Applied Neuropsychology-Adult

Article	Citations
Correction	30
Using harmonized FITBIR datasets to examine associations between TBI history and cognitive functioning	28
Investigation of applicability and reliability of addenbrooke’s cognitive assessment-III with Turkish cultural adaptation	26
Computerized cognitive rehabilitation for patients with traumatic brain injury: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials	24
Comparison of performance on the oral versus written trail making test in patients with movement disorders	21
Forgetting rate for the familiarity and recollection components of recognition in amnestic mild cognitive impairment: A longitudinal study	19
A further study of the psychometric qualities of the Strange Stories-Revised across the three stages of aging	19
Measuring attentional blink magnitude: Reliability and validity of a novel single-target rapid serial visual presentation task index in a psychiatric sample	17
Recovery after traumatic brain injury: An integrative review of the role of social factors on postinjury outcomes	17
Normative data for the 12-item Buschke memory task in the Quebec-French population aged 50 and over	17
Brief report on the Neural Circuits Questionnaire (NCQ): Recap and scoring	16
Investigation of comparative nonword repetition performance in multiple sclerosis: Group differences, subtype variations, and disability effects	15
Humanizing neuropsychological assessment: The role of empathy	14
The impact of subcortical stroke-related aphasia on executive functions and working memory	13
The cognitive and cognitive-motor training contribution to the improvement of different aspects of executive functions in healthy adults aged 65 years and above—A randomized controlled trial	13
Adaptation of the Cognitive Screening Test (Triagem Cognitiva – TRIACOG) for computer-mediated assessments: TRIACOG-Online	13
Factors influencing the cognitive performance in cognitively unimpaired older adults and people living with Alzheimer’s disease: Insights from a middle-income Latin American country	12
Symptom coaching and symptom validity tests: An analog study using the structured inventory of malingered symptomatology, Self-Report Symptom Inventory, and Inventory of Problems-29	12
The effect of computerized working memory training on working memory and emotion perception for patients with chronic schizophrenia and normal cognition	12
Cognitive reserve relates to successful aging: A cross-sectional study focusing on psychological well-being and daily living activities in the elderly	12
An examination of the clinical utility of phonemic fluency in healthy adults and adults with mild cognitive impairment	11
Norwegian normative data for regression-based D-KEFS color-word interference test derived measures and comparison to conventional contrast measures	11
A Systematic Review of Neurophysiological and Self-Report Psychological Inventories for Cannabis Use Disorder	11
Factor analysis of neuropsychological attention measures with mild traumatic brain injury patients	10
Reliability and validity of a novel mobile-based automatic battery of cognitive tests in healthy young Chinese adults	10

Exploring the effects of COVID-19 on verbal memory function in schizophrenia: Multiple case study and brief literature review	9
Characteristics of cognition impairment in patients after stroke based on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised in China	9
Validating the effects of sex differences and auditory/visual-based verbal memory on recall tasks in a virtual supermarket	9
Cognitive Intraindividual variability in injection drug use among Hispanic residents of Puerto Rico	9
Cognitive profiles in the acute phase of traumatic brain injury according to injury severity	9
Is recovery from left-sided neglect based on changes in automatic attention? An auditory event related potentials study	9
Correction	9
Evaluating interval-based indices from tests of semantic verbal fluency for mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review	9
Exploring social cognition in individuals with neuropsychiatric symptoms following acquired brain injury	8
Executive functioning in subjects post COVID-19 infection in Mexico	8
Neuropsychological test using machine learning for cognitive impairment screening	8
Theory of mind in trichotillomania: A cross-sectional comparison with healthy controls	7
One hundred and ten fundamentals of performance validity tests in neuropsychological forensic disability and related assessment II: Literature review	7
Measurement invariance of a neuropsychological battery across urban and rural older adults in Costa Rica	7
Performance of older adults in a digital change detection task: The role of heterogeneous education	7
The general ability measure for adults underrepresents true IQ in a high-functioning aviation population	7
Application of mini-mental state examination and Montreal Cognitive Assessment in the diagnosis of dementia with Lewy bodies and Alzheimer’s disease	7
Exploring symptomatology and innovative treatment modalities for prefrontal cortex lesions: a systematic review	7
The sustained attention to response task: Validation of a non-numerical parallel form	7
Neurologic music therapy for inhibitory control in parkinson’s disease: Intervention protocol for a feasibility study	7
Preliminary results on the efficacy of a neurocognitive training programme with multisensory integration in Major Neurocognitive Disorder	7
Forward versus backward recall: Modality testing	7
“Encephalapp Stroop”: Validity and reliability of a smartphone app to measure cognitive performance in physically active subjects	6
Comparing the effects of dietary sugars on cognitive performance and reaction time: A randomized, placebo- controlled and double-blind experimental trial	6
The standard assessment of global everyday activities is a valid and reliable scale to assess both physical and cognitive functionality in Turkish older adults	6
Neuropsychological assessment by video teleconference in adults: A systematic review	6
CVLT-II short form forced choice recognition in a clinical dementia sample: Cautions for performance validity assessment	6
Evidence for the reliability and validity of a Spanish translation of the Medication Management Ability Assessment administered via tele-assessment	6
Measuring memory: A survey of neuropsychological practice amongst New Zealand psychologists	6
Longitudinal analysis of sustained performance on gamified cognitive assessment tasks	6
Working memory ımprovement after transcranial direct current stimulation paired with working memory training ın diabetic peripheral neuropathy	6
Investigation of the utility of smartphone-based gait analyses in discrimination between patients with Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease	6
Validation of the Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination-III for detecting vascular dementia in Iranian patients with stroke: A secondary data analysis	6
Incorrect encoding responses improve the classification accuracy of the Word Choice Test	6
Inhibitory control as possible risk and/or resilience factor for the development of trauma related symptoms–a study of the Utøya terror attack survivors	6
Ethical issues in clinical neuropsychology: International diversity perspectives	6
How do aging, socioeconomic status, and gender affect verbal fluency, cognitive skills, depression, and daily living activities in older people?	6
Perceptual lateralization on the Rod-and-Frame Test in young and older adults	5
Reliability and validity of the Turkish executive function performance test in people with stroke	5
Common and proper nouns in mild Alzheimer’s disease	5
The psychometric properties of the working memory questionnaire in a South African young adult sample	5
Eye tracking during conventional neuropsychological assessments of spatial neglect	5
Impaired processing of conspecifics in Parkinson’s disease	5
Modified Dead–Alive Test for the assessment of semantic and episodic memory performance of older patients with neurocognitive disorder	5
The trail less traveled: Analytical approach for creating shortened versions for virtual reality-based color trails test	5
The limitations and challenges in the assessment of executive dysfunction associated with real-world functioning: The opportunity of serious games	5
A prospective randomized study examining the impact of intravenous versus inhalational anesthesia on postoperative cognitive decline and delirium	5
VA psychologists’ professional practices and attitudes toward tele-neuropsychology among a tele-neuropsychology interest group within the Veterans Health Administration	5
One hundred and ten fundamentals of performance validity tests in neuropsychological forensic disability and related assessment I: Introduction	5
Cognitive functions of individuals with reported low-frequency noise perceptions	5

A preliminary investigation of the utility of the Word Memory Test Immediate Recognition trial as a screener for noncredible performance	5
Type 2 diabetes mellitus: A cross-sectional analysis of glycemic controls and brain health outcomes	5
Subjective cognitive complaints and objective cognitive functioning in combat veterans: Effects of PTSD and deployment mild TBI	5
Influence of age, education, and blast exposure on the Test of Memory Malingering in an active-duty military sample	5
Classification of neuroimaging data in Alzheimer’s disease using particle swarm optimization: A systematic review	5
Applicability of artificial intelligence in neuropsychological rehabilitation of patients with brain injury	5
Correspondence of the Boston Naming Test and Multilingual Naming Test in identifying naming impairments in a geriatric cognitive disorders clinic	5
Using supplemental memory measures to refine interpretation of the repeatable battery for the assessment of neuropsychological status	5
Failing more freestanding performance validity tests results in progressive artificial lowering of invalid neuropsychological test scores	5
Strategic and lexical retrieval processes in free verb fluency: The influence of age and education	4
Test taking location and practice effects as factors contributing to scores on remotely administered neurocognitive performance tests in a sample of older adults	4
Cognitive patterns and neural correlates in acquired phonological dyslexia. A pilot study in Greek patients after traumatic and non-traumatic brain disorders	4
Validity assessment of early retirement claimants: Symptom overreporting on the Beck Depression Inventory – II	4
Assessing the impact of age on everyday cognitive function with a virtual environment task: The EcoKitchen	4
Does the side of onset influence symptom severity in Parkinson’s disease? A systematic review and meta-analysis	4
Recovery of gestures for persons with severe non-fluent aphasia and limb apraxia: A long-term follow-up study	4
Effect of the strategy game Mangala on cognitive function, anxiety, depression, and fine motor skills in individuals with Alzheimer’s disease: A randomized controlled trial	4
Preliminary evidence for digit span performance validity indicators within the neuropsychological assessment battery	4
Compensatory cognitive training for people with traumatic brain injury: A systematic review of randomized controlled trial	4
Interaction of neurological disorders and medical comorbidities is associated with an increased rate of incompetency adjudications	4
Cognitive alterations and brain functional changes following chemotherapy treatment in breast cancer patients: A systematic review on resting-state fMRI studies	4
Older adult driving performance assessed under simulated and on-road conditions	4
Executive functions in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis	4
Cognitive dysfunction in patients with primary adrenal insufficiency: A systematic review	4
Cross-cultural linguistic adaptation and development of three alternate forms of the Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test to the Brazilian context: The role of word familiarity	4
Dissociations between musical semantic memory and verbal memory in a patient with behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia	4
Are you more impulsive with age? Examining age, marital status, and gender on cognitive ageing	4
Return to work following mild traumatic brain injury: Psychological and cognitive factors in a litigating sample in the post acute stage of recovery	4
Differential linguistic features of verbal fluency in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia and primary progressive aphasia	4
Piloting the Coffs Harbour Executive Functioning Screen (CHEFS): An off-road tool to predict fitness to drive	4
The Scale Assessment of Executive Functions-Adult (SAEF-A): Construction of a valid ecological instrument	4
Machine and deep learning algorithms for classifying different types of dementia: A literature review	4
Correction	4
Can short-term memory capacity change resting brain behavior? Findings from neuropsychological assessment and dynamic causal modeling	4
Age effects on Wechsler Memory Scale–Fourth Edition (WMS–IV) indexes and subtests	4
Goal attainment in individual and group-based neuropsychological interventions for young adults with dyslexia in a randomized controlled trial	4
Translation, cross-cultural adaptation, and validation of the Persian version of Everyday Memory Questionnaire-Revised (EMQ-R) in patients with multiple sclerosis	3
A simple method to evaluate the pentagon copy test of the Mini-Mental State Examination for the differentiation of dementia with Lewy bodies	3
A model of sensory, emotional, and cognitive reserve	3
Subjective appraisal of cognition among American racial groups	3
Distinguishing Alzheimer’s disease from other dementias using pattern profile analysis in the Meyers Neuropsychological Battery: An exploratory study	3
The effectiveness of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on the cognitive flexibility and memory span in adults with temporal lobe epilepsy	3
Correlation of Montreal Cognitive Assessment with Quality of Life in Epilepsy Inventory-31 in adult persons with epilepsy	3
Untreated if unrecognized: A cognitive profile of sustained subjective executive dysfunctions in COVID-19	3
The need for psychometric rigor in neuropsychology: A practical framework for reform	3
Treatment of verb tense inflection and sentence production in Persian individuals with agrammatism	3
Fundamentals of health neuroscience	3
Multivariate examination of embedded indicators of performance validity for ADHD evaluations: A targeted approach	3
The association of depression and apathy with Alzheimer’s disease biomarkers in a cross-cultural sample	3
Measuring subjective cognitive complaints with covid-19 brain fog using the subjective scale to investigate cognition (SSTICS)	3
The effects of deep TMS on purpose in life, quantitative EEG and event-related potentials in major depressive disorder	3
Mindfulness-based vs. cognitive rehabilitation interventions for post-stroke recovery: A comparative study of SIS outcomes	3
3-Year test-retest reliability in Parkinson’s disease and healthy older adults: The Parkinson’s progression markers initiative study	3
Normative data for COGITAB: An Italian tablet-based test battery conceived for the preclinical phase of Alzheimer’s disease	3
Normative data for the story recall subtest of the BEM-144 in the Quebec-French population aged 50 years and over	3
EEG-derived brainwave patterns for depression diagnosis via hybrid machine learning and deep learning frameworks	3
Self-reported anterograde memory loss in older persons that is not validated on neuropsychological assessment: Considerations for a dissociative diagnosis	3
Comprehensive neuropsychological assessment and predictors of cognitive functioning at six months after COVID-19 in patients treated in the ICU, regular hospital ward, or isolated at home	3
A review of the reliability of remote neuropsychological assessment	3
Role of cognitive reserve in supporting executive efficiency and theory of mind in older adults	3
Comparing virtual reality with traditional methods in cognitive rehabilitation in PICS syndrome	3
Which motor-cognitive abilities underlie the digital Trail-Making Test? Decomposing various test scores to detect cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease—Pilot study	3
Development, validity, and reliability of Neural Circuits Questionnaire (NCQ)	3
Comparison of theory of mind and neurocognition in siblings and offspring of female schizophrenia patients	3
Measuring Executive function: Performance-based versus self-report, evidence from a community sample	3
Neurophysiological and neuropsychological parameters in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy	3
Neuropsychological assessment of patients with alzheimer’s Disease in the presence or absence of spouses	3
Validation of a computer-administered survey measure of graphophonological-semantic cognitive flexibility	3
Exploring relationships between executive functions and maladaptive cyclical patterns in a transdiagnostic sample	3
Visuospatial memory profile of patients with Parkinson’s disease	3
Cognitive deficits in multiple sclerosis: Auditory and visual attention and inhibitory control	3
From neurodevelopmental to neurodegenerative disorders: Investigating symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in patients with dementia	3
Inter-rater variability in scoring of Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination-Third Edition (ACE-III) protocols	3
Developing multiple shortened forms of virtual reality-based color trails test	3
Examining objective and subjective sleep measures and neurocognition in older adults with HIV: A cross-sectional study in the deep South	3
Is language translation enough in cross-cultural neuropsychological assessments of patients from Latin America?	3
Racial differences in positive findings on embedded performance validity tests	3
Relationship between neuropsychiatric symptoms and cognition in multiple sclerosis: A systematic review	3
Cognitive remediation positively impacts cognition and psychopathological symptoms in patients with schizophrenia: A preliminary study	3
An alternative approach to TOMM cutoff scores using a large sample of military personnel	3

Paroxysmal dyskinesia and electrodermal volatility: The role of mindfulness, self-compassion and psychophysiological interventions	3
When Failing One Performance Validity Test Matters	3
A preliminary adaptation of select subtests from the Western Aphasia battery – revised for the Franco-Ontarian population	3
Once is enough! An analogue study on repeated validity assessment in adults with ADHD	3
Response time measures on the Word Memory Test do not add incremental validity to accuracy scores in predicting noncredible neurocognitive dysfunction in mild traumatic brain injury litigants	3
A novel hazard avoidance model based on young drivers’ characteristics: A driving simulator study	2
Functional near-infrared spectroscopy is a sensitive marker of neurophysiological deficits on executive function tasks in young adults with a history of child abuse	2
Noncredible symptom reporting in whiplash injury: The role of financial incentives and validity testing with the Self-Report Symptom Inventory (SRSI)	2
Fifteen years later: Enhancing the classification accuracy of the performance validity module of the Advanced Clinical Solutions	2
Symptom attribution is a stronger predictor of PVT-failure than symptom endorsement in treatment-seeking Veterans with remote mTBI history: A pilot study	2
Semantic knowledge of social norms in frontotemporal dementia patients with either predominant frontal or temporal lobe atrophy	2
Americans have a longer digit span but a shorter spatial span than Finns	2
Capturing daily-life executive impairments in adults: Does the choice of neuropsychological tests matter?	2
Verbal fluency in bilingual Lebanese adults: Is the prominent language advantage due to executive processes, language processes, or both?	2
Characteristics of cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome in patients with acute cerebellar stroke and its impact on outcome	2
Normative data for the verb fluency test in the adult French-Quebec population and validation study in mild cognitive impairment	2
Anatomy of Neuropsychiatry: The new anatomy of the basal forebrain and its implications for neuropsychiatric illness	2
Trajectory of long-term neuropsychological performances and cognitive-deterioration-free survival after hippocampus-sparing whole-brain radiotherapy in cancer patients mostly with newly diagnosed brai	2
Right brain hemisphere lesions affecting language functioning in the acute phase of stroke recovery: A Croatian survey	2
Normative data for the Grooved Pegboard Test in Quebec-French middle-aged and older adults	2
Clinically meaningful change following compensatory cognitive training in veterans with a history of mild traumatic brain injury: A brief report	2
Phonological, orthographic and morphological skills are related to structural properties of ventral and motor white matter pathways in skilled and impaired readers	2
Application of machine learning techniques for dementia severity prediction from psychometric tests in the elderly population	2
Association of dual task gait performance with cognitive outcomes among older adults: Piloting an inexpensive, portable assessment platform	2
Reply to Damberg and Pellas (2022) on the FAB-Swe	2
Normative data for the Tower of London (Drexel version) in the Quebec-French population aged between 50 and 88 years	2
‘Foundations of the Mind, Brain, and Behavioral Relationships’: a combined faculty and student’s perspective of a new textbook on clinical neuroscience	2
Measuring social cognition within the university: The Social Cognition Psychometric Evaluation (SCOPE) battery in an undergraduate sample	2
Impaired lexical access for unique entities in individuals with subjective cognitive decline	2
Love, anger and Primary Progressive Aphasia: Psychological care for a person with dementia	2
The discriminant validity of Rey Complex Figure Test (RCFT) in subjective cognitive decline, mild cognitive impairment (multiple domain) and Alzheimer’s disease dementia (ADD; mild stage) in Greek old	2
Disentangling subjective symptom complaints and objective cognitive performance in veterans: Impact of posttraumatic stress disorder and lifetime traumatic brain injury burden	2
Cross-cultural comparison of the performance on the Five-Point test between highly educated comparable samples of Argentina and South Africa	2
Associations of cognitive impairment and functional limitation with all-cause mortality risk in older adults: A population-based study from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey	2
Examining the cross-cultural validity of the test of memory malingering and the Rey 15-item test	2
Validity and norms for young adults for the Aggie Figures Learning Test	2
Normative data for the Color Trails Test in middle-aged and elderly Quebec-French people	2
Dementia worry in ethnoracially diverse young adults	2
Lower semantic verbal fluency at baseline indicates future decline in subjective cognitive decline	2
Effect of 3D-MOT training on the execution of manual dexterity skills in a population of older adults with mild cognitive impairment and mild dementia	2
Primary progressive aphasia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (PPA-ALS): A longitudinal case study	2
Occupational differences in a Dutch sample of patients with primary progressive aphasia, behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia, and Alzheimer’s dementia	2
The relationship between neurotransmission-related amino acid blood concentrations and neuropsychological performance following acute exercise	2
The influence of early life socio-environmental factors on executive performance in a healthy adult sample	2
Virtual reality in clinical evaluation of Unilateral Spatial Neglect, anatomy of current trends: A scoping review	2
Cross-cultural comparison of performance on the multicultural neuropsychological scale between participants from Argentina and the United States of America	2
A systematic review of the effectiveness of digital cognitive assessments of cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease	2
Construct validity of the CoCo-P: Associations between cognitive complaints during participation and cognitive and emotional consequences	2
Accelerated long-term forgetting: Design and validation of a neuropsychological tool in healthy subjects and diagnostic accuracy in a group of subjects with severe acquired brain injury	2
Neuropsychological profile of an adult with Down syndrome-Klinefelter syndrome	2
Cognitive processing differences between stereotype activation and semantic activation	2
The cognitive burden of epilepsy: Assessing executive dysfunction in adult patients	2
Compensatory cognitive training in the schizophrenia spectrum: A pilot study in an outpatient Mexican sample	2
Cross-validation of the WAIS-IV Similarities incidental learning task	2
Cry for help as a root cause of poor symptom validity: A critical note	2
The impact of visual and motor skills on ideational apraxia and transcortical sensory aphasia	2
Cognitive processing differences between stereotype activation and semantic activation	2
Cognitive impairment in Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder: A retrospective study using the Brief International cognitive Assessment for Multiple Sclerosis (BICAMS)	2
Role of music therapy in improving cognitive function post-traumatic brain injury: A systematic review	2
Efficacy of non-computerized cognitive rehabilitation in Parkinson’s disease: A one year follow up study	2
A comparative analysis of executive functions in Broca’s aphasia and healthy adults	2
Long term effects of severe acquired brain injury: A follow-up investigation on the role of cognitive reserve on cognitive outcomes	2
Working memory: Development, test-retest reliability, and sensitivity of the Digit Span computerized task during physical exercise	2
Case Series of neuropsychological assessment of Afghans in the United States: Healthy, malingering, and impaired profiles	2
Neuropsychological assessment for epileptic disease: From theory to practice	2
Validation study of the Persian version of behavioral pathology in Alzheimer’s Disease Rating scale (BEHAVE-AD) and the empirical BHAVE-AD (E-BEHAVE-AD)	2
Introduction and preliminary psychometric evaluation of the assessment of functional capacity interview for older adults	2
Cognitive reserve and aging: Impacts on theory of mind and executive functions	2
Automated procedure for demographic adjustments on cognitive test scores	2
Activities of daily living inventory (ADLI): Psychometric properties in a sample of stroke patients	2
Towers of Kuwait Arabic Neurocognitive Assessment: A novel executive and visuospatial functions assessment tool added to the CERAD neuropsychological battery-Arabic version (CERAD-ArNB)	2
One hundred and ten fundamentals of performance validity tests in neuropsychological forensic disability and related assessment III: Core sources	2
Performance on the Latin American version of the Face-Name Associative Memory Exam (LAS-FNAME) distinguishes individuals with Mild Cognitive Impairment from age-matched controls in a sample from Argen	1
Activity memory in traumatic brain injury: The role of encoding and retrieval	1
Neuropragmatics: A scientometric review	1
Cross-cultural adaptation of the web-based executive functioning questionnaire for Brazilian sample (Webexec-BR)	1
Response to comment on “Assessment of executive functions in older adults: Translation and initial validation of the Swedish version of the frontal assessment battery, FAB-Swe”	1
Measuring working memory span with WAIS-IV: Digit sequence is the superior span test	1
Computer-assisted training of executive functions in adult patients with non-progressive acquired brain damage – a pilot study on efficacy of a new therapeutic application	1
Activities of Daily Living Inventory (ADLI): Proposal of a new instrument and preliminary data	1
Longitudinal neuropsychological performance of post-stroke adults with and without rehabilitation	1
Comparison of machine learning algorithms for predicting cognitive impairment using neuropsychological tests	1
Cortical and subcortical gray matter volume and cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease	1
Cross-cultural adaptation, validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Cognitive Functioning Self-Assessment Scale (CFSS)	1
The 8-item NHANES pocket smell test ® : Normative data	1
The English-language version of the Self-Report Symptom Inventory: a pilot analogue study with feigned head injury sequelae	1
Executive function among adults with autism spectrum disorder: An eye-tracking study	1
Multivariable utility of the Memory Integrated Language and Making Change Test	1
Association of cognitive-linguistic deficits to diffusion tensor imaging parameters in moderate to severe traumatic diffuse axonal injury	1
Glycaemic profile and cognitive impairment in individuals with diabetes mellitus: A cross-sectional study on HbA1c, random blood glucose, and serum insulin levels	1
Reduced false memory in the second language of Turkish-English bilinguals	1
The relationship of the clinician-rated Functional Status Interview with executive functioning	1
ERP biomarkers for go/no-go tasks to detect potential cognitive impairment in community-dwelling older adults	1
Ecological validity of executive function tests in predicting driving performance	1
Self-perceived stigma in Parkinson’s Disease in an online sample: Comparison with in-person sample, role of anxiety, and relative utility of four measures of stigma perception	1