Motivation Science

Article	Citations
Supplemental Material for Role of Contingency in Reward–Emotion Interactions During the Categorization of Emotional Facial Expressions	131
Supplemental Material for Missing Out by Pursuing Rewarding Outcomes: Why Initial Biases Can Lead to Persistent Suboptimal Choices	80
Supplemental Material for Measuring Subjective Mental Effort as an Aversive and Enjoyable Phenomenon	29
Supplemental Material for Pushing Reactance Theory: An Examination of the Reactance Process in the Context of Advice	27
Which insights can research on achievement motivation gain from network analysis? Comparing different network methods empirically.	25
Dyadic motive fit: How individual differences in dyads’ motives predict performance and communication in joint action.	23
What is next for situated expectancy-value theory? A reply to our commentators.	23
Ramadan fasting as a goal-pursuit: Why people fast, and how motives affect their experience.	22
Goal motives, mental contrasting with implementation intentions, and the self-regulation of saving goals: A longitudinal investigation.	21
Supplemental Material for Episodic Binding of Approach–Avoidance Goals to Stimuli: On the Microgenesis of Stimulus-Motivated Action Tendencies to Approach and Avoid	20
Supplemental Material for Leave to Fight Another Day: Having the Option to Switch Promotes a Persistence Trade-Off	18
The uncertainty-dissuasion model of reactance inhibition.	17
Does exposure to sedentary temptations activate physical activity goals? A high-powered replication study.	17
The force of craving: Approach movements relate to lateralized P3 amplitudes and sensation seeking.	16
A mastery-oriented (and masterful) career: Some reflections on Carol Dweck’s legacy article.	15
Supplemental Material for Dyadic Motive Fit: How Individual Differences in Dyads’ Motives Predict Performance and Communication in Joint Action	14
Using dynamic item response theory and machine learning based on natural language processing to improve the reliability of the Operant Motive Test.	13
Self-regulatory processes in striving for identity goals: Self-incompleteness shields eco-friendly vegans from temptations.	12
A fictional discussion between the late B. F. Skinner and Edwin A. Locke.	12
Episodic binding of approach–avoidance goals to stimuli: On the microgenesis of stimulus-motivated action tendencies to approach and avoid.	11
The homunculus in the room: A reply to Kunde and Janczyk (2024) and Hommel and Eder (2024).	11
Supplemental Material for Peer’s Angry Expression Promotes Social Punishment in Group Unfairness	10
Empowering change: A self-control perspective on how choice architecture interventions can promote sustainable behavior change.	9
Emotions, action tendencies, and the reinforcement sensitivity theory.	9
Effort and motivation to characterize mental fatigue: Behavior and functional connectivity.	9

It is time to stop using the terminology “passive” fatigue.	9
The legacies of the neuropsychology of anxiety for Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory.	9
Supplemental Material for The Two Faces of Persistence: How Harmonious and Obsessive Passion Shape Goal Pursuit	9
Supplemental Material for Metacognitive Awareness of Subjective Difficulty, Effort, and Frustration in Cognitive Conflict Contexts	8
Congratulations, so happy for you! Promotion motivation predicts social support for positive events.	8
Why motivation for adhering to COVID-19 measures matters: Investigating time-lagged associations with epidemiological indicators.	7
Effort-related cardiac activity under cognitive fatigue: The role of success importance.	7
Supplemental Material for Workers’ Metamotivational Beliefs About Achievement Goals	7
The legacy of Julius Kuhl: Building bridges and crossing boundaries between topics, theories, and times.	7
Latent profiles of high school academic intrinsic motivation: Relations to educational attainment, curiosity, and work and leadership motivation in adulthood.	7
Supplemental Material for Walking 100 Kilometers in 24 Hours: The Role of Motivational Profiles in Walkers’ Mental Experiences and Performance	7
From feeling to doing in social dilemmas: Emotional and behavioral responses to climate change.	7
Effects of habit and intention on behavior: Meta-analysis and test of key moderators.	6
Where are anxiety and personality in the brain?	6
Supplemental Material for Goal Motives, Mental Contrasting With Implementation Intentions, and the Self-Regulation of Saving Goals: A Longitudinal Investigation	6
Supplemental Material for Does Exposure to Sedentary Temptations Activate Physical Activity Goals? A High-Powered Replication Study	6
Supplemental Material for Implicit Motives, Parenting Behavior, and Preschool Children's Behavior in a Dictator Game	6
Supplemental Material for Gender and Power: Female Leaders’ Head Start in Integrative Motive Enactment Boosts Action Orientation	6
Implications of psychological reactance for clinical practice in psychiatry including a systematic review.	5
School context and academic engagement: A longitudinal study on the mediating effect of the motivational self system.	5
Supplemental Material for Mentalizing in Reactance: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study of Freedom Threats	5
Supplemental Material for Candidate Antecedents of Need Supportive and Need Thwarting Interpersonal Styles: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis	5
Beyond counterarguing? Comparing multiple measures of cognitive resistance for psychological reactance using the avoidance, contesting, and empowering (ACE) resistance typology.	5
Rebels for a reason: How psychological reactance is goal-directed.	4
Supplemental Material for Effort-Related Cardiac Activity Under Cognitive Fatigue: The Role of Success Importance	4
On the nature, predictors, and outcomes of longitudinal work passion profiles.	4
Cognitive mastery motivation antecedents of academic intrinsic motivation latent profiles: A longitudinal study from preschool to adolescence.	4
Supplemental Material for The Differential Effects of Reward Prospect and Reward Reception: Dynamic Performance Adjustment Versus Stable Performance	4
Need for cognition modulates the influence of feedback on control engagement: Behavioral and ERP evidence from a Stroop task.	4
Expectancy, value, . . . And more.	4
Defeminizing sustainability: How to boost men’s motivation for proenvironmental behavior.	4
Transtheoretical model technology-based interventions to improve health behaviors in veterans.	4
Creativity and self-regulation: From justificatory cognition to motivational dynamics.	4
Supplemental Material for Motives and Mental Contrasting With Implementation Intentions Predict Progress and Management of Goals in Parents	4
Metacognitive awareness of subjective difficulty, effort, and frustration in cognitive conflict contexts.	3
Who suffers most from rejection? Negative affective contingencies in the affiliation domain.	3
Supplemental Material for Motive-Modulated Attentional Orienting Is Shaped by Stimulus-Driven Learning: The Case of Dominance Cues and the Need for Power	3
Placing motivation again at the heart of psychology: Commentary on Dweck’s contributions.	3
Student attributions about interest-value shape academic decisions and recommendations.	3
The utility value of a broad, comprehensive theory of motivation.	3
State and trait empathy are positively correlated, albeit weakly, with prosocial learning.	3
Supplemental Material for Learning Contexts Matter: Having Value-Supportive Instructors Moderates the Efficacy of a Utility-Value Intervention in Community College Math	3
Measuring avoidance-related trait anger: American and Polish versions of the Avoidance Motivated Response to Anger Scale (AMRAS).	3
Beyond achievement: Transformation mindset enhances authenticity after goal success.	3
Candidate antecedents of need supportive and need thwarting interpersonal styles: A systematic review and meta-analysis.	3
Supplemental Material for You Can(’t) Always Get What You Want: When Goal Persistence Requires Flexibility	3
Role of contingency in reward–emotion interactions during the categorization of emotional facial expressions.	3
Walking 100 kilometers in 24 hours: The role of motivational profiles in walkers’ mental experiences and performance.	3
Measuring subjective mental effort as an aversive and enjoyable phenomenon.	3
Learning from failure.	2

Supplemental Material for Self-Regulatory Thought Across Time and Domains	2
The context-sensitive use of task enrichment to promote self-control: The role of metacognition and trait self-control.	2
Supplemental Material for Reducing Perceived Costs Through Motivational Regulation: A Randomized Controlled Trial	2
Goal-colored glasses: Goal instrumentality shapes when and with whom shared reality emerges.	2
Supplemental Material for Effort and Motivation to Characterize Mental Fatigue: Behavior and Functional Connectivity	2
Transformative ideas and elaborate theoretical castles: Commentary on Baumann et al. (2026).	2
The two faces of subjective effort: Introducing the Invested–Demanded Effort Scale (IDES).	2
The reflection of motive dispositions in everyday agentic motivational states.	2
Motives and gonadal steroid hormones across the menstrual cycle: A longitudinal replication study.	2
A tale of two influences: Commonalities and distinctions of the influences of habit and hedonic motivation on health behaviors.	2
Goal shelving can both undermine and support prioritized goals: The role of opportunity costs.	2
Attitude-based self-regulation: A diary study on the role of attitudes in the experience and resolution of self-control conflicts in the context of vegetarians.	2
Julius Kuhl’s contributions and some reflections on personality systems interactions and self-determination theory as organismic perspectives in dialogue.	2
The reactive spiral: An initial empirical assessment.	2
The value of progress feedback in physical effort-based decision making.	2
Supplemental Material for Effects of Habit and Intention on Behavior: Meta-Analysis and Test of Key Moderators	2
Autonomous versus controlled goal motivation differentially predicts goal progress and well-being through emotion regulation styles.	2
Negotiating with yourself and winning: The dual commitment model for intrapersonal sustainability goal conflicts.	2
Breaking down silos in motivation science.	1
Q: What is the recipe for defense? A: Threat, anxiety, and approach motivation.	1
Whose beliefs matter? The impact of undergraduate students’ perceptions of instructors’ and peers’ field-specific ability beliefs.	1
Supplemental Material for Exploring the Role of Goal-Dependent Processes in Action Slips Under Time Pressure	1
Why elusive expectancy × value interactions may be critical for theory and intervention: A simulated power analysis.	1
Mapping the dose–response relationship between monetary reward and cognitive performance.	1
Peer’s angry expression promotes social punishment in group unfairness.	1
Is task switching avoided to save effort or time? Shorter intertrial durations following task switches increase the willingness to switch tasks.	1
Why do I act for the environment? Socioeconomic status moderates the relationship between climate change beliefs and sustainable actions.	1
Psychological reactance theory: An introduction and overview.	1
The differential effects of reward prospect and reward reception: Dynamic performance adjustment versus stable performance.	1
Goal motives, approach/avoidance appraisals, psychological needs, and well-being: A systematic review and meta-analysis.	1
Metamotivational knowledge of others’ achievement goals in a work context.	1
Supplemental Material for Exploring the Role of Emotions in Metamotivational Monitoring in Strategic Task Selection	1
Implicit motives, parenting behavior, and preschool children's behavior in a dictator game.	1
Exploring the role of goal-dependent processes in action slips under time pressure.	1
Mentalizing in reactance: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of freedom threats.	1
Personal perspectives on mindsets, motivation, and psychology.	1
Do I want this job? Integrating research across psychological subfields to examine how individuals think about perceived values during career decision making.	1
Supplemental Material for Goal Motives, Approach/Avoidance Appraisals, Psychological Needs, and Well-Being: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis	1
Supplemental Material for Need for Cognition Modulates the Influence of Feedback on Control Engagement: Behavioral and ERP Evidence From a Stroop Task	1
Supplemental Material for What Matters More for Work Motivation? Compensation or Work Design?	1
Using norm networks to map cultural differences in predictors of proenvironmental behavior in the United States and India.	1
Supplemental Material for Sign Tracking and Alcohol Consumption: A Translational Computerized Task Assessing Individual Differences in Humans	1
Choosing task characteristics oneself justifies effort: A study on cardiac response and the critical role of task difficulty.	1
Supplemental Material for Metamotivational Beliefs About To-Date and To-Go Progress Framing	0
From physiology to policy: Understanding and promoting sustainable behavior.	0
Flexible control: Conflict mindsets reduce the association between trait measures of self-control decision-making and delay discounting.	0
How to keep oneself motivated when engaging in a boring activity? The differential effects of autonomy- and control-oriented self-motivating strategies.	0
Individualizing proenvironmental behavior in the context of structural impediments.	0
Supplemental Material for Autonomous and Controlled Motivation in Students: An Experience Sampling Study on Multitasking, Concentration, and Affect From a Self-Determination Theory Perspective	0
Managing the motivation of others: Do managers recognize how to manage regulatory focus in subordinates?	0
Supplemental Material for Beyond Achievement: Transformation Mindset Enhances Authenticity After Goal Success	0
From action initiation to persistence: A Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer analysis for cue-based goal pursuit.	0
Supplemental Material for Q: What Is the Recipe for Defense? A: Threat, Anxiety, and Approach Motivation	0
Scientist’s progress: A comment on Carol Dweck’s legacy.	0
Supplemental Material for Fostering Preservice Teachers’ Research-Related Beliefs and Motivation With Growth Mindset and Utility Value Interventions	0
Moral self-regulation and recycling: Does feeling guilty make us want to recycle more?	0
In it to win it? Comparative evaluation increases zero-sum beliefs.	0
Supplemental Material for Negotiating With Yourself and Winning: The Dual Commitment Model for Intrapersonal Sustainability Goal Conflicts	0
Discrete emotions of dissonance.	0
Supplemental Material for Self-Concordant Goal-Striving as Internalized Motivation: Benefits Beyond Person-Goal Fit	0
Supplemental Material for Exploring Effects of Mixed Mindset Messages From Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics Instructors	0
Agentic engagement: Transcending passive motivation.	0
Motives and mental contrasting with implementation intentions predict progress and management of goals in parents.	0
Supplemental Material for The Force of Craving: Approach Movements Relate to Lateralized P3 Amplitudes and Sensation Seeking	0
The role of metamotivational knowledge in the regulation of motivation.	0
A fresh term of service at Motivation Science.	0
Supplemental Material for The Two Faces of Subjective Effort: Introducing the Invested–Demanded Effort Scale (IDES)	0
Towards a more complex, dynamic, and personalized perspective on development.	0
Motivation matters: Autonomous motivation sustains the happiness from prosocial behavior.	0
When will we join the road blockade? (non)conformity to radical climate protest norms under salient threat to personal control.	0
Can delaying positive feedback prevent performance drops? An action control perspective on coasting.	0
What is self-control? A discussion of unresolved issues.	0
Economic inequality and student outcomes: What we know and where to go from here.	0
Supplemental Material for Can Delaying Positive Feedback Prevent Performance Drops? An Action Control Perspective on Coasting	0
Harnessing regulatory focus and regulatory fit to improve educational outcomes.	0
Supplemental Material for Mental Contrasting of a Feared Future and Uptake of Initial COVID-19 Vaccines and Bivalent Booster Shots: Two Randomized Controlled Trials	0
Beyond expectancy and value: Why action control theory still counts as motivation science.	0
Supplemental Material for State and Trait Empathy Are Positively Correlated, Albeit Weakly, With Prosocial Learning	0
Supplemental Material for Social Motivations’ Limited Influence on Habitual Behavior: Tests From Social Media Engagement	0
Prosocial motivation can improve time-based prospective memory only under low cognitive load.	0

Saving the environment? That is beyond my (will)power!	0
Supplemental Material for Self-Regulatory Processes in Striving for Identity Goals: Self-Incompleteness Shields Eco-Friendly Vegans From Temptations	0
Supplemental Material for And Yet They Tire: Cognitive Fatigue Facilitates Task Disengagement and Worsens Performance	0
Mental contrasting of a feared future and uptake of initial COVID-19 vaccines and bivalent booster shots: Two randomized controlled trials.	0
Unpacking motivational culture: Diverging emphasis on communality and agency across STEM domains.	0
You can(’t) always get what you want: When goal persistence requires flexibility.	0
Metamotivational beliefs about to-date and to-go progress framing.	0
Supplemental Material for Why Motivation for Adhering to COVID-19 Measures Matters: Investigating Time-Lagged Associations With Epidemiological Indicators	0
Acknowledgment	0
The amygdala and appraised concern-relevance: Initial evidence that intrinsic motivation modulates amygdala response to otherwise neutral stimuli.	0
The ulna-to-fibula ratio as a marker of organizational hormone effects on implicit motive development: A high-powered preregistered replication.	0
Supplemental Material for Whose Beliefs Matter? The Impact of Undergraduate Students’ Perceptions of Instructors’ and Peers’ Field-Specific Ability Beliefs	0
The measurement of goal dimensions: A critical review.	0
Retribution and utilitarianism as motives for children’s third-party punishment: An information-seeking approach.	0
Supplemental Material for Is Task Switching Avoided to Save Effort or Time? Shorter Intertrial Durations Following Task Switches Increase the Willingness to Switch Tasks	0
Expressing and developing wisdom: A self-determination theory approach.	0
Supplemental Material for Mapping the Dose–Response Relationship Between Monetary Reward and Cognitive Performance	0
Supplemental Material for Developing a Causally Valid Picture-Story Measure of Sexual Motivation: I. Effects of Priming	0
I had coffee (actually tea) with Clark Hull.	0
Autonomy influences the subjective experience of mental effort during a reading comprehension task.	0
Gender and power: Female leaders’ head start in integrative motive enactment boosts action orientation.	0
Missing out by pursuing rewarding outcomes: Why initial biases can lead to persistent suboptimal choices.	0
Leave to fight another day: Having the option to switch promotes a persistence trade-off.	0
Acknowledgment	0
Just be yourself? Regulatory focus moderates the effects of societal standards attainment on personal well-being.	0
Supplemental Material for On the Nature, Predictors, and Outcomes of Longitudinal Work Passion Profiles	0
Supplemental Material for When Facilitating a Group Member’s (Versus One’s Own) Progress Increases Motivation in Group-Level Goal Pursuit	0
On being warm-hearted: Daily diary investigations of self-location and social functioning.	0
Supplemental Material for Harming in Order to Help: An Empirical Characterization of Prosocial Aggression	0
Disentangling the impact of instructor mindset and demeanor on student experiences.	0
Pavlovian cues boost self-regulation: Predicting success with conditioned stimuli.	0
Reducing perceived costs through motivational regulation: A randomized controlled trial.	0
Supplemental Material for Goal-Colored Glasses: Goal Instrumentality Shapes When and With Whom Shared Reality Emerges	0
The two faces of persistence: How harmonious and obsessive passion shape goal pursuit.	0
Development and validation of the Goal Dimensions Questionnaire.	0
Self-concordant goal-striving as internalized motivation: Benefits beyond person-goal fit.	0
Harming in order to help: An empirical characterization of prosocial aggression.	0
Rediscovering our purpose: Theory, evidence, and the soul of motivation science.	0
When facilitating a group member’s (versus one’s own) progress increases motivation in group-level goal pursuit.	0
Psilocybin legalization in the United States and psychological reactance: A test of evidence uncertainty, controlling language, and an ambiguous call to action.	0
Acknowledgment	0
Supplemental Material for Freedom Under Constraints: Accentuating the Positive in the Time of Corona	0
Fostering preservice teachers’ research-related beliefs and motivation with growth mindset and utility value interventions.	0
Closeness regulation in couples: The temporal dynamics and dissociations of closeness frustration and closeness surfeit.	0
A context's emphasis on intellectual ability discourages the expression of intellectual humility.	0
Supplemental Material for Why Do I Act for the Environment? Socioeconomic Status Moderates the Relationship Between Climate Change Beliefs and Sustainable Actions	0
Supplemental Material for The Value of Progress Feedback in Physical Effort-Based Decision Making	0
Learning contexts matter: Having value-supportive instructors moderates the efficacy of a utility-value intervention in community college math.	0
Exploring effects of mixed mindset messages from science, technology, engineering, and mathematics instructors.	0
"Measuring avoidance-related trait anger: American and Polish versions of the Avoidance Motivated Response to Anger Scale (AMRAS)": Correction.	0
Autonomous and controlled motivation in students: An experience sampling study on multitasking, concentration, and affect from a self-determination theory perspective.	0
Social motivations’ limited influence on habitual behavior: Tests from social media engagement.	0
“Don’t cross the streams”: How regulatory modes relate to task performance that benefits from either reflective or intuitive thinking.	0
Thoughts about “Thoughts about actions and outcomes”: Comment on Custers (2023).	0
Supplemental Material for Autonomous Versus Controlled Goal Motivation Differentially Predicts Goal Progress and Well-Being Through Emotion Regulation Styles	0
Supplemental Material for Motives and Gonadal Steroid Hormones Across the Menstrual Cycle: A Longitudinal Replication Study	0
Supplemental Material for How Valid Are Self-Reports of Sexual Motivation? Using the Item Sum Technique to Examine Socially Desirable Responding in Online Research	0
Supplemental Material for Why Elusive Expectancy × Value Interactions May Be Critical for Theory and Intervention: A Simulated Power Analysis	0
Supplemental Material for From Action Initiation to Persistence: A Pavlovian-to-Instrumental Transfer Analysis for Cue-Based Goal Pursuit	0
Supplemental Material for Closeness Regulation in Couples: The Temporal Dynamics and Dissociations of Closeness Frustration and Closeness Surfeit	0
Supplemental Material for It Is Time to Stop Using the Terminology “Passive” Fatigue	0
Expectancy-value theory to situated expectancy-value theory: Reflections on the legacy of 40+ years of working together.	0
Supplemental Material for Useful and Affordable? How Costs and Benefits Uniquely Shape Motivated Emotion Regulation	0
Commentary on Personal perspectives on mindsets, motivation, and psychology by Carol S. Dweck.	0
Sign tracking and alcohol consumption: A translational computerized task assessing individual differences in humans.	0
Past due! Racializing aspects of situated expectancy-value theory through the lens of critical race theory.	0
Supplemental Material for Which Insights Can Research on Achievement Motivation Gain From Network Analysis? Comparing Different Network Methods Empirically	0
Supplemental Material for When Will We Join the Road Blockade? (Non)Conformity to Radical Climate Protest Norms Under Salient Threat to Personal Control	0
Supplemental Material for Disentangling the Impact of Instructor Mindset and Demeanor on Student Experiences	0
Supplemental Material for Metamotivational Knowledge of Others’ Achievement Goals in a Work Context	0
Supplemental Material for Motivation Matters: Autonomous Motivation Sustains the Happiness From Prosocial Behavior	0
Supplemental Material for Developing a Causally Valid Picture-Story Measure of Sexual Motivation: II. Effects of Film Clips	0
Resolving incompleteness on social media: Online self-symbolizing reduces the orienting effects of incomplete identity goals.	0
Supplemental Material for Pavlovian Cues Boost Self-Regulation: Predicting Success With Conditioned Stimuli	0
Blind to threat: The presence of temporary goals prevents attention to imminent threat already at early stages of attention allocation.	0
Considering the revisions of reinforcement sensitivity theory: Commentary on McNaughton (2025).	0
Your prosody matters! The effect of controlling tone of voice on listeners’ experienced pressure, closeness, and intention to collaborate with the speaker.	0
Self-regulatory thought across time and domains.	0
What matters more for work motivation? Compensation or work design?	0
Developing a causally valid picture-story measure of sexual motivation: II. Effects of film clips.	0
How valid are self-reports of sexual motivation? Using the item sum technique to examine socially desirable responding in online research.	0
Modern ideomotor theory of goal-directed action is not what you think: A commentary on Custers (2023).	0
Thoughts about actions and outcomes (and what they lead to).	0
Valid replications require valid methods: Recommendations for best methodological practices with lab experiments.	0
Freedom under constraints: Accentuating the positive in the time of corona.	0
A look at the self-growth process: The role of passion and mastery goals in contextual and global self-growth.	0
Supplemental Material for Exploring the Link Between Trait Reactance and Antiegalitarian Beliefs	0
The effect of the intensity of withdrawal-motivation emotion on time perception: Evidence based on the five temporal tasks.	0
Pushing reactance theory: An examination of the reactance process in the context of advice.	0
Supplemental Material for The Amygdala and Appraised Concern-Relevance: Initial Evidence That Intrinsic Motivation Modulates Amygdala Response to Otherwise Neutral Stimuli	0
Exploring the role of emotions in metamotivational monitoring in strategic task selection.	0
Motive-modulated attentional orienting is shaped by stimulus-driven learning: The case of dominance cues and the need for power.	0
Developing a causally valid picture-story measure of sexual motivation: I. Effects of priming.	0
Useful and affordable? How costs and benefits uniquely shape motivated emotion regulation.	0
Exploring the link between trait reactance and antiegalitarian beliefs.	0