Motivation Science

Article	Citations
Supplemental Material for Role of Contingency in Reward–Emotion Interactions During the Categorization of Emotional Facial Expressions	83
Supplemental Material for Missing Out by Pursuing Rewarding Outcomes: Why Initial Biases Can Lead to Persistent Suboptimal Choices	59
Batson on prosocial motivation. Commentary on Batson (2022).	29
Ramadan fasting as a goal-pursuit: Why people fast, and how motives affect their experience.	24
Supplemental Material for Measuring Subjective Mental Effort as an Aversive and Enjoyable Phenomenon	22
Aggressive motivation: An introduction and overview.	22
Dyadic motive fit: How individual differences in dyads’ motives predict performance and communication in joint action.	21
What is next for situated expectancy-value theory? A reply to our commentators.	20
Goal motives, mental contrasting with implementation intentions, and the self-regulation of saving goals: A longitudinal investigation.	18
Understanding aggression in adolescence by studying the neurobiological stress system: A systematic review.	17
Supplemental Material for Pushing Reactance Theory: An Examination of the Reactance Process in the Context of Advice	17
Which insights can research on achievement motivation gain from network analysis? Comparing different network methods empirically.	15
Emotional learning and psychopathic personality traits: The role of attentional focus and intention to learn.	13
The force of craving: Approach movements relate to lateralized P3 amplitudes and sensation seeking.	13
Supplemental Material for Episodic Binding of Approach–Avoidance Goals to Stimuli: On the Microgenesis of Stimulus-Motivated Action Tendencies to Approach and Avoid	12
The uncertainty-dissuasion model of reactance inhibition.	11
A mastery-oriented (and masterful) career: Some reflections on Carol Dweck’s legacy article.	11
Supplemental Material for Leave to Fight Another Day: Having the Option to Switch Promotes a Persistence Trade-Off	11
Does exposure to sedentary temptations activate physical activity goals? A high-powered replication study.	11
Supplemental Material for Dyadic Motive Fit: How Individual Differences in Dyads’ Motives Predict Performance and Communication in Joint Action	10
Using dynamic item response theory and machine learning based on natural language processing to improve the reliability of the Operant Motive Test.	10
A fictional discussion between the late B. F. Skinner and Edwin A. Locke.	9
Empowering change: A self-control perspective on how choice architecture interventions can promote sustainable behavior change.	9
Episodic binding of approach–avoidance goals to stimuli: On the microgenesis of stimulus-motivated action tendencies to approach and avoid.	9
The legacies of the neuropsychology of anxiety for Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory.	9

Self-regulatory processes in striving for identity goals: Self-incompleteness shields eco-friendly vegans from temptations.	9
The homunculus in the room: A reply to Kunde and Janczyk (2024) and Hommel and Eder (2024).	9
Supplemental Material for The Two Faces of Persistence: How Harmonious and Obsessive Passion Shape Goal Pursuit	8
It is time to stop using the terminology “passive” fatigue.	8
Emotions, action tendencies, and the reinforcement sensitivity theory.	8
From feeling to doing in social dilemmas: Emotional and behavioral responses to climate change.	7
Congratulations, so happy for you! Promotion motivation predicts social support for positive events.	7
Supplemental Material for Metacognitive Awareness of Subjective Difficulty, Effort, and Frustration in Cognitive Conflict Contexts	7
Supplemental Material for Poor Sleep Quality Is Significantly Associated With Effort but Not Temporal Discounting of Monetary Rewards	6
Understanding the desire to play violent video games: An integrative motivational theory.	6
Why motivation for adhering to COVID-19 measures matters: Investigating time-lagged associations with epidemiological indicators.	6
Motive-modulated attentional orienting: Implicit power motive predicts attentional avoidance of signals of interpersonal dominance.	6
Supplemental Material for Does Exposure to Sedentary Temptations Activate Physical Activity Goals? A High-Powered Replication Study	5
Latent profiles of high school academic intrinsic motivation: Relations to educational attainment, curiosity, and work and leadership motivation in adulthood.	5
Beyond counterarguing? Comparing multiple measures of cognitive resistance for psychological reactance using the avoidance, contesting, and empowering (ACE) resistance typology.	5
Supplemental Material for Goal Motives, Mental Contrasting With Implementation Intentions, and the Self-Regulation of Saving Goals: A Longitudinal Investigation	5
Where are anxiety and personality in the brain?	5
Effects of habit and intention on behavior: Meta-analysis and test of key moderators.	5
Supplemental Material for Mentalizing in Reactance: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study of Freedom Threats	5
School context and academic engagement: A longitudinal study on the mediating effect of the motivational self system.	4
Defeminizing sustainability: How to boost men’s motivation for proenvironmental behavior.	4
Implications of psychological reactance for clinical practice in psychiatry including a systematic review.	4
Supplemental Material for Candidate Antecedents of Need Supportive and Need Thwarting Interpersonal Styles: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis	4
Supplemental Material for The Differential Effects of Reward Prospect and Reward Reception: Dynamic Performance Adjustment Versus Stable Performance	4
Rebels for a reason: How psychological reactance is goal-directed.	4
Transtheoretical model technology-based interventions to improve health behaviors in veterans.	4
On the nature, predictors, and outcomes of longitudinal work passion profiles.	3
Cognitive mastery motivation antecedents of academic intrinsic motivation latent profiles: A longitudinal study from preschool to adolescence.	3
The utility value of a broad, comprehensive theory of motivation.	3
The cerebellum in aggression: Extending the cortico-limbic dual-route model of motivation and emotion.	3
Expectancy, value, . . . And more.	3
Candidate antecedents of need supportive and need thwarting interpersonal styles: A systematic review and meta-analysis.	3
Metacognitive awareness of subjective difficulty, effort, and frustration in cognitive conflict contexts.	3
Supplemental Material for Motives and Mental Contrasting With Implementation Intentions Predict Progress and Management of Goals in Parents	3
Role of contingency in reward–emotion interactions during the categorization of emotional facial expressions.	3
Supplemental Material for You Can(’t) Always Get What You Want: When Goal Persistence Requires Flexibility	3
Measuring avoidance-related trait anger: American and Polish versions of the Avoidance Motivated Response to Anger Scale (AMRAS).	2
Goal shelving can both undermine and support prioritized goals: The role of opportunity costs.	2
Motives and gonadal steroid hormones across the menstrual cycle: A longitudinal replication study.	2
Goal-colored glasses: Goal instrumentality shapes when and with whom shared reality emerges.	2
Student attributions about interest-value shape academic decisions and recommendations.	2
Beyond achievement: Transformation mindset enhances authenticity after goal success.	2
The reflection of motive dispositions in everyday agentic motivational states.	2
Supplemental Material for Effects of Habit and Intention on Behavior: Meta-Analysis and Test of Key Moderators	2
The reactive spiral: An initial empirical assessment.	2
Supplemental Material for Learning Contexts Matter: Having Value-Supportive Instructors Moderates the Efficacy of a Utility-Value Intervention in Community College Math	2
Placing motivation again at the heart of psychology: Commentary on Dweck’s contributions.	2
The context-sensitive use of task enrichment to promote self-control: The role of metacognition and trait self-control.	2
A tale of two influences: Commonalities and distinctions of the influences of habit and hedonic motivation on health behaviors.	2
Supplemental Material for Self-Regulatory Thought Across Time and Domains	2

The value of progress feedback in physical effort-based decision making.	2
Measuring subjective mental effort as an aversive and enjoyable phenomenon.	2
Mentalizing in reactance: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of freedom threats.	1
Do I want this job? Integrating research across psychological subfields to examine how individuals think about perceived values during career decision making.	1
Learning from failure.	1
Supplemental Material for Managing the Motivation of Others: Do Managers Recognize How to Manage Regulatory Focus in Subordinates?	1
Julius Kuhl’s contributions and some reflections on personality systems interactions and self-determination theory as organismic perspectives in dialogue.	1
Goal motives, approach/avoidance appraisals, psychological needs, and well-being: A systematic review and meta-analysis.	1
Supplemental Material for Exploring the Role of Goal-Dependent Processes in Action Slips Under Time Pressure	1
Choosing task characteristics oneself justifies effort: A study on cardiac response and the critical role of task difficulty.	1
Thoughts on a thoughtful theory of prosocial motivation. Commentary on Batson (2022).	1
Personal perspectives on mindsets, motivation, and psychology.	1
Supplemental Material for What Matters More for Work Motivation? Compensation or Work Design?	1
Exploring the role of goal-dependent processes in action slips under time pressure.	1
Supplemental Material for Just Be Yourself? Regulatory Focus Moderates the Effects of Societal Standards Attainment on Personal Well-Being	1
Negotiating with yourself and winning: The dual commitment model for intrapersonal sustainability goal conflicts.	1
Autonomous versus controlled goal motivation differentially predicts goal progress and well-being through emotion regulation styles.	1
From ego depletion to self-control fatigue: A review of criticisms along with new perspectives for the investigation and replication of a multicomponent phenomenon.	1
Whose beliefs matter? The impact of undergraduate students’ perceptions of instructors’ and peers’ field-specific ability beliefs.	1
Using norm networks to map cultural differences in predictors of proenvironmental behavior in the United States and India.	1
Disentangling the impact of instructor mindset and demeanor on student experiences.	1
Psychological reactance theory: An introduction and overview.	1
Q: What is the recipe for defense? A: Threat, anxiety, and approach motivation.	1
Supplemental Material for Sign Tracking and Alcohol Consumption: A Translational Computerized Task Assessing Individual Differences in Humans	1
Supplemental Material for Congratulations, So Happy for You! Promotion Motivation Predicts Social Support for Positive Events	1
Attitude-based self-regulation: A diary study on the role of attitudes in the experience and resolution of self-control conflicts in the context of vegetarians.	1
Is task switching avoided to save effort or time? Shorter intertrial durations following task switches increase the willingness to switch tasks.	1
Metamotivational knowledge of others’ achievement goals in a work context.	1
Mapping the dose–response relationship between monetary reward and cognitive performance.	1
Why do I act for the environment? Socioeconomic status moderates the relationship between climate change beliefs and sustainable actions.	1
The differential effects of reward prospect and reward reception: Dynamic performance adjustment versus stable performance.	1
Supplemental Material for Choosing Task Characteristics Oneself Justifies Effort: A Study on Cardiac Response and the Critical Role of Task Difficulty	1
Breaking down silos in motivation science.	1
Resolving incompleteness on social media: Online self-symbolizing reduces the orienting effects of incomplete identity goals.	0
Expressing and developing wisdom: A self-determination theory approach.	0
Freedom under constraints: Accentuating the positive in the time of corona.	0
Useful and affordable? How costs and benefits uniquely shape motivated emotion regulation.	0
Supplemental Material for From Ego Depletion to Self-Control Fatigue: A Review of Criticisms Along With New Perspectives for the Investigation and Replication of a Multicomponent Phenomenon	0
Supplemental Material for Developing a Causally Valid Picture-Story Measure of Sexual Motivation: I. Effects of Priming	0
Supplemental Material for The Force of Craving: Approach Movements Relate to Lateralized P3 Amplitudes and Sensation Seeking	0
Psilocybin legalization in the United States and psychological reactance: A test of evidence uncertainty, controlling language, and an ambiguous call to action.	0
Expectancy-value theory to situated expectancy-value theory: Reflections on the legacy of 40+ years of working together.	0
Supplemental Material for From Action Initiation to Persistence: A Pavlovian-to-Instrumental Transfer Analysis for Cue-Based Goal Pursuit	0
Thoughts about actions and outcomes (and what they lead to).	0
Closeness regulation in couples: The temporal dynamics and dissociations of closeness frustration and closeness surfeit.	0
Supplemental Material for Harming in Order to Help: An Empirical Characterization of Prosocial Aggression	0
Moral self-regulation and recycling: Does feeling guilty make us want to recycle more?	0
Help is needed. Commentary on Batson (2022).	0
Supplemental Material for On the Nature, Predictors, and Outcomes of Longitudinal Work Passion Profiles	0
Supplemental Material for Which Insights Can Research on Achievement Motivation Gain From Network Analysis? Comparing Different Network Methods Empirically	0
Supplemental Material for Disentangling the Impact of Instructor Mindset and Demeanor on Student Experiences	0
"Measuring avoidance-related trait anger: American and Polish versions of the Avoidance Motivated Response to Anger Scale (AMRAS)": Correction.	0
Past due! Racializing aspects of situated expectancy-value theory through the lens of critical race theory.	0
The motivation of aggression: A cognitive neuroscience approach and neurochemical speculations.	0
From action initiation to persistence: A Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer analysis for cue-based goal pursuit.	0
Sign tracking and alcohol consumption: A translational computerized task assessing individual differences in humans.	0
Supplemental Material for Goal Motives, Approach/Avoidance Appraisals, Psychological Needs, and Well-Being: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis	0
Commentary on Personal perspectives on mindsets, motivation, and psychology by Carol S. Dweck.	0
Supplemental Material for Motives and Gonadal Steroid Hormones Across the Menstrual Cycle: A Longitudinal Replication Study	0
Developing a causally valid picture-story measure of sexual motivation: I. Effects of priming.	0
Supplemental Material for Mapping the Dose–Response Relationship Between Monetary Reward and Cognitive Performance	0
In it to win it? Comparative evaluation increases zero-sum beliefs.	0
Supplemental Material for Is Task Switching Avoided to Save Effort or Time? Shorter Intertrial Durations Following Task Switches Increase the Willingness to Switch Tasks	0
Supplemental Material for The Amygdala and Appraised Concern-Relevance: Initial Evidence That Intrinsic Motivation Modulates Amygdala Response to Otherwise Neutral Stimuli	0
Supplemental Material for Metamotivational Beliefs About To-Date and To-Go Progress Framing	0
Valid replications require valid methods: Recommendations for best methodological practices with lab experiments.	0
Motives and mental contrasting with implementation intentions predict progress and management of goals in parents.	0
Prosocial motivation can improve time-based prospective memory only under low cognitive load.	0
What matters more for work motivation? Compensation or work design?	0
Interpersonal relations, group processes, and prosocial motivation: Expanding the perspective. Commentary on Batson (2022).	0
Supplemental Material for Metamotivational Knowledge of Others’ Achievement Goals in a Work Context	0
Acknowledgment	0
Supplemental Material for Understanding Aggression in Adolescence by Studying the Neurobiological Stress System: A Systematic Review	0
Embodied anger management: Approach-oriented postures moderate whether trait anger becomes translated into state anger and aggression.	0
Harming in order to help: An empirical characterization of prosocial aggression.	0
Unpacking motivational culture: Diverging emphasis on communality and agency across STEM domains.	0
A fresh term of service at Motivation Science.	0
Supplemental Material for Saving the Environment? That Is Beyond My (Will)Power!	0
Your prosody matters! The effect of controlling tone of voice on listeners’ experienced pressure, closeness, and intention to collaborate with the speaker.	0
Supplemental Material for Mental Contrasting of a Feared Future and Uptake of Initial COVID-19 Vaccines and Bivalent Booster Shots: Two Randomized Controlled Trials	0

Saving the environment? That is beyond my (will)power!	0
When will we join the road blockade? (non)conformity to radical climate protest norms under salient threat to personal control.	0
Managing the motivation of others: Do managers recognize how to manage regulatory focus in subordinates?	0
Supplemental Material for Social Motivations’ Limited Influence on Habitual Behavior: Tests From Social Media Engagement	0
Supplemental Material for Why Motivation for Adhering to COVID-19 Measures Matters: Investigating Time-Lagged Associations With Epidemiological Indicators	0
Retribution and utilitarianism as motives for children’s third-party punishment: An information-seeking approach.	0
Supplemental Material for Beyond Achievement: Transformation Mindset Enhances Authenticity After Goal Success	0
Supplemental Material for Self-Regulatory Processes in Striving for Identity Goals: Self-Incompleteness Shields Eco-Friendly Vegans From Temptations	0
And yet they tire: Cognitive fatigue facilitates task disengagement and worsens performance.	0
Supplemental Material for Unpacking Motivational Culture: Diverging Emphasis on Communality and Agency Across STEM Domains	0
Motivation matters: Autonomous motivation sustains the happiness from prosocial behavior.	0
Supplemental Material for Q: What Is the Recipe for Defense? A: Threat, Anxiety, and Approach Motivation	0
Scientist’s progress: A comment on Carol Dweck’s legacy.	0
“Don’t cross the streams”: How regulatory modes relate to task performance that benefits from either reflective or intuitive thinking.	0
Supplemental Material for Exploring Effects of Mixed Mindset Messages From Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics Instructors	0
Supplemental Material for When Will We Join the Road Blockade? (Non)Conformity to Radical Climate Protest Norms Under Salient Threat to Personal Control	0
Discrete emotions of dissonance.	0
Supplemental Material for Motivation Matters: Autonomous Motivation Sustains the Happiness From Prosocial Behavior	0
Supplemental Material for Developing a Causally Valid Picture-Story Measure of Sexual Motivation: II. Effects of Film Clips	0
Supplemental Material for Why Elusive Expectancy × Value Interactions May Be Critical for Theory and Intervention: A Simulated Power Analysis	0
You can(’t) always get what you want: When goal persistence requires flexibility.	0
The two faces of persistence: How harmonious and obsessive passion shape goal pursuit.	0
Blind to threat: The presence of temporary goals prevents attention to imminent threat already at early stages of attention allocation.	0
The effect of the intensity of withdrawal-motivation emotion on time perception: Evidence based on the five temporal tasks.	0
Supplemental Material for Emotional Learning and Psychopathic Personality Traits: The Role of Attentional Focus and Intention to Learn	0
Supplemental Material for When Facilitating a Group Member’s (Versus One’s Own) Progress Increases Motivation in Group-Level Goal Pursuit	0
Supplemental Material for Useful and Affordable? How Costs and Benefits Uniquely Shape Motivated Emotion Regulation	0
The ulna-to-fibula ratio as a marker of organizational hormone effects on implicit motive development: A high-powered preregistered replication.	0
Individualizing proenvironmental behavior in the context of structural impediments.	0
Supplemental Material for How Valid Are Self-Reports of Sexual Motivation? Using the Item Sum Technique to Examine Socially Desirable Responding in Online Research	0
Learning contexts matter: Having value-supportive instructors moderates the efficacy of a utility-value intervention in community college math.	0
Supplemental Material for Closeness Regulation in Couples: The Temporal Dynamics and Dissociations of Closeness Frustration and Closeness Surfeit	0
On being warm-hearted: Daily diary investigations of self-location and social functioning.	0
Supplemental Material for Whose Beliefs Matter? The Impact of Undergraduate Students’ Perceptions of Instructors’ and Peers’ Field-Specific Ability Beliefs	0
When facilitating a group member’s (versus one’s own) progress increases motivation in group-level goal pursuit.	0
Exploring the link between trait reactance and antiegalitarian beliefs.	0
Modern ideomotor theory of goal-directed action is not what you think: A commentary on Custers (2023).	0
Supplemental Material for Why Do I Act for the Environment? Socioeconomic Status Moderates the Relationship Between Climate Change Beliefs and Sustainable Actions	0
Agentic engagement: Transcending passive motivation.	0
Harnessing regulatory focus and regulatory fit to improve educational outcomes.	0
On the multiplicity of prosocial motives. Commentary on Batson (2022).	0
Considering the revisions of reinforcement sensitivity theory: Commentary on McNaughton (2025).	0
How valid are self-reports of sexual motivation? Using the item sum technique to examine socially desirable responding in online research.	0
Supplemental Material for Goal-Colored Glasses: Goal Instrumentality Shapes When and With Whom Shared Reality Emerges	0
Supplemental Material for Freedom Under Constraints: Accentuating the Positive in the Time of Corona	0
Neuroendocrine mechanisms of aggression in rodents.	0
Supplemental Material for Autonomy Influences the Subjective Experience of Mental Effort During a Reading Comprehension Task	0
Supplemental Material for And Yet They Tire: Cognitive Fatigue Facilitates Task Disengagement and Worsens Performance	0
Metamotivational beliefs about to-date and to-go progress framing.	0
Some revenge now or more revenge later? Applying an intertemporal framework to retaliatory aggression.	0
Fostering preservice teachers’ research-related beliefs and motivation with growth mindset and utility value interventions.	0
Supplemental Material for It Is Time to Stop Using the Terminology “Passive” Fatigue	0
Acknowledgment	0
Missing out by pursuing rewarding outcomes: Why initial biases can lead to persistent suboptimal choices.	0
Leave to fight another day: Having the option to switch promotes a persistence trade-off.	0
The amygdala and appraised concern-relevance: Initial evidence that intrinsic motivation modulates amygdala response to otherwise neutral stimuli.	0
Pushing reactance theory: An examination of the reactance process in the context of advice.	0
Supplemental Material for Fostering Preservice Teachers’ Research-Related Beliefs and Motivation With Growth Mindset and Utility Value Interventions	0
Poor sleep quality is significantly associated with effort but not temporal discounting of monetary rewards.	0
I had coffee (actually tea) with Clark Hull.	0
Supplemental Material for Self-Concordant Goal-Striving as Internalized Motivation: Benefits Beyond Person-Goal Fit	0
Supplemental Material for Autonomous Versus Controlled Goal Motivation Differentially Predicts Goal Progress and Well-Being Through Emotion Regulation Styles	0
Supplemental Material for Negotiating With Yourself and Winning: The Dual Commitment Model for Intrapersonal Sustainability Goal Conflicts	0
Social motivations’ limited influence on habitual behavior: Tests from social media engagement.	0
Flexible control: Conflict mindsets reduce the association between trait measures of self-control decision-making and delay discounting.	0
The role of metamotivational knowledge in the regulation of motivation.	0
The measurement of goal dimensions: A critical review.	0
Acknowledgment	0
Why elusive expectancy × value interactions may be critical for theory and intervention: A simulated power analysis.	0
Thoughts about “Thoughts about actions and outcomes”: Comment on Custers (2023).	0
Steroid hormones and severity of psychopathy in forensic patients.	0
Supplemental Material for Pavlovian Cues Boost Self-Regulation: Predicting Success With Conditioned Stimuli	0
Autonomous and controlled motivation in students: An experience sampling study on multitasking, concentration, and affect from a self-determination theory perspective.	0
Acknowledgment	0
Supplemental Material for Autonomous and Controlled Motivation in Students: An Experience Sampling Study on Multitasking, Concentration, and Affect From a Self-Determination Theory Perspective	0
Mental contrasting of a feared future and uptake of initial COVID-19 vaccines and bivalent booster shots: Two randomized controlled trials.	0
Economic inequality and student outcomes: What we know and where to go from here.	0
Developing a causally valid picture-story measure of sexual motivation: II. Effects of film clips.	0
Autonomy influences the subjective experience of mental effort during a reading comprehension task.	0
Prosocial motivation: A Lewinian approach.	0
Rediscovering our purpose: Theory, evidence, and the soul of motivation science.	0
The desire for governmental support as a motivational foundation of climate policy acceptance.	0
Just be yourself? Regulatory focus moderates the effects of societal standards attainment on personal well-being.	0
A context's emphasis on intellectual ability discourages the expression of intellectual humility.	0
Exploring effects of mixed mindset messages from science, technology, engineering, and mathematics instructors.	0
Development and validation of the Goal Dimensions Questionnaire.	0
Can delaying positive feedback prevent performance drops? An action control perspective on coasting.	0
Self-regulatory thought across time and domains.	0
Pavlovian cues boost self-regulation: Predicting success with conditioned stimuli.	0
Supplemental Material for Can Delaying Positive Feedback Prevent Performance Drops? An Action Control Perspective on Coasting	0
Self-concordant goal-striving as internalized motivation: Benefits beyond person-goal fit.	0
Towards a more complex, dynamic, and personalized perspective on development.	0
Supplemental Material for Exploring the Link Between Trait Reactance and Antiegalitarian Beliefs	0