Nanoscale Advances

Article	Citations
ZnO nanostructured materials and their potential applications: progress, challenges and perspectives	204
Progress in polymers and polymer composites used as efficient materials for EMI shielding	183
Functionalized carbon nanotubes: synthesis, properties and applications in water purification, drug delivery, and material and biomedical sciences	143
A review on bismuth oxyhalide based materials for photocatalysis	89
The rapid diagnosis and effective inhibition of coronavirus using spike antibody attached gold nanoparticles	84
Gold nanomaterials for optical biosensing and bioimaging	78
Multi-band terahertz superabsorbers based on perforated square-patch metamaterials	76
Application of polyoxometalates in photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants	73
Micro/nanostructured gas sensors: the physics behind the nanostructure growth, sensing and selectivity mechanisms	68
Realization of a multi-band terahertz metamaterial absorber using two identical split rings having opposite opening directions connected by a rectangular patch	66
Bipolar charge trapping for absorption enhancement in a graphene-based ultrathin dual-band terahertz biosensor	65
Photoresponsive porous materials	64
Recent advances in metal–organic frameworks for gas adsorption/separation	62
Recent advances in plasmonic nanocavities for single-molecule spectroscopy	62
Recent advances in 3D printing of nanocellulose: structure, preparation, and application prospects	61
Recent advances in formic acid electro-oxidation: from the fundamental mechanism to electrocatalysts	61
Tailor made magnetic nanolights: fabrication to cancer theranostics applications	60
Mechanical properties of aerospace epoxy composites reinforced with 2D nano-fillers: current status and road to industrialization	59
In vivo protein corona on nanoparticles: does the control of all material parameters orient the biological behavior?	57
State-of-the-art developments in carbon-based metal nanocomposites as a catalyst: photocatalysis	56
Structure and luminescence of DNA-templated silver clusters	56
Silicon nanoparticles (SiNPs) in sustainable agriculture: major emphasis on the practicality, efficacy and concerns	52
Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using green tea leaf extract, characterization and evaluation of antimicrobial activity	51
Review on LSPR assisted photocatalysis: effects of physical fields and opportunities in multifield decoupling	50
Hybrid magnetic nanoparticles as efficient nanoheaters in biomedical applications	50

Recent developments of hybrid piezo–triboelectric nanogenerators for flexible sensors and energy harvesters	50
Pillared Mo2TiC2 MXene for high-power and long-life lithium and sodium-ion batteries	50
Recent trends in the applications of thermally expanded graphite for energy storage and sensors – a review	49
Critical challenges and advances in the carbon nanotube–metal interface for next-generation electronics	47
Carbon dots: a novel platform for biomedical applications	47
All-inorganic perovskite nanocrystals: next-generation scintillation materials for high-resolution X-ray imaging	47
Ligand exchange reactions on thiolate-protected gold nanoclusters	47
Exploring the use of upconversion nanoparticles in chemical and biological sensors: from surface modifications to point-of-care devices	46
Metal-ion batteries for electric vehicles: current state of the technology, issues and future perspectives	44
Uniform MnCo2O4.5 porous nanowires and quasi-cubes for hybrid supercapacitors with excellent electrochemical performances	44
Sonochemical catalysis as a unique strategy for the fabrication of nano-/micro-structured inorganics	44
Evidence of oxygen bubbles forming nanotube embryos in porous anodic oxides	43
A high performance self-powered photodetector based on a 1D Te–2D WS2 mixed-dimensional heterostructure	42
Immobilization of PETase enzymes on magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for the decomposition of microplastic PET	41
Polarisation tuneable piezo-catalytic activity of Nb-doped PZT with low Curie temperature for efficient CO2 reduction and H2 generation	40
A review on the cytotoxicity of graphene quantum dots: from experiment to simulation	39
Nanomaterial-based encapsulation for controlled gastrointestinal delivery of viable probiotic bacteria	39
Biogenic selenium nanoparticles produced by Lactobacillus casei ATCC 393 inhibit colon cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo	38
The electrochemical kinetics of cerium selenide nano-pebbles: the design of a device-grade symmetric configured wide-potential flexible solid-state supercapacitor	38
Atomically precise vanadium-oxide clusters	38
Recent advances in graphite carbon nitride-based nanocomposites: structure, antibacterial properties and synergies	38
Advances in high-voltage supercapacitors for energy storage systems: materials and electrolyte tailoring to implementation	38
Vanadium doped CaTiO3 cuboids: role of vanadium in improving the photocatalytic activity	38
Recent trends in gas sensingviacarbon nanomaterials: outlook and challenges	38
Carbon dots for cancer nanomedicine: a bright future	37
Tuning the band gap of M-doped titanate nanotubes (M = Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu): an experimental and theoretical study	37
Functionalized hybrid magnetic catalytic systems on micro- and nanoscale utilized in organic synthesis and degradation of dyes	37
Metal–organic frameworks for advanced transducer based gas sensors: review and perspectives	37
Sunlight driven photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants using a MnV2O6/BiVO4 heterojunction: mechanistic perception and degradation pathways	36
Recent progress in cellulose-based electrospun nanofibers as multifunctional materials	36
Crossing the blood–brain barrier with carbon dots: uptake mechanism andin vivocargo delivery	36
Recent trends in carbon nanotube (CNT)-based biosensors for the fast and sensitive detection of human viruses: a critical review	36
Synthesis of carbon-based nanomaterials and their application in pollution management	35
Using small-angle scattering to guide functional magnetic nanoparticle design	34
Sub-micron moulding topological mass transport regimes in angled vortex fluidic flow	34
Generation of particle assemblies mimicking enzymatic activity by processing of herbal food: the case of rhizoma polygonati and other natural ingredients in traditional Chinese medicine	34
Direct Z-scheme α-MnO2@MnIn2S4 hierarchical photocatalysts with atomically defined junctions for improved photocatalytic activities	33
A high energy flexible symmetric supercapacitor fabricated using N-doped activated carbon derived from palm flowers	33
Superior supercapacitive performance of Cu2MnSnS4 asymmetric devices	33
Controlling the flake size of bifunctional 2D WSe2 nanosheets as flexible binders and supercapacitor materials	32
A wafer-scale synthesis of monolayer MoS2 and their field-effect transistors toward practical applications	32
Emerging indocyanine green-integrated nanocarriers for multimodal cancer therapy: a review	32
The improved photocatalytic activity of highly expanded MoS2 under visible light emitting diodes	32
Biomarker sensing platforms based on fluorescent metal nanoclusters	32
Magnetic gas sensing: working principles and recent developments	32
Surface modification for improving the photoredox activity of CsPbBr3nanocrystals	31
The construction of a dual direct Z-scheme NiAl LDH/g-C3N4/Ag3PO4 nanocomposite for enhanced photocatalytic oxygen and hydrogen evolution	31
Enhanced synthesis method of graphene oxide	31
Enhanced electrochemical activities of morphologically tuned MnFe2O4 nanoneedles and nanoparticles integrated on reduced graphene oxide for highly efficient supercapacitor electr	31
MoS2and Janus (MoSSe) based 2D van der Waals heterostructures: emerging direct Z-scheme photocatalysts	30

Machine learning-augmented surface-enhanced spectroscopy toward next-generation molecular diagnostics	30
Magneto-mechanical destruction of cancer-associated fibroblasts using ultra-small iron oxide nanoparticles and low frequency rotating magnetic fields	30
Element-doped graphitic carbon nitride: confirmation of doped elements and applications	30
Accessing local electron-beam induced temperature changes during in situ liquid-phase transmission electron microscopy	30
Nanocrystalline silicon thin film growth and application for silicon heterojunction solar cells: a short review	29
Sonochemical preparation of polymer–metal nanocomposites with catalytic and plasmonic properties	29
Enhancing photoelectrochemical water splitting with plasmonic Au nanoparticles	29
Advances in wearable textile-based micro energy storage devices: structuring, application and perspective	29
3D graphene nanosheets from plastic waste for highly efficient HTM free perovskite solar cells	29
Anisotropic Rashba splitting in Pt-based Janus monolayers PtXY (X,Y = S, Se, or Te)	29
Formaldehyde gas sensor with extremely high response employing cobalt-doped SnO2 ultrafine nanoparticles	29
Transition metal ion-doped In2O3nanocubes: investigation of their photocatalytic degradation activity under sunlight	29
Heterojunction-based photocatalytic nitrogen fixation: principles and current progress	28
Evaluation of bactericidal potential and catalytic dye degradation of multiple morphology based chitosan/polyvinylpyrrolidone-doped bismuth oxide nanostructures	28
Continuous gas-phase synthesis of core–shell nanoparticles via surface segregation	28
Zirconia-based nanomaterials: recent developments in synthesis and applications	28
Biomolecular interactions of ultrasmall metallic nanoparticles and nanoclusters	28
Microfluidic synthesis of quantum dots and their applications in bio-sensing and bio-imaging	28
Toward efficient dye degradation and the bactericidal behavior of Mo-doped La2O3 nanostructures	27
Black titania an emerging photocatalyst: review highlighting the synthesis techniques and photocatalytic activity for hydrogen generation	27
Bespoke nanostars: synthetic strategies, tactics, and uses of tailored branched gold nanoparticles	27
A nano interlayer spacing and rich defect 1T-MoS2 as cathode for superior performance aqueous zinc-ion batteries	27
A review: research progress on the formation mechanism of porous anodic oxides	27
Transition metal chalcogenides for next-generation energy storage	27
Antibacterial lignin-based nanoparticles and their use in composite materials	27
Nanoscopy for endosomal escape quantification	26
Recent advances in nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems for rheumatoid arthritis treatment	26
A transfer learning approach for improved classification of carbon nanomaterials from TEM images	26
Response of G protein-coupled receptor CED-1 in germline to polystyrene nanoparticles inCaenorhabditis elegans	26
Near infrared bioimaging and biosensing with semiconductor and rare-earth nanoparticles: recent developments in multifunctional nanomaterials	26
Fe7Se8 encapsulated in N-doped carbon nanofibers as a stable anode material for sodium ion batteries	26
Recent advances in cathode engineering to enable reversible room-temperature aluminium–sulfur batteries	26
ECM-mimicking nanofibrous scaffold enriched with dual growth factor carrying nanoparticles for diabetic wound healing	26
Self-assembled supramolecular artificial light-harvesting nanosystems: construction, modulation, and applications	26
Surface passivation of organometal halide perovskites by atomic layer deposition: an investigation of the mechanism of efficient inverted planar solar cells	26
Recent advances in phase change material based nanoplatforms for cancer therapy	25
Radio frequency heating and material processing using carbon susceptors	25
Fabrication of a porous NiFeP/Ni electrode for highly efficient hydrazine oxidation boosted H2 evolution	25
Tunable magnetothermal properties of cobalt-doped magnetite–carboxymethylcellulose ferrofluids: smart nanoplatforms for potential magnetic hyperthermia applications in cancer therapy	25
Mie theory and the dichroic effect for spherical gold nanoparticles: an experimental approach	25
Recent advances in redox-responsive nanoparticles for combined cancer therapy	25
Recent advances in biosensing approaches for point-of-care breast cancer diagnostics: challenges and future prospects	24
Inhaled antibiotic-loaded polymeric nanoparticles for the management of lower respiratory tract infections	24
Architectural design of core–shell nanotube systems based on aluminosilicate clay	24
Asymmetric polyhedron structured NiSe2@MoSe2 device for use as a supercapacitor	24
Functional nano-systems for transdermal drug delivery and skin therapy	24
Synthesis and applications of WO3 nanosheets: the importance of phase, stoichiometry, and aspect ratio	24
On the myth of “red/near-IR carbon quantum dots” from thermal processing of specific colorless organic precursors	24
Quantum dot photolithography using a quantum dot photoresist composed of an organic–inorganic hybrid coating layer	24
Nanoparticles and bioorthogonal chemistry joining forces for improved biomedical applications	24
Tailoring silver nanoclusters via doping: advances and opportunities	24
A high-performance wearable pressure sensor based on an MXene/PVP composite nanofiber membrane for health monitoring	24
Synergism of Co/Na in BiVO4 microstructures for visible-light driven degradation of toxic dyes in water	24
Carbon-coated Fe3O4core–shell super-paramagnetic nanoparticle-based ferrofluid for heat transfer applications	24
Design principles of noble metal-free electrocatalysts for hydrogen production in alkaline media: combining theory and experiment	24
Inverted perovskite solar cells with enhanced lifetime and thermal stability enabled by a metallic tantalum disulfide buffer layer	24
Boosting hydrogen generation by anodic oxidation of iodide over Ni–Co(OH)2 nanosheet arrays	23
Inkjet printing of silver nanowires on flexible surfaces and methodologies to improve the conductivity and stability of the printed patterns	23
2-Dimensional layered molybdenum disulfide nanosheets and CTAB-assisted molybdenum disulfide nanoflower for high performance supercapacitor application	23
Cooperative transport by flocking phototactic micromotors	23
How gap distance between gold nanoparticles in dimers and trimers on metallic and non-metallic SERS substrates can impact signal enhancement	23
Micro- and nano-encapsulated metal and alloy-based phase-change materials for thermal energy storage	23
The toxicity of nanoparticles and their interaction with cells: an in vitro metabolomic perspective	23
Recent development of organic–inorganic hybrid photocatalysts for biomass conversion into hydrogen production	23
Rational design of bifunctional conjugated microporous polymers	23
Halogen bonding regulated functional nanomaterials	23
PEDOT:PSS-glued MoO3nanowire network for all-solid-state flexible transparent supercapacitors	23
MoS2 nanoparticle/activated carbon composite as a dual-band material for absorbing microwaves	23
Plasmonic metal nanostructures with extremely small features: new effects, fabrication and applications	22
Recent progress of ultra-narrow-bandgap polymer donors for NIR-absorbing organic solar cells	22
Bi2O3 nano-flakes as a cost-effective antibacterial agent	22
Recent progress and future prospects of atomic layer deposition to prepare/modify solid-state electrolytes and interfaces between electrodes for next-generation lithium batteries	22
Thermal transport across wrinkles in few-layer graphene stacks	22
Predictive high-throughput screening of PEGylated lipids in oligonucleotide-loaded lipid nanoparticles for neuronal gene silencing	22
Graphene based electrochemical immunosensor for the ultra-sensitive label free detection of Alzheimer's beta amyloid peptides Aβ(1–42)	22
Long-term effects of impurities on the particle size and optical emission of carbon dots	22
Construction of polymeric carbon nitride and dibenzothiophene dioxide-based intramolecular donor–acceptor conjugated copolymers for photocatalytic H2 evolution	22
pH-responsive hollow Fe–gallic acid coordination polymer for multimodal synergistic-therapy and MRI of cancer	21
Tailoring the defects of sub-100 nm multipodal titanium nitride/oxynitride nanotubes for efficient water splitting performance	21
Tuning the coalescence degree in the growth of Pt–Pd nanoalloys	21

A review of graphene derivative enhancers for perovskite solar cells	21
Cobalt doped titania-carbon nanosheets with induced oxygen vacancies for photocatalytic degradation of uranium complexes in radioactive wastes	21
Recent progress in sensing application of metal nanoarchitecture-enhanced fluorescence	21
Anisotropic silicon nanowire arrays fabricated by colloidal lithography	21
Recent progress in two-dimensional materials for terahertz protection	21
Microfluidic synthesis of protein-loaded nanogels in a coaxial flow reactor using a design of experiments approach	21
Bottom-up synthesis of 2D layered high-entropy transition metal hydroxides	21
All-optical tunable slow-light based on an analogue of electromagnetically induced transparency in a hybrid metamaterial	21
Electrospun PVDF-based piezoelectric nanofibers: materials, structures, and applications	21
Surface ligand chemistry on quaternary Ag(InxGa1−x)S2 semiconductor quantum dots for improving photoluminescence properties	21
Nanotechnology from lab to industry – a look at current trends	21
Chiroptical activity of Au13 clusters: experimental and theoretical understanding of the origin of helical charge movements	21
A light-fostered supercapacitor performance of multi-layered ReS2 grown on conducting substrates	20
Porous hydrogen-bonded organic framework membranes for high-performance molecular separation	20
3D hierarchically porous magnetic molybdenum trioxide@gold nanospheres as a nanogap-enhanced Raman scattering biosensor for SARS-CoV-2	20
Versatile precursor-dependent copper sulfide nanoparticles as a multifunctional catalyst for the photocatalytic removal of water pollutants and the synthesis of aromatic aldehydes and NH-triazoles	20
Enhanced luminescence/photodetecting bifunctional devices based on ZnO:Ga microwire/p-Si heterojunction by incorporating Ag nanowires	20
Kinetic and mechanistic analysis of NH3decomposition on Ru(0001), Ru(111) and Ir(111) surfaces	20
A new strategy for large-scale synthesis of Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 nanowires and their application in piezocatalytic degradation	20
Nickel–cobalt oxalate as an efficient non-precious electrocatalyst for an improved alkaline oxygen evolution reaction	20
Multifaceted effects of milk-exosomes (Mi-Exo) as a modulator of scar-free wound healing	20
Fabrication of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) nanoparticles with fluorescent tracers for studies in mammalian cells	20
The fragmentation mechanism of gold nanoparticles in water under femtosecond laser irradiation	20
Kinetics of nanoparticle uptake into and distribution in human cells	20
Emulsion electrospinning of sodium alginate/poly(ε-caprolactone) core/shell nanofibers for biomedical applications	20
Fe doped NiS nanosheet arrays grown on carbon fiber paper for a highly efficient electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction	20
Machine learning methods for multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) genotoxicity prediction	20
A green-synthesized phosphorescent carbon dot composite for multilevel anti-counterfeiting	20
Flexible polymeric nanosized micelles for ophthalmic drug delivery: research progress in the last three years	20
Engineering functional natural polymer-based nanocomposite hydrogels for wound healing	20
A reconfigurable hyperbolic metamaterial perfect absorber	20
Assessing the parameters modulating optical losses of iron oxide nanoparticles under near infrared irradiation	19
Antenna-coupled field-effect transistors as detectors for terahertz near-field microscopy	19
Recent progress in flexible micro-pressure sensors for wearable health monitoring	19
Composition and properties of RF-sputter deposited titanium dioxide thin films	19
Enhancing the mechanical strength and toughness of epoxy resins with linear POSS nano-modifiers	19
Stable lead-halide perovskite quantum dots as efficient visible light photocatalysts for organic transformations	19
Tuning oxygen-containing functional groups of graphene for supercapacitors with high stability	19
One-pot construction of robust BiOCl/ZnO p–n heterojunctions with semi-coherent interfaces toward improving charge separation for photodegradation enhancement	19
Self-assembled dipeptide based fluorescent nanoparticles as a platform for developing cellular imaging probes and targeted drug delivery chaperones	19
Surface basicity mediated rapid and selective adsorptive removal of Congo red over nanocrystalline mesoporous CeO2	19
NIR luminescence lifetime nanothermometry based on phonon assisted Yb3+–Nd3+energy transfer	19
An effective in vivo mitochondria-targeting nanocarrier combined with a π-extended porphyrin-type photosensitizer	19
Structure-engineering of core–shell ZnCo2O4@NiO composites for high-performance asymmetric supercapacitors	19
A power-triggered preparation strategy of nano-structured inorganics: sonosynthesis	19
Immuno-chromatic probe based lateral flow assay for point-of-care detection of Japanese encephalitis virus NS1 protein biomarker in clinical samples using a smartphone-based approach	19
Advances in micro and nanoengineered surfaces for enhancing boiling and condensation heat transfer: a review	19
A conjugated 2D covalent organic framework as a drug delivery vehicle towards triple negative breast cancer malignancy	19
Metal–organic framework combined with CaO2 nanoparticles for enhanced and targeted photodynamic therapy	19
Recent advances in the biomedical applications of black phosphorus quantum dots	19
All-lignin converted graphene quantum dot/graphene nanosheet hetero-junction for high-rate and boosted specific capacitance supercapacitors	19
Photoluminescence investigations of sulfur quantum dots synthesized by a bubbling-assisted strategy	18
High-rate transition metal-based cathode materials for battery-supercapacitor hybrid devices	18
Dynamic interactions and intracellular fate of label-free, thin graphene oxide sheets within mammalian cells: role of lateral sheet size	18
CdS decorated MnWO4 nanorod nanoheterostructures: a new 0D–1D hybrid system for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen production under natural sunlight	18
Isolation and characterization of extracellular vesicles for clinical applications in cancer – time for standardization?	18
Facile transfer of surface plasmon electrons of Au-NPs to Zn3V2O8surfaces: a case study of sunlight driven H2generation from water splitting	18
A highly efficient broadband multi-functional metaplate	18
Non-volatile conductive gels made from deep eutectic solvents and oxidised cellulose nanofibrils	18
Recent progress on kinetic control of chemical vapor deposition growth of high-quality wafer-scale transition metal dichalcogenides	18
A mesoporous ternary transition metal oxide nanoparticle composite for high-performance asymmetric supercapacitor devices with high specific energy	18
Doping-free bandgap tunability in Fe2O3 nanostructured films	18
Solution processed transparent anatase TiO2 nanoparticles/MoO3 nanostructures heterojunction: high performance self-powered UV detector for low-power and low-light applications	18
Controlled growth of ultrafine metal nanoparticles mediated by solid supports	18
Thermal conductivity measurements of thin films by non-contact scanning thermal microscopy under ambient conditions	17
Atomic-level flatness on oxygen-free copper surface in lapping and chemical mechanical polishing	17
Vapor–solid–solid growth dynamics in GaAs nanowires	17
Synthesis of high quality 2D carbide MXene flakes using a highly purified MAX precursor for ink applications	17
Flexible and transparent memristive synapse based on polyvinylpyrrolidone/N-doped carbon quantum dot nanocomposites for neuromorphic computing	17
Flexible SERS substrate of silver nanoparticles on cotton swabs for rapid in situ detection of melamine	17
Improved performance of lithium–sulfur batteries by employing a sulfonated carbon nanoparticle-modified glass fiber separator	17
Recent advancements in zero- to three-dimensional carbon networks with a two-dimensional electrode material for high-performance supercapacitors	17
Recent advanced development of metal-loaded mesoporous organosilicas as catalytic nanoreactors	17
1T-CrO2monolayer: a high-temperature Dirac half-metal for high-speed spintronics	17
Bimetallic nanocatalysts supported on graphitic carbon nitride for sustainable energy development: the shape-structure–activity relation	17
Flame-retardant MXene/polyimide film with outstanding thermal and mechanical properties based on the secondary orientation strategy	17
Understanding nano-engineered particle–cell interactions: biological insights from mathematical models	17
Ultrafine Ru nanoclusters supported on N/S doped macroporous carbon spheres for efficient hydrogen evolution reaction	17
A stable LaB6 nanoneedle field-emission point electron source	17
NiCo2O4 nanoparticles inlaid on sulphur and nitrogen doped and co-doped rGO sheets as efficient electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution and methanol oxidation reactions	17
Pillar[6]arene-based supramolecular polymeric materials constructed via electrostatic interactions for rapid and efficient organic dye removal from water	17
Giant photoluminescence enhancement in MoSe2 monolayers treated with oleic acid ligands	17
A comprehensive review of the current progresses and material advances in perovskite solar cells	17
Boron vacancy: a strategy to boost the oxygen reduction reaction of hexagonal boron nitride nanosheet in hBN–MoS2 heterostructure	17
Pd/Ni-metal–organic framework-derived porous carbon nanosheets for efficient CO oxidation over a wide pH range	17
Hybrid chemoenzymatic heterogeneous catalyst prepared in one step from zeolite nanocrystals and enzyme–polyelectrolyte complexes	17
Terahertz chiral sensing and magneto-optical enhancement for ferromagnetic nanofluids in the chiral metasurface	17
Biotechnological synthesis of Pd-based nanoparticle catalysts	16
High-efficiency and high-resolution patterned quantum dot light emitting diodes by electrohydrodynamic printing	16
The Yin and Yang of epigenetics in the field of nanoparticles	16
Novel insights into nanomaterials for immunomodulatory bone regeneration	16
Carbon dot based nucleus targeted fluorescence imaging and detection of nuclear hydrogen peroxide in living cells	16
Investigating the remediation potential of iron oxide nanoparticles in Cu-polluted soil–plant systems: coupled geochemical, geophysical and biological approaches	16
A wide-angle and TE/TM polarization-insensitive terahertz metamaterial near-perfect absorber based on a multi-layer plasmonic structure	16
Second-harmonic generation enhancement in monolayer transition-metal dichalcogenides by using an epsilon-near-zero substrate	16