Motivation Science

Article	Citations
Supplemental Material for Role of Contingency in Reward–Emotion Interactions During the Categorization of Emotional Facial Expressions	118
Supplemental Material for Missing Out by Pursuing Rewarding Outcomes: Why Initial Biases Can Lead to Persistent Suboptimal Choices	75
Supplemental Material for Measuring Subjective Mental Effort as an Aversive and Enjoyable Phenomenon	26
Goal motives, mental contrasting with implementation intentions, and the self-regulation of saving goals: A longitudinal investigation.	25
Supplemental Material for Pushing Reactance Theory: An Examination of the Reactance Process in the Context of Advice	25
Aggressive motivation: An introduction and overview.	23
Ramadan fasting as a goal-pursuit: Why people fast, and how motives affect their experience.	22
Which insights can research on achievement motivation gain from network analysis? Comparing different network methods empirically.	21
Dyadic motive fit: How individual differences in dyads’ motives predict performance and communication in joint action.	19
Understanding aggression in adolescence by studying the neurobiological stress system: A systematic review.	19
What is next for situated expectancy-value theory? A reply to our commentators.	19
Emotional learning and psychopathic personality traits: The role of attentional focus and intention to learn.	17
Supplemental Material for Leave to Fight Another Day: Having the Option to Switch Promotes a Persistence Trade-Off	15
Supplemental Material for Episodic Binding of Approach–Avoidance Goals to Stimuli: On the Microgenesis of Stimulus-Motivated Action Tendencies to Approach and Avoid	15
The uncertainty-dissuasion model of reactance inhibition.	14
The force of craving: Approach movements relate to lateralized P3 amplitudes and sensation seeking.	13
Does exposure to sedentary temptations activate physical activity goals? A high-powered replication study.	13
A mastery-oriented (and masterful) career: Some reflections on Carol Dweck’s legacy article.	13
Self-regulatory processes in striving for identity goals: Self-incompleteness shields eco-friendly vegans from temptations.	12
Supplemental Material for Dyadic Motive Fit: How Individual Differences in Dyads’ Motives Predict Performance and Communication in Joint Action	12
Using dynamic item response theory and machine learning based on natural language processing to improve the reliability of the Operant Motive Test.	11
A fictional discussion between the late B. F. Skinner and Edwin A. Locke.	11
Episodic binding of approach–avoidance goals to stimuli: On the microgenesis of stimulus-motivated action tendencies to approach and avoid.	10
The homunculus in the room: A reply to Kunde and Janczyk (2024) and Hommel and Eder (2024).	10
Empowering change: A self-control perspective on how choice architecture interventions can promote sustainable behavior change.	9

The legacies of the neuropsychology of anxiety for Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory.	9
Effort and motivation to characterize mental fatigue: Behavior and functional connectivity.	9
Supplemental Material for Peer’s Angry Expression Promotes Social Punishment in Group Unfairness	9
It is time to stop using the terminology “passive” fatigue.	9
Supplemental Material for The Two Faces of Persistence: How Harmonious and Obsessive Passion Shape Goal Pursuit	8
Emotions, action tendencies, and the reinforcement sensitivity theory.	8
Congratulations, so happy for you! Promotion motivation predicts social support for positive events.	8
Supplemental Material for Walking 100 Kilometers in 24 Hours: The Role of Motivational Profiles in Walkers’ Mental Experiences and Performance	7
Effort-related cardiac activity under cognitive fatigue: The role of success importance.	7
Understanding the desire to play violent video games: An integrative motivational theory.	7
Latent profiles of high school academic intrinsic motivation: Relations to educational attainment, curiosity, and work and leadership motivation in adulthood.	7
The legacy of Julius Kuhl: Building bridges and crossing boundaries between topics, theories, and times.	7
Supplemental Material for Metacognitive Awareness of Subjective Difficulty, Effort, and Frustration in Cognitive Conflict Contexts	7
From feeling to doing in social dilemmas: Emotional and behavioral responses to climate change.	7
Why motivation for adhering to COVID-19 measures matters: Investigating time-lagged associations with epidemiological indicators.	6
Supplemental Material for Does Exposure to Sedentary Temptations Activate Physical Activity Goals? A High-Powered Replication Study	6
Where are anxiety and personality in the brain?	6
Supplemental Material for Goal Motives, Mental Contrasting With Implementation Intentions, and the Self-Regulation of Saving Goals: A Longitudinal Investigation	6
Supplemental Material for Mentalizing in Reactance: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study of Freedom Threats	6
Effects of habit and intention on behavior: Meta-analysis and test of key moderators.	6
Implications of psychological reactance for clinical practice in psychiatry including a systematic review.	6
Creativity and self-regulation: From justificatory cognition to motivational dynamics.	5
Beyond counterarguing? Comparing multiple measures of cognitive resistance for psychological reactance using the avoidance, contesting, and empowering (ACE) resistance typology.	5
Supplemental Material for The Differential Effects of Reward Prospect and Reward Reception: Dynamic Performance Adjustment Versus Stable Performance	5
Supplemental Material for Candidate Antecedents of Need Supportive and Need Thwarting Interpersonal Styles: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis	5
School context and academic engagement: A longitudinal study on the mediating effect of the motivational self system.	5
Rebels for a reason: How psychological reactance is goal-directed.	5
Defeminizing sustainability: How to boost men’s motivation for proenvironmental behavior.	4
Expectancy, value, . . . And more.	4
The cerebellum in aggression: Extending the cortico-limbic dual-route model of motivation and emotion.	4
On the nature, predictors, and outcomes of longitudinal work passion profiles.	4
Transtheoretical model technology-based interventions to improve health behaviors in veterans.	4
Supplemental Material for Motives and Mental Contrasting With Implementation Intentions Predict Progress and Management of Goals in Parents	4
Need for cognition modulates the influence of feedback on control engagement: Behavioral and ERP evidence from a Stroop task.	4
Supplemental Material for Effort-Related Cardiac Activity Under Cognitive Fatigue: The Role of Success Importance	4
Cognitive mastery motivation antecedents of academic intrinsic motivation latent profiles: A longitudinal study from preschool to adolescence.	4
Who suffers most from rejection? Negative affective contingencies in the affiliation domain.	4
Walking 100 kilometers in 24 hours: The role of motivational profiles in walkers’ mental experiences and performance.	3
Beyond achievement: Transformation mindset enhances authenticity after goal success.	3
Supplemental Material for Motive-Modulated Attentional Orienting Is Shaped by Stimulus-Driven Learning: The Case of Dominance Cues and the Need for Power	3
Supplemental Material for You Can(’t) Always Get What You Want: When Goal Persistence Requires Flexibility	3
Candidate antecedents of need supportive and need thwarting interpersonal styles: A systematic review and meta-analysis.	3
Student attributions about interest-value shape academic decisions and recommendations.	3
Measuring avoidance-related trait anger: American and Polish versions of the Avoidance Motivated Response to Anger Scale (AMRAS).	3
The utility value of a broad, comprehensive theory of motivation.	3
Supplemental Material for Learning Contexts Matter: Having Value-Supportive Instructors Moderates the Efficacy of a Utility-Value Intervention in Community College Math	3
Measuring subjective mental effort as an aversive and enjoyable phenomenon.	3
Role of contingency in reward–emotion interactions during the categorization of emotional facial expressions.	3
Metacognitive awareness of subjective difficulty, effort, and frustration in cognitive conflict contexts.	3
Placing motivation again at the heart of psychology: Commentary on Dweck’s contributions.	3

Supplemental Material for Effects of Habit and Intention on Behavior: Meta-Analysis and Test of Key Moderators	2
The value of progress feedback in physical effort-based decision making.	2
The reflection of motive dispositions in everyday agentic motivational states.	2
Learning from failure.	2
Do I want this job? Integrating research across psychological subfields to examine how individuals think about perceived values during career decision making.	2
Transformative ideas and elaborate theoretical castles: Commentary on Baumann et al. (2026).	2
Goal-colored glasses: Goal instrumentality shapes when and with whom shared reality emerges.	2
A tale of two influences: Commonalities and distinctions of the influences of habit and hedonic motivation on health behaviors.	2
The reactive spiral: An initial empirical assessment.	2
Supplemental Material for Effort and Motivation to Characterize Mental Fatigue: Behavior and Functional Connectivity	2
Choosing task characteristics oneself justifies effort: A study on cardiac response and the critical role of task difficulty.	2
Negotiating with yourself and winning: The dual commitment model for intrapersonal sustainability goal conflicts.	2
Julius Kuhl’s contributions and some reflections on personality systems interactions and self-determination theory as organismic perspectives in dialogue.	2
Supplemental Material for Self-Regulatory Thought Across Time and Domains	2
The context-sensitive use of task enrichment to promote self-control: The role of metacognition and trait self-control.	2
Motives and gonadal steroid hormones across the menstrual cycle: A longitudinal replication study.	2
Goal shelving can both undermine and support prioritized goals: The role of opportunity costs.	2
Mentalizing in reactance: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of freedom threats.	2
Q: What is the recipe for defense? A: Threat, anxiety, and approach motivation.	2
Autonomous versus controlled goal motivation differentially predicts goal progress and well-being through emotion regulation styles.	2
Attitude-based self-regulation: A diary study on the role of attitudes in the experience and resolution of self-control conflicts in the context of vegetarians.	2
Supplemental Material for Goal Motives, Approach/Avoidance Appraisals, Psychological Needs, and Well-Being: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis	1
The motivation of aggression: A cognitive neuroscience approach and neurochemical speculations.	1
Metamotivational knowledge of others’ achievement goals in a work context.	1
Supplemental Material for Exploring the Role of Emotions in Metamotivational Monitoring in Strategic Task Selection	1
Why do I act for the environment? Socioeconomic status moderates the relationship between climate change beliefs and sustainable actions.	1
Exploring the role of goal-dependent processes in action slips under time pressure.	1
Supplemental Material for What Matters More for Work Motivation? Compensation or Work Design?	1
The role of metamotivational knowledge in the regulation of motivation.	1
Using norm networks to map cultural differences in predictors of proenvironmental behavior in the United States and India.	1
Blind to threat: The presence of temporary goals prevents attention to imminent threat already at early stages of attention allocation.	1
Why elusive expectancy × value interactions may be critical for theory and intervention: A simulated power analysis.	1
The differential effects of reward prospect and reward reception: Dynamic performance adjustment versus stable performance.	1
Is task switching avoided to save effort or time? Shorter intertrial durations following task switches increase the willingness to switch tasks.	1
Peer’s angry expression promotes social punishment in group unfairness.	1
Psychological reactance theory: An introduction and overview.	1
Whose beliefs matter? The impact of undergraduate students’ perceptions of instructors’ and peers’ field-specific ability beliefs.	1
Supplemental Material for Exploring the Role of Goal-Dependent Processes in Action Slips Under Time Pressure	1
Disentangling the impact of instructor mindset and demeanor on student experiences.	1
Supplemental Material for Developing a Causally Valid Picture-Story Measure of Sexual Motivation: II. Effects of Film Clips	1
Mapping the dose–response relationship between monetary reward and cognitive performance.	1
Breaking down silos in motivation science.	1
Supplemental Material for Sign Tracking and Alcohol Consumption: A Translational Computerized Task Assessing Individual Differences in Humans	1
Personal perspectives on mindsets, motivation, and psychology.	1
Goal motives, approach/avoidance appraisals, psychological needs, and well-being: A systematic review and meta-analysis.	1
Supplemental Material for Need for Cognition Modulates the Influence of Feedback on Control Engagement: Behavioral and ERP Evidence From a Stroop Task	1
Pushing reactance theory: An examination of the reactance process in the context of advice.	0
Towards a more complex, dynamic, and personalized perspective on development.	0
Supplemental Material for Metamotivational Beliefs About To-Date and To-Go Progress Framing	0
Supplemental Material for When Will We Join the Road Blockade? (Non)Conformity to Radical Climate Protest Norms Under Salient Threat to Personal Control	0
Self-concordant goal-striving as internalized motivation: Benefits beyond person-goal fit.	0
Modern ideomotor theory of goal-directed action is not what you think: A commentary on Custers (2023).	0
Supplemental Material for Harming in Order to Help: An Empirical Characterization of Prosocial Aggression	0
Pavlovian cues boost self-regulation: Predicting success with conditioned stimuli.	0
How valid are self-reports of sexual motivation? Using the item sum technique to examine socially desirable responding in online research.	0
Supplemental Material for Mental Contrasting of a Feared Future and Uptake of Initial COVID-19 Vaccines and Bivalent Booster Shots: Two Randomized Controlled Trials	0
Supplemental Material for Exploring the Link Between Trait Reactance and Antiegalitarian Beliefs	0
When will we join the road blockade? (non)conformity to radical climate protest norms under salient threat to personal control.	0
Supplemental Material for And Yet They Tire: Cognitive Fatigue Facilitates Task Disengagement and Worsens Performance	0
A context's emphasis on intellectual ability discourages the expression of intellectual humility.	0
Beyond expectancy and value: Why action control theory still counts as motivation science.	0
When facilitating a group member’s (versus one’s own) progress increases motivation in group-level goal pursuit.	0
Mental contrasting of a feared future and uptake of initial COVID-19 vaccines and bivalent booster shots: Two randomized controlled trials.	0
Exploring effects of mixed mindset messages from science, technology, engineering, and mathematics instructors.	0
Acknowledgment	0
Supplemental Material for Social Motivations’ Limited Influence on Habitual Behavior: Tests From Social Media Engagement	0
Autonomous and controlled motivation in students: An experience sampling study on multitasking, concentration, and affect from a self-determination theory perspective.	0
Supplemental Material for Self-Regulatory Processes in Striving for Identity Goals: Self-Incompleteness Shields Eco-Friendly Vegans From Temptations	0
On being warm-hearted: Daily diary investigations of self-location and social functioning.	0
What matters more for work motivation? Compensation or work design?	0
Supplemental Material for Motives and Gonadal Steroid Hormones Across the Menstrual Cycle: A Longitudinal Replication Study	0
Individualizing proenvironmental behavior in the context of structural impediments.	0
Supplemental Material for Is Task Switching Avoided to Save Effort or Time? Shorter Intertrial Durations Following Task Switches Increase the Willingness to Switch Tasks	0
From physiology to policy: Understanding and promoting sustainable behavior.	0
Supplemental Material for Fostering Preservice Teachers’ Research-Related Beliefs and Motivation With Growth Mindset and Utility Value Interventions	0
Supplemental Material for When Facilitating a Group Member’s (Versus One’s Own) Progress Increases Motivation in Group-Level Goal Pursuit	0
How to keep oneself motivated when engaging in a boring activity? The differential effects of autonomy- and control-oriented self-motivating strategies.	0
I had coffee (actually tea) with Clark Hull.	0
Discrete emotions of dissonance.	0
Managing the motivation of others: Do managers recognize how to manage regulatory focus in subordinates?	0

Supplemental Material for Which Insights Can Research on Achievement Motivation Gain From Network Analysis? Comparing Different Network Methods Empirically	0
Thoughts about “Thoughts about actions and outcomes”: Comment on Custers (2023).	0
Retribution and utilitarianism as motives for children’s third-party punishment: An information-seeking approach.	0
Social motivations’ limited influence on habitual behavior: Tests from social media engagement.	0
Supplemental Material for Autonomy Influences the Subjective Experience of Mental Effort During a Reading Comprehension Task	0
Supplemental Material for Mapping the Dose–Response Relationship Between Monetary Reward and Cognitive Performance	0
Sign tracking and alcohol consumption: A translational computerized task assessing individual differences in humans.	0
Supplemental Material for Pavlovian Cues Boost Self-Regulation: Predicting Success With Conditioned Stimuli	0
Missing out by pursuing rewarding outcomes: Why initial biases can lead to persistent suboptimal choices.	0
Commentary on Personal perspectives on mindsets, motivation, and psychology by Carol S. Dweck.	0
Resolving incompleteness on social media: Online self-symbolizing reduces the orienting effects of incomplete identity goals.	0
Supplemental Material for Metamotivational Knowledge of Others’ Achievement Goals in a Work Context	0
Supplemental Material for On the Nature, Predictors, and Outcomes of Longitudinal Work Passion Profiles	0
Supplemental Material for Whose Beliefs Matter? The Impact of Undergraduate Students’ Perceptions of Instructors’ and Peers’ Field-Specific Ability Beliefs	0
Neuroendocrine mechanisms of aggression in rodents.	0
Your prosody matters! The effect of controlling tone of voice on listeners’ experienced pressure, closeness, and intention to collaborate with the speaker.	0
Self-regulatory thought across time and domains.	0
Economic inequality and student outcomes: What we know and where to go from here.	0
Considering the revisions of reinforcement sensitivity theory: Commentary on McNaughton (2025).	0
Harnessing regulatory focus and regulatory fit to improve educational outcomes.	0
Acknowledgment	0
Exploring the role of emotions in metamotivational monitoring in strategic task selection.	0
Developing a causally valid picture-story measure of sexual motivation: II. Effects of film clips.	0
Psilocybin legalization in the United States and psychological reactance: A test of evidence uncertainty, controlling language, and an ambiguous call to action.	0
Prosocial motivation can improve time-based prospective memory only under low cognitive load.	0
Saving the environment? That is beyond my (will)power!	0
Valid replications require valid methods: Recommendations for best methodological practices with lab experiments.	0
Learning contexts matter: Having value-supportive instructors moderates the efficacy of a utility-value intervention in community college math.	0
Useful and affordable? How costs and benefits uniquely shape motivated emotion regulation.	0
Fostering preservice teachers’ research-related beliefs and motivation with growth mindset and utility value interventions.	0
Just be yourself? Regulatory focus moderates the effects of societal standards attainment on personal well-being.	0
Flexible control: Conflict mindsets reduce the association between trait measures of self-control decision-making and delay discounting.	0
"Measuring avoidance-related trait anger: American and Polish versions of the Avoidance Motivated Response to Anger Scale (AMRAS)": Correction.	0
Metamotivational beliefs about to-date and to-go progress framing.	0
Scientist’s progress: A comment on Carol Dweck’s legacy.	0
Steroid hormones and severity of psychopathy in forensic patients.	0
Supplemental Material for Motivation Matters: Autonomous Motivation Sustains the Happiness From Prosocial Behavior	0
Supplemental Material for Why Elusive Expectancy × Value Interactions May Be Critical for Theory and Intervention: A Simulated Power Analysis	0
Acknowledgment	0
Supplemental Material for The Force of Craving: Approach Movements Relate to Lateralized P3 Amplitudes and Sensation Seeking	0
Supplemental Material for Exploring Effects of Mixed Mindset Messages From Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics Instructors	0
The effect of the intensity of withdrawal-motivation emotion on time perception: Evidence based on the five temporal tasks.	0
Supplemental Material for Q: What Is the Recipe for Defense? A: Threat, Anxiety, and Approach Motivation	0
Supplemental Material for The Value of Progress Feedback in Physical Effort-Based Decision Making	0
Supplemental Material for How to Keep Oneself Motivated When Engaging in a Boring Activity? The Differential Effects of Autonomy- and Control-Oriented Self-Motivating Strategies	0
Moral self-regulation and recycling: Does feeling guilty make us want to recycle more?	0
Supplemental Material for Useful and Affordable? How Costs and Benefits Uniquely Shape Motivated Emotion Regulation	0
Closeness regulation in couples: The temporal dynamics and dissociations of closeness frustration and closeness surfeit.	0
And yet they tire: Cognitive fatigue facilitates task disengagement and worsens performance.	0
Supplemental Material for Beyond Achievement: Transformation Mindset Enhances Authenticity After Goal Success	0
Supplemental Material for Developing a Causally Valid Picture-Story Measure of Sexual Motivation: I. Effects of Priming	0
Motive-modulated attentional orienting is shaped by stimulus-driven learning: The case of dominance cues and the need for power.	0
Developing a causally valid picture-story measure of sexual motivation: I. Effects of priming.	0
Thoughts about actions and outcomes (and what they lead to).	0
In it to win it? Comparative evaluation increases zero-sum beliefs.	0
Motives and mental contrasting with implementation intentions predict progress and management of goals in parents.	0
Supplemental Material for Goal-Colored Glasses: Goal Instrumentality Shapes When and With Whom Shared Reality Emerges	0
Rediscovering our purpose: Theory, evidence, and the soul of motivation science.	0
A fresh term of service at Motivation Science.	0
Embodied anger management: Approach-oriented postures moderate whether trait anger becomes translated into state anger and aggression.	0
What is self-control? A discussion of unresolved issues.	0
Supplemental Material for Freedom Under Constraints: Accentuating the Positive in the Time of Corona	0
Development and validation of the Goal Dimensions Questionnaire.	0
Can delaying positive feedback prevent performance drops? An action control perspective on coasting.	0
A look at the self-growth process: The role of passion and mastery goals in contextual and global self-growth.	0
Unpacking motivational culture: Diverging emphasis on communality and agency across STEM domains.	0
Supplemental Material for Can Delaying Positive Feedback Prevent Performance Drops? An Action Control Perspective on Coasting	0
Supplemental Material for The Amygdala and Appraised Concern-Relevance: Initial Evidence That Intrinsic Motivation Modulates Amygdala Response to Otherwise Neutral Stimuli	0
Supplemental Material for Why Do I Act for the Environment? Socioeconomic Status Moderates the Relationship Between Climate Change Beliefs and Sustainable Actions	0
Supplemental Material for Closeness Regulation in Couples: The Temporal Dynamics and Dissociations of Closeness Frustration and Closeness Surfeit	0
Freedom under constraints: Accentuating the positive in the time of corona.	0
The amygdala and appraised concern-relevance: Initial evidence that intrinsic motivation modulates amygdala response to otherwise neutral stimuli.	0
Supplemental Material for Why Motivation for Adhering to COVID-19 Measures Matters: Investigating Time-Lagged Associations With Epidemiological Indicators	0
Agentic engagement: Transcending passive motivation.	0
The two faces of persistence: How harmonious and obsessive passion shape goal pursuit.	0
The ulna-to-fibula ratio as a marker of organizational hormone effects on implicit motive development: A high-powered preregistered replication.	0
Harming in order to help: An empirical characterization of prosocial aggression.	0
Expectancy-value theory to situated expectancy-value theory: Reflections on the legacy of 40+ years of working together.	0
Autonomy influences the subjective experience of mental effort during a reading comprehension task.	0
“Don’t cross the streams”: How regulatory modes relate to task performance that benefits from either reflective or intuitive thinking.	0
From action initiation to persistence: A Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer analysis for cue-based goal pursuit.	0
Supplemental Material for Negotiating With Yourself and Winning: The Dual Commitment Model for Intrapersonal Sustainability Goal Conflicts	0
Exploring the link between trait reactance and antiegalitarian beliefs.	0
Supplemental Material for It Is Time to Stop Using the Terminology “Passive” Fatigue	0
Motivation matters: Autonomous motivation sustains the happiness from prosocial behavior.	0
The measurement of goal dimensions: A critical review.	0
Supplemental Material for From Action Initiation to Persistence: A Pavlovian-to-Instrumental Transfer Analysis for Cue-Based Goal Pursuit	0
You can(’t) always get what you want: When goal persistence requires flexibility.	0
Expressing and developing wisdom: A self-determination theory approach.	0
Supplemental Material for Autonomous Versus Controlled Goal Motivation Differentially Predicts Goal Progress and Well-Being Through Emotion Regulation Styles	0
Leave to fight another day: Having the option to switch promotes a persistence trade-off.	0
Supplemental Material for Autonomous and Controlled Motivation in Students: An Experience Sampling Study on Multitasking, Concentration, and Affect From a Self-Determination Theory Perspective	0
Supplemental Material for Saving the Environment? That Is Beyond My (Will)Power!	0
Supplemental Material for How Valid Are Self-Reports of Sexual Motivation? Using the Item Sum Technique to Examine Socially Desirable Responding in Online Research	0
Supplemental Material for Disentangling the Impact of Instructor Mindset and Demeanor on Student Experiences	0