, based on geo-urban scaling analysis: A multi‑carbon source empirical study34
Influence of precursors and meteorology on ambient ozone over Indian western Himalayas34
Impact of urbanization and industrialization on PM10 in municipalities near megacities: A case study from an Andean Region, Latin America34
Rapid prediction of pollutant dispersion in residential blocks using generative adversarial networks34
Practitioner perspectives on sea-level rise impacts on shallow groundwater: Implications for infrastructure asset management and climate adaptation34
Urban fraction influence on local nocturnal cooling rates from low-cost sensors in Dallas-Fort Worth34
Challenges in continuous air quality improvement: An insight from the contribution of the recent clean air actions in China34
Landscape pattern optimization strategy of coastal mountainside greenway from a microclimatic comfort view in hot and humid areas34
Observed precipitation enhancement and suppression downwind of a major U.S. city34
Analysis of spatiotemporal household water consumption patterns and their relationship with meteorological variables33
Wind tunnel experiments on the aerodynamic effects of a single potted tree: Hot-wire anemometry and PIV measurements33
Diesel vehicle emissions: Dissecting the multi-factorial effect on variations of VOC-component concentrations33
A marked interannual variability of haze linked to particulate sources and meteorological conditions in Tehran (Iran), 1990–202033
Valuing carbon saving potential of urban parks in thermal mitigation: Linking accumulative and accessibility perspectives33
Geographical variability of ultrafine particle concentrations in urban and background regions in India33
Ozone air concentration trend attributes assist hours-ahead forecasts from univariate recorded data avoiding exogenous data inputs33
Rainstorm characteristics using MESO-scale rain gauge NETwork (MESONET) over Mumbai33
Fast or slow system: How does information exposure affect individual climate change mitigation responses?33
The influence of foliage density on the wall surface temperature: An analysis of Hedera helix cultivars32
Numerical simulation of the effect of solar chimneys on NOx-O3 photochemical reaction and ventilation in urban street canyon32
Unravelling key environmental factors influencing urban park visits: Thermal comfort and air quality32
Two-stage super-resolution simulation method of three-dimensional street-scale atmospheric flows for real-time urban micrometeorology prediction32
Dynamical and chemical impacts of urban green areas on air pollution in a city environment32
Quantifying the spatial aggregation bias of urban heat data32
Application of WRF-chem for predicting air quality resulting from the formation of photochemical compounds in a subtropical urban environment32
From green to spring: Enhancing urban temperature adaptation through a comprehensive ecological incentive32
Combined effects of future urban development and rainfall patterns on flood characteristics in the Qinhuai River basin32
Exposure to hourly ambient temperature and temperature change between neighboring days and risk of emergency department visits for cause-specific cardiovascular disease31
Risks and sources of atmospheric particulate-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (AP-PAHs) in seven regions of China: A review31
Response of surface energy components to urban heatwaves and its impact on human comfort in coastal city31
Resident perception disparities of urban disaster resilience and influencing factors: Empirical evidence from 36 major cities in China31
Three-dimensional landscape features impact on urban surface wind velocity during a heatwave: Relative contribution and marginal effect31
Improving children's outdoor thermal comfort: A field study in China's severely cold regions31
Local impact of trees on thermal comfort of pedestrians in streets31
Does urban air pollution have an impact on public health? Empirical evidence from 288 prefecture-level cities in China31
Impact of extreme climates on sustainable cooling: A case study of a subtropical office building31
Influence of climate change and population growth on Amazon Metropolis water supply31
Mapping local climate zones and its applications at the global scale: A systematic review of the last decade of progress and trend31
Determining the key meteorological factors affecting atmospheric CO2 and CH4 using machine learning algorithms at a suburban site in China31
Nature-based solutions to combat global change in urban ecosystem: lessons from global and regional perspectives31
Spatio-temporal assessment of metro-induced land use, thermal dynamics and spectral indices relationships: A case study of Bengaluru metro corridors30
Waste classification using vision transformer based on multilayer hybrid convolution neural network30
Effect of urbanization on aerosol optical depth over Beijing: Land use and surface temperature analysis30
From thermal demand characterization to accurate evaluation: Exploring seasonal differences in outdoor thermal comfort of the elderly in China's communities30
Investigation into the outdoor thermal comfort on different urban underlying surfaces30
Numerical modeling of the distinct urbanization impact over Singapore during two contrasting weather scenarios30
Assessing the contrasting effects of moist and dry heatwaves on tropospheric ozone and surface energy budget over Delhi30
Spatiotemporal evolution of the cooling effect of blue-green space in different LCZs: A comparative study of Wuhan and Shanghai (2000−2022)30
Spatial test of collaborative treatment efficiency measurement and driving factors of air pollution in China's Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration30
A systematic review investigating linear infrastructure effects on Urban Heat Island (UHIULI) and its interaction with UHI typologies30
Spatial heterogeneity of net thermal effects driven by three-dimensional urban expansion: Evidence from Wuhan, China30
A machine learning approach for the efficient estimation of ground-level air temperature in urban areas29
Graph neural network–based short-term heatwave forecasting in data-sparse arid regions: Improving early warning for the UAE29
Corrigendum to’Relationship between upward heat transport and building arrangement in urban districts of Osaka as revealed by large-eddy simulations' [Urban Climate 61 (2025) 102441]29
Assessing Urban heat resilience in the Portland metropolitan area: Built environment associations with late-day resistance and evening-to-morning recovery cooling29
The relative importance of anthropogenic heat and wall heat flux on the street canyons warming: A multi-physics numerical simulation29
Unveiling the dynamics of dry-and-humid, day-and-night, and compound heat waves across 209 Cities in China during 1974–202129
Can public transportation development improve urban air quality? Evidence from China29
How urban form shapes extreme heat: Examining nonlinear and interactive relationships using interpretable machine learning29
Assessment of Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP) climate scenarios and its impacts on the Greater Accra region29
Coupling coordination between the ecological environment and urbanization in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River urban agglomeration29
Confounding effects of harvesting on urban heat island intensity in a mid-sized city in Brazil29
Comparative assessments for the carbon emissions and costs of road maintenance strategies in life cycle29
Quantifying outdoor thermal comfort in different street vegetation arrangements: Insights from a study in tropical and subtropical Australian cities29
Atmospheric deposition of potentially toxic elements in a peri-urban industrial landscape: Evaluating legacy vs. current pollution28
Investigating urban wind vertical profiles during heatwaves with spatial synoptic classification using Doppler LiDAR: A case study in Hong Kong28
Rapid increase of the nighttime electricity demand in Beijing due to compound heatwaves28
Comparison of PM spatiotemporal variations and exposure at adjacent signalized intersection and roundabout28
Decentring our appreciation of the association of factors and cities' mitigation patterns28
Trends in PM10 and PM2.5 air pollution and related health risk in Tehran over the last two decades28
Change in environmental justice scores in historically redlined communities compared to non-redlined communities: A case study of Richmond, Virginia28
Influence of historical city walls on the water cooling effects in summer28
A predictive analysis of thermal stress in a densifying urban business district under summer daytime conditions in a Mediterranean City28
The contribution of urbanisation and climate conditions to increased urban heat load in Zagreb (Croatia) since the 1960s28
Decoding spatiotemporal dynamic of atmospheric CO2 concentration under different urban development model28
Prediction of extreme rainfall events in 21st century - The results based on Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo28
Disasters in Petrópolis, Brazil: political, urban planning, and geometeorological factors that contributed to the event on February 15, 202228
From coverage to shadows: How nonlinear vegetation-building synergy reshape urban cooling27
Impact of land-use changes on the increase in extreme precipitation events in the Lake Victoria Basin27
How can street interface morphology effect pedestrian thermal comfort: A case study of the old town of Changsha, China27
Towards long-term air quality monitoring in Africa and the use of machine learning, low-cost monitors, reference instruments and satellite data to estimate the burden of disease – The case of Kampala,27
Reduction potential of vehicular emission in Chengdu, China: A case study of COVID-1927
Hydrogeochemical fingerprint, driving forces and spatial availability of groundwater in a coastal plain, Southeast China27
Urban air pollution across the eastern Mediterranean with Egypt as a hotspot: A multiproxy investigation27
Unintended consequences of urban shrinkage: Adverse impacts on local household carbon emissions27
Removal of azo dyes from synthetic wastewater using biochar derived from sewage sludge to prevent groundwater contamination27
Multifactorial influences on land surface temperature within local climate zones of typical global cities27
Impact of digital economy on co-benefits of air pollution reduction and carbon reduction: Evidence from Chinese cities27
Temperature-related mortality and future health risks from climate change in a middle eastern Metropolis27
The impact of urban heat island on snow properties and stratigraphy in the Moscow region27
Influence of environmental and climatic factors on AOD concentration: A model-based analysis27
Flood modeling and baseline study in urban and high population environment: A case study of Majalaya, Indonesia27
Role of urban green space structure and configuration in regulating land surface temperature in NCT Delhi using explainable artificial intelligence27
A reliable and easy-to-implement approach to estimate daily urban benzene levels27
Multiscale numerical assessment of urban overheating under climate projections: A review27
Exploring the spatial spillover effects of climate change on the supply of medical and health services: Evidence from China27
Exploring the decoupling effect and driving mechanism of carbon emissions at macroscale: An empirical study from Wuhan metropolitan area27
Decoding the spatiotemporal dynamics and driving mechanisms of ecological resilience in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration: A deep learning approach26
Influences and pathways of urban form and lifestyle on carbon emission reduction26
A microclimate model for plant transpiration effects26
Modelling the efficiency of Nature-based Solutions to decrease extreme heat in dense urban areas in Vienna at micro- to city-scale26
Virginia Heat Watch: Collaboration to assess climate vulnerability at local to regional scales26
Assessing future flood risks in megacity suburbs under shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs) scenarios: A case study of Beijing26
Urban trees: Sink or source for particulate matter (PM)? A review of PM reduction and biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) emissions26
Urban PM2.5 concentration monitoring: A review of recent advances in ground-based, satellite, model, and machine learning integration26
Energy and environment: How could energy-consuming transition promote the synergy of pollution reduction and carbon emission reduction in China?26
Projection of urban land surface temperature: An inter- and intra-annual modeling approach26
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